This document provides an overview of conventional training methods for teachers in higher education in India and their impact. It discusses how orientation and refresher courses introduced by the UGC have benefited teachers, but that the training programs were expert-centered with little interaction. It argues that the curriculum of training programs needs to be restructured to be more informative, interactive, interesting, and include industrial exposure and internal assessments. The new curriculum should cover personal development, academic activities like subject updates, teaching methodology, research and extension activities. Residential programs with facilities are also important for effective training.

1. Conventional Methods of Training to Teacher and its
Impact in Higher Education
by C. Paramasivan
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Dr. C. Paramasivan is an Assistant Professor in PG
and Research Department of Commerce, Periyar EVR
College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu. He
obtained his UG degree from the Aditanar College,
Tiruchendur affiliated to Mamaonmaniam Sunderanar
University, Tirunelveli. He finished M.Com (Business
Finance) in 1997 from the Department of Commerce,
Pondicherry Central University. In the year 1998, he
obtained M.Phil from the Gandhigram Rural University,
Dindigul and successfully completed Ph.D from Periyar University, Salem. He
also obtained M.A Economics from Madurai Kamaraj University, M.B.A
Finance from Periyar University and M.Sc Psychology from Tamilnadu Open
University. Apart from that, he also secured certain diplomas like PGDCA,
DPMIR, and CPEd from the reputed institutions. He passed SLET in
Commerce and NET in Management. He has teaching experience for over 15
years and produced 58 M.Phil and five PhD. He is specialized in Business
Finance, Entrepreneurship Development, Research Methodology, and Women
Empowerment. He also published books entitled on Financial Management,
Financing of Small Industries, Human Rights, Information Technology in
Financial Sector, Research Methodology and Women Empowerment, Bank
Finance to SSI. Sathanaikal Sathiyame (Tamil) and three anthology of poems
in Tamil. He published more than 100 research articles in National and
International journal and presented about 50 papers in National and
International seminars. He has completed sponsored research projects funded
by NTS – India, MHRD, UGC, and ICSSR. He has organized many seminars
and workshops in association with UGC, ICSSR, RGNIYD, NHRC and ICT
ACT and acted as resource person and chairperson in various national and
international level seminars.
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NTERNATIONAL
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OURNAL
OF
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ESEARCH
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(IJASRD)
p-ISSN:
2395-6089
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e-ISSN:
2394-8906
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02,
Issue
04
(Oct
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Dec’2015)
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2. Conventional Methods of Training to Teacher and its Impact in Higher Education
Volume 02, Issue 04, Oct – Dec’ 2015 2
ABSTRACT
igher education in India viewed in Internationals
prospective with multi national approach. Our educational
system has been frequently restructuring and evaluated
with different yardsticks. A teacher is not only a person already well
educated but also he/she should be a active learner throughout
his/her service though formal training such as orientation, refresher
programmes. Hence, there training programme must be activity
based with the help of modern educational technology. In this
context this article provides how the conventional training
methodology help to teachers and its impact in the educational
system, evaluation system, quality of education, altitude of the
academician and what would be the new models of training required
to the teachers particularly in Higher education and also highlights
the career oriented training required to both teacher and students in
the present scenario.
KEYWORD
Higher education, teacher education, orientation programme,
refreshers programme
H

