disaster nursing

1. DISASTER
NURSING

3. INTRODUCTION
• Disasters have been integral part of the human
experience since the beginning of time
causing premature death, impaired quality of
life, and alter health status.
• The word disaster derives from Greek prefix
‘dus’ which means bad and ‘aster’ which
means star.
• Developing countries suffer the greatest when
a disaster hits.

4. • 95% of all deaths caused by disasters
occur in developing countries
• loses due to natural disasters are 20 times
greater in developing countries.

5. WHAT IS DISASTER???????

7. DISASTER
• Disaster is any occurrence that causes
damage, ecological disruption, loss of human
life or deterioration of health and health
services on a scale sufficient to warrant an
extraordinary response from outside the
affected community or area. (WHO 1995)

8. A disaster can be defined as " any occurrence either
natural or manmade that cause human sufferings and
creates human needs that victim cannot live without
assistance."
American Red Cross(ARC)

9. ‘DISASTER’alphabeticallymeans
D -Destructions
I -Incidents
S - Sufferings
A - Administrative, FinancialFailures.
S - Sentiments
T- Tragedies
E- Eruption of Communicable
diseases.
R - Researchprogramme andits
implementation

10. Classification of disasters ( origin/
cause)
Natural
Manmade
• Manmade

11. Classification of Disaster( speed
of onset)
1.
•Sudden Onset
2.
•Slow Onset

13. Natural disasters
Definition
• A natural disaster can cause loss of life or
property damage and typically leave
some economic damage in its wake the
severity of which depends on the affected
population's of resilience or ability to
recover.
• Natural disaster is any catastrophic event
that is caused by natural or the natural
process of the earth.

14. • A sudden and terrible event in nature that usually results in
serious damage and many deaths.
Natural hazards can be classified into;
• Hydro-Meteorological disaster
• Geographical disaster
• Biological disaster

17. The man made disaster classified into;
• Technological disaster
• Environmental degradation

19. Levels of disaster
According to the magnitude of the disaster in
relation to the ability of the agency for
community the disasters are classified into;
• Level 1: If the organization, agency, or
community table to contain the event and
respond effectively utilizing its on resources.
• Level 2: If the disaster request assistance from
external sources, but this can be obtained from
nearby agencies.

20. • Level 3: If the disaster is of a magnitude
that exceeds the capacity of the local
community origin and request assistant
from state-level or even Federal assets.

22. Levels of Disaster
Level III – Minor disaster. Involves minimal level of
damage.
Level II – Moderate level.The local & community
resources to be mobilized.
Level I – Massive disaster. Involves severe damage
& impact.

23. Key Elements of Disaster
Disasters result from the combination of
HAZARDS, conditions of VULNERABILITY
& inefficient CAPACITY or measures to
reduce the potential negative consequences of
RISK.
‡HAZARDS:
defined as “ Phenomena that pose a
threat to people, structures, or economic assets
and which may cause a disaster. They could be
either manmade or naturally occurring in our
environment”

24. ‡VULNERABILITY:
It is the condition determined by
physical, social, economic and environmental
factors or processes, which increase the
susceptibility of a community to the impact of
hazards.
‡CAPACITY:
It is the combination of all the
strengths and resources available within a
community, society or organization that can
reduce the level of risk, or the effects of a
disaster.

25. ‡RISK:
It is the probability of harmful
consequences, or expected losses resulting from
interactions between natural or human-induced
hazards and vulnerable conditions.

26. Health Effects of Disaster
• Premature deaths, illnesses and injuries in
affected community.
• Destruction of the local health care
infrastructure.
• Destruction of routine health care services
• Environmental imbalances.
• Increased risk of communicable diseases and
environmental hazards.

27. • Destruction in psychological, emotional, and
social well-being of the affected community.
• Shortages of food and severe nutritional
deficiencies.
• Creates refugees.

28. Disaster Nursing
• Disaster Nursing can be
defined as the adaptation
of professional nursing
skills in recognizing and
meeting the nursing
physical and emotional
needs resulting from a
disaster

29. Goals of Disaster Nursing
• The overall goal of disaster nursing is to achieve
the best possible level of health forthe people
and the community involved in the disaster.
The other goals are;
☻Determine magnitude of the event.
☻Define health needs of the affected people.
☻Meet the immediate basic survival needs of
population.
☻Appraise both risk and resources in the
environment.

30. ☻Establish priorities and objectives.
☻Identify actual & potential health problems.
☻Determine resources needed to respond to the
needs identified.
☻Correct inequalities in access to health care or
appropriate resources.
☻Empower survivors to participate in and
advocate for their own health and well being.
☻Respect cultural, lingual and religious diversity.