3. Paramasivan, C. (2015)
3 © 2015, IJASRD, All Rights Reserved
I. INTRODUCTION
“Education is the manifestation of perfection already in man” – (Swami Vivekananda)
Education is a light that shows the mankind the right direction to surge. The
purpose of education is not just making a student literate but adds rationale thinking,
knowledgeable and self sufficiency. When there is a willingness to change, there is hope
for progress in any field. Creativity can be developed and innovation benefits both
students and teachers.
Higher education in India viewed in Internationals prospective with multi
national approach. Our educational system has been frequently restructuring and
evaluated with different yardsticks. But till there is a problem in educational system
due to poor or inadequate infrastructural facilities which are very common in
Government owned institutions. We have different segment of educational institutions
which are also considered as national importance and mostly established by the Central
Government like IIT, IIM, IISE, ICMR, ICSSR, UGC,ICPR, ICHR, and Central
Universities almost all the states of the country. But, no institutions were listed in the
top 100 institutions in the world. Any of our students willing to study in western
countries because they think the educational system and quality of education is good in
those countries. Government were established various institutions and schemes to
upgrade the educational system, update the curriculum structure, accredited the
institution and provides training to the academicians. In this context this article
provides how the conventional training methodology help to teachers and its impact in
the educational system, evaluation system, quality of education, altitude of the
academician and what would be the new models of training required to the teachers
particularly in Higher education and also highlights the career oriented training
required to both teacher and students in the present scenario.
II. MAILS TONE OF TRAINING TO TEACHERS
Training of teachers in higher education is relatively a recent concept that began
in 1960s in Europe. This was felt important in enhancing Academic professionalization
in higher education. The European efforts in this direction led to the launching of
European net work on staff development in 1985 (Berendt, 1994). The UNESCO-
CEPES, Bucharest has been playing a significant role in this respect for member states
of European region, northern America and Israel.
The concept of in-service training and continuing education is not new to India.
Recommendations to this effect were made as early as 1949, Radhakrishnan
Commission had stated that “teacher competence is one of the crucial factors and
should be given continuous training for the improvement of their performance”.
The first National Conference of the Principals of Training Colleges was
held in Baroda in 1951. The recommendations of the conference identified three types
of courses to cater to different interest groups among the teachers – Short term courses
for untrained teachers; Refresher courses for trained teachers; and advanced courses
for teachers who wanted to undergo advanced level training in the field of their
interest.

4. Conventional Methods of Training to Teacher and its Impact in Higher Education
Volume 02, Issue 04, Oct – Dec’ 2015 4
The Kothari commission in 1964-66 reiterated the importance of in-service
teachers’ training in Higher Education by pointing out the necessity of regular
Orientation courses every year for a few weeks in every college. Following this UGC
had created some facilities in the form of seminars, fellowships, summer schools
and Orientation courses (Trivedi & Desai, 1969, Jacob, 1971). Later, the University of
Bombay and University of Madras started a Diploma in Higher Education; University of
Calicut started a Master of Collegiate Teaching course. Due to lack of proper response
these courses could not be continued by the universities. Presently, IGNOU is
offering Post Graduate Diploma in Higher Education for those who aspire to teach or
are already teaching in institutions of higher learning.
The National Policy in Education (NPE) 1986, while charting out the educational
priorities for the nation has pointed out that Teachers are not given proper
opportunities for professional and career development, and are not sufficiently oriented
in techniques and values to carry out innovative and creative work to fulfill their roles
and responsibilities effectively. In order to overcome these difficulties, it is proposed
that specially designed Orientation and refresher courses be organized for teachers
as in-service training and continuing education. Academic Staff Orientation Scheme,
which was later on renamed as Academic Staff Colleges Scheme was initiated by the
University Grants Commission in 1987 based on NPE recommendations.
III. PRESENT CONVENTIONAL TRAINING
UGC was established to ensure the uniform, quality and organized system of
education throughout the country. In this regards, various programme were introduced
to provide training to the teachers which help to refresh the subject knowledge and
update the teaching methodology. Orientation and refresher course were introduced by
the UGC by the recommendations of the expert committee and it became as mandatory
for all the teachers who are entered into regular services in higher education. The
courses were designed according to the needs of the situation. It was substantially
benefited to the teachers those who are not awarded about the modern educational and
teaching methodology especially information technology was not influenced dangly. The
training has been resource person centered and there were no opportunities to interact
by the participant. In most of the times, it was the place where the expert shows his
excellence or intelligence. Experts deliver his lecturers relating to the particular topic or
subject which has been handling over a period of 30 years or more. What the experts or
resource person are teaching to teacher (Participants) which are already available the
text books which dealt by participants in the classes. Above all, the facts and
information given by the experts are familiar to almost all participants. It shows that,
wasting of human resources, money, times and everything. Hence the need of
restructuring the training courses like Orientation, refresher and FDP.
IV. CONVENTIONAL TRAINING METHOD
Conventional training method has been losing its importance due to the
technological development, changing attitude of faculty, and innovative needs of
curriculum. Hence, Conventional training method will not help to meet the above

5. Paramasivan, C. (2015)
5 © 2015, IJASRD, All Rights Reserved
mentioned requirements which are very essential to the teacher. Most of the Teacher in
the higher education unable to update their subject knowledge and upgrade the modern
methodologies due to time gabs between their study periods and job position.
V. NEW CURRICULUM OF TRAINING
Curriculum of training programme should be re structured according to the
emerging needs of the modern trend which is suitable to cover almost all the part of the
shareholder of education. The New Curriculum of training should be Informative,
Interactive, Interesting, Industrial exposure and Internal assessment. The new
curriculum must cover the following aspects in order to meet the needs of teacher those
who want to refresh or update the knowledge.
1.5.1 Personal:
Personal Introduction: There is a need of personal introduction of the
participants in the first class of first session of the training programme which will help
to understand each other and shares his / her experience with others.
Duties and Responsibilities: The participants must know his duties and
responsibilities with his professional, personal and social aspects. It should be
commonly provided by the employer or the government representatives those who are
directly deals with the participants. This session will be helpful to know the duties and
responsibilities of the participants.
Rules and Regulations: One should know the rules and regulations with
regards to his profession clearly which help to promote the job satisfaction and work
flow without any conflict or unwanted problems.
Performance
Evaluation
1.Subject updation
2. Awareness
programme
3. Soft skills
4.Material preparation
5. Assignment / Seminar
/ Group discussion
6. Higher Studies
1 .Field work
2. Case Study
3. Observation
4. Industrial visit
5. Data Collection
6. Tie up with
NGO, Com,
Comp.
1. Thrust Area
2. Guideship
3. Research Projects
4. Funding agencies
5. Publications
6.Organizing Seminar
workshop
7. Consultancy
1. Methodology
2. Innovation
3. Testing & Evaluation
4. Examination System
5. Career Guidance
6. Motivation
7. Self discipline
R & D 15% Extension Activities 15 %
1.Personal
introduction
2. Duties and
Responsibilities
3. Rules &
Regulation
4. Award &
Recognition
5. Medical Checkup
6. Meditation
Academic 25 % Teaching 25%
%
Training Programme
Personal 20%

6. Conventional Methods of Training to Teacher and its Impact in Higher Education
Volume 02, Issue 04, Oct – Dec’ 2015 6
Award & Recognition: Every job or profession needs certain motivational
aspects to improve the performance or working environments. The participants must
know what the award & recognitions are available to the teachers and how they can
competence for that, etc.
Medical Checkup: Physical fitness is also one of the very essential
requirements of the teachers. Hence, there the need of physical awareness and provides
basic medical checkup which help to concentrate more about their physical. When the
teacher becomes a physically efficient, it leads to effective performance. There is one
day should also be executively designed for checkup and meditation to relax the mental
stress and uncomfortable.
Residential: Any kind of training porgramme to the faculty of higher education,
it should be, residential with providing all kinds of infrastructure facilities like
accommodation, food, refreshment, entertainments library & internet facilities.
Because, the participants are from different part of the state or country who are mostly
not familiar with the training venue. When the programme organizer provides such
kind of facilities, the participants will be physically and mentally free from the
disturbances and in convenience. It should be the very essential requirement of any
kind of training programme which exceeds, more than 5 days.
1.5.2. Academic Activities
Subject updation: A good teacher is a good learner. Teaching is the profession
which involves the continuous learning and updating the subject knowledge through out
his academic earner. This part should be designed to identify the trust areas, recent
developments and academic contributions provided by the experts. This session may be
handled by the subject experts who are familiar in the state or country.
A genuine teacher will never restrict himself to his own subject, or area of
specialization. He will always delve into all aspects related with he teaches. He should
give real life examples, the details of the Technical Part, the Managerial Aspect, or the
Artistic touch, which will give more finesse to the subject. His communication skills
should be impeccable. In all, the students should automatically come to attend his class,
and should not do so out of compulsion or for attendance.
Awareness Programme: Even though the academic participants know
something about the awareness programmes theoretically. But the faculty needs the
practical experience relating to certain areas like human rights, Environmental science,
Right to information Act, consumer Rights etc. If the field of experts share their
experience with the participants, it it will be understandable with practical experience.
Soft skills: Academician needs to acquire the recent soft skills according to
meeting emergency of the educational system. The academician must familiar with
certain soft skills like computer literacy, communication proficiency, and personality
development. It should cover the basic aspects of the above mentioned skills with
practical exposure.
Material Preparation: Academician must know how to prepare the material
according to the capacity of the students. There is a skill required to prepare the study
materials or develop a mould. Hence, the training programme must have a separate
session with field of experts preferably books writers, material developers etc.