31. ☻Promote the highest achievable quality
of life for survivors.
☻Collaborate with other professional
disciplines, agencies etc.
☻Maintain a unified chain of command.
☻Communication.

32. Principles of Disaster Nursing
Rapid assessment of the situation and of nursing
care needs.
Triage and initiation of life-saving measures first.
The selected use of essential nursing interventions
and the elimination of nonessential nursing
activities.
Adaptation of necessary nursing skills to disaster
and other emergency situations. The nurse must use
imagination and resourcefulness in dealing with a
lack of supplies, equipment, and personnel.

33. Evaluation of the environment and the mitigation
or removal of any health hazards.
Prevention of further injury or illness.
Leadership in coordinating patient triage, care, and
transport during times of crisis.
The teaching, supervision, and utilization, of
auxillary medical personnel and volunteers.
Provision of understanding, compassion, and
emotional support to all victims and their families.

34. PHASES OF THE DISASTER
DISAS
TER
1.PRE-
IMPACT
2.
IMPACT
3. POST-
IMPACT

35. Stages of Post impact phase
STAGES
DENIAL
STRONG
EMOTION
RESPONSE
ACCEPTANCE
RECOVERY

36. Disaster Management

37. Disaster Management
• Disaster management can be defined as the
organization and management of resources and
responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian
aspects of emergencies, in particular
preparedness, response and recovery in order to
lessen the impact of disasters.

39. Principles of Disaster
Management
• Prevention of occurrence: Preventing
further causalities after initial impact
depends on evaluating and lessening any
unsafe conditions present after the
disaster.
• Minimize the causalities: The dangers to
be removed / isolated immediately to
prevent further injury / death.

40. • Prevent further causalities: Periodic physical
assessments of the disaster scene are essential to
make certain the area is safe.
• Rescue the victim: It involves locating &
freeing trapped victims and then evacuating
them to a safe place.
• Provide first aid:
• Evacuate injured to medical facilities:
Evacuation must be done in an orderly but
timely fashion.

41. • Provide definitive medical care: Medical care
depends on an existing disaster plan and
adequately trained disaster personnel.
• Promote reconstruction of lives:
Reconstruction of the victim’s life begins with
initial care continuous until the victim has
recovered.

42. Disaster Management Cycle
Five basic phases are
there in Disaster
management cycle

43. • DISASTER IMPACT & RESPONSE
The response phase is the actual implementation of
the disaster plan.
Response activities need to be continually
monitored and adjusted to the changing situation.
Most injuries are sustained during the impact, so
the greatest need for emergency care occur in the
first few hours.

44. • RECOVERY
All agencies are pulled together to restore the
economic and civic life of the community.
• EVALUATION & DEVELOPMENT
After a disaster, employees and the community are
anxious to return to usual operations. It is a formal
evaluation be done to determine what went well
and what problems were identified. A specific
individual should be charged with evaluation and
follow-through activities.

45. • MITIGATION
It is the action or measure that are either prevent
the occurrence of a disaster or reduce the severity
of the effect.
MITIGATION ACTIVITIES
Awareness and education
Training of staffs
Installing and maintaining backup generator
power to mitigate the effects of a power failure.
Disaster prevention.

46. • PREPAREDNESS/RISK REDUCTION
oDisaster preparedness refers to measures taken to
prepare for and reduce the effects of disasters.
oHelps to predict and, where possible, prevent
disasters, mitigate their impact on vulnerable
populations, and respond to and effectively cope
with their consequences.
oDisaster preparedness is a continuous and
integrated process resulting from a wide range
of risk reduction activities.

47. NURSES ROLE IN PREPAREDNESS
A. Personal Preparedness
B. Professional Preparedness
C. Community preparedness

48. MANAGEMENT OF MASS
CASUALITIES.
1. Search , Rescue & First aid
2. Field care
3. Triage

49. Triage
Word derived from the French word “TRIER”
means, “ to sort out or choose”.
“Triage is the process which places the right
patient in the right place at the right time to
receive the right level of care.” ( Rice &
Abel, 1992)

50. NEEDS OF DISASTERTRIAGE
Inadequate resource to meet immediate needs.
Infrastructure limitations.
Inadequate hazard preparation.
Limited transport capabilities.
Multiple agencies responding
Hospital resources overwhelmed.

53. • TYPES OFTRIAGE.
Simple
• Sort the patients into who need
critical attention & immediate
transport with less serious injury.
Advanced
• Doctors may decide. it is also
known as REVERSETRIAGE.