7. Paramasivan, C. (2015)
7 © 2015, IJASRD, All Rights Reserved
Assignment/Seminar / Group discussion: A teacher needs to know how to
prepare the assignment, seminar and group discussion which will help to make them as
an inspired teacher in the class room. Guidelines should be developed and instructed to
the participants in an advanced manner in the orientation or refresher courses.
1.5.3 Teaching
Methodology: Teaching methodology depends up on the teacher top teachers
and situation to situation. Proper methodology shall be Sharpe the knowledge of the
students in an experimental basis. It should be designed and developed in a accurate
instruction to the teachers in the training.
Innovation: This process aims at measuring the degree of knowledge
assimilated by the students during a course of study or training imparted to them.
Innovation is very core aspect of the teaching because the teaching is associated with
the students those who are the future innovators of the world. Students should be
encouraged to come up and take up sumptuous projects, or research works promoted by
the Professors. Teachers should try to understand the student’s mentality- they should
read books on Student Psychology. Most students do not want to listen to dull,
monotonous lectures which stretch on and on.
Testing & Evaluation: Testing and evaluations are essential and plays a vital
role in the educational methodology which helps to measure the performance of the
students in particular subject or topics. Various educational methodology and practices
are used by the teacher and academicians to equip the student’s communities and to
become an empowered society in future. Implementation and follow-up of the
educational methodology is a slow process because of lack of awareness of the Testing
and evaluation practices of the teachers.
Examination System: Examination process has suffered great set back in
achieving its objectives on account of various reasons resulting in a assessment that in
many cases does not reflect the true level of knowledge acquired by the students.
Career Guidance: Every students needs proper guidance to endow themselves
as a successful personalities in their life through professional and experience counselor
which is initiated by teacher will be more powerful and effective .therefore the teachers
must uphold as a consoler during the training. Career guidance is a crucial
factor in bridging the gap between higher education and the world of work, providing it
is not solely focused on employability indicators.
Motivation: Teachers should give real-life examples of events. For example, if a
teacher is Teaching Computer Science, he should give examples of the latest Super-
Computers, Marketing techniques adapted by Microsoft, flaws of Windows 7, etc- even if
those things are not included in the syllabus. Similarly, the teacher should give more
stress on the application part, rather than forcing the student to memorize hundreds of
pages from gargantuan sized text-books (which becomes redundant in any case). The
theory portion taught should be kept succinct, and extra stress should be given on the
practical. Another solution is- Active Class Participation.
Self discipline: Potential teachers should have plenty of confidence and
excellent presentation, listening, verbal and written communication skills.

8. Conventional Methods of Training to Teacher and its Impact in Higher Education
Volume 02, Issue 04, Oct – Dec’ 2015 8
Confidentiality, a non-prejudicial manner, patience and good team working,
organizational and interpersonal skills are also important.
1.5.4 Research and Development Activities
The role of teachers in higher education not only the teaching the subject but also
involve active research and developmental activities which will be useful to the
concerned subject and the benefits consumed by the general public. During the training
period, the following points should be considered.
1. Select the Trust Area to research
2. Procedure for getting Guide ship approval
3. Prepration and finalization of Research Projects
4. Find out the Funding agencies
5. Assistance to Publication of research articles and books
6. Guidelines to Organizing Seminar/ workshop
7. Promote Consultancy activities
1.5.5 Extension Activities
1. Field work
2. Case Study
3. Observation
4. Industrial visit
5. Data Collection
6. Tie up with Industry, NGO, and Company.
VI. CONCLUSION
Education becomes a powerful weapon to the socio-economic setup of the country
which brings colorful changes in almost all the stakeholders. Providing quality and time
bound education to the students is the vital role of the educational system of the country
particularly in higher education which is highly knowledge based, innovation oriented
and research centered. Education and educational system largely depends on the
academicians particularly the teaching faculty. Therefore, the teacher must be a opt
person to teach his subject in a systematic manner. A teacher is not only a person
already well educated but also he/she should be a active learner throughout his/her
service though formal training such as orientation, refresher programmes. Hence, there
training programme must be activity based with the help of modern educational
technology. Higher learning institutions must be very careful to design the curriculum
of their training programme which is really benefited and enjoyable in physically and
psychologically to the teachers.
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9. Paramasivan, C. (2015)
9 © 2015, IJASRD, All Rights Reserved
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