COVID-19 VACCINESMyths Vs Facts Vaccines types How they work ? Recombinant vaccines Why Covid Vaccines? Covid Vaccines Vaccine Usage in the world In the discussion Facts vs Myths- Some Tips for Vaccination

1. COVID-19 VACCINES
Myths Vs Facts
Dr Ramesh C K
Associate Professor and Coordinator(PG)
Department of Biotechnology
Sahyadri Science College
Kuvempu University
Shimoga
Email: ckramck@gmail.com

2. Disclaimer
• This presentation is purely academic and
awareness purpose.
• Not for any commercial gains.
• Not intended to violate any copyrights.

3. Objective of this webinar
• To Spread Scientific Tempo with relevant
info.
• Sensitize about vaccines to Avoid vaccine
Hesitancy.
• To Clarify certain myths with facts
• Some Tips for Vaccination.

5. Any harmful deviation from the
normal structural or functional state
of an organism.
Associated with certain signs and
symptoms.

6. Types
• Infectious
• Genetic
• Lifestyle

7. Prevention
• Indirect:
• Good health-balanced diet, safe drinking
water, hygiene, Physical exercise.
• Direct:
Control - Drugs.
• Antibiotics
• Non antibiotic
• Herbal etc.
Medical prevention- Vaccines

8. • Vaccines antigenic preparations that
induce / stimulate immunity (or immune
response) when introduced in to the body.
• A suspension of killed or modified live
virus or bacterium being injected in to the
body to stimulate immunity against the
pathogens, is called vaccine.

10. (1749 –1823)
English physician and
scientist
• Smallpox vaccine, the
world's first vaccine.
• The terms vaccine and
vaccination devised by
Jenner to denote
Cowpox.
• The first free vaccination
clinic

12. • Our Immune system
• Immune cells and Antibodies
• Mimic the Pathogen -Antigen
• Triggers immune Response
• Primes our Immune system –Primary
immune Response
• Attacks true pathogen
• Protection for a Duration.

14. • More than 1 billion children vaccinated
over the last decade.
• Most children today receive life saving
vaccines.
• Immunization currently prevents 4-5
million deaths every year
• 6-8 Vaccines.
• No drugs for some diseases.

15. Throughout history, humans have successfully developed vaccines for a number of life-
threatening diseases
• BCG
• OPV
• Hepatitis B
• DPT
• MR vaccine
• JE vaccine
• Rotavirus
Vaccine
• IPV
We are jabed for nearly 20 times

16. -
1. Killed Vaccines
• TAB Vaccinces (typhoid)
• Influenza viral vaccine and
• Poliomyelitis vaccines
2.Live attenuated Vaccines
• Measles vaccine
• BCG
3.Toxoids
• Tetanus toxoid TT

17. • Vaccine manufacturing has been developed
from the early works of Koch, Jenner and
Pasteur.
• Most traditional approaches depended on
empirical methods, principle for which were
unknown.
• For both the processes of attenuation and
inactivation (killing), the early researchers
had no knowledge of the molecular structures
involved.

18.  Recombinant DNA technology in recent
years, has become a boon to produce new
generation vaccines.
 By this approach, some of the limitations
of traditional vaccine production could be
overcome.

19. Sub Unit
Recombinant
Vaccines
Components of the
Pathogenic organisms.
Proteins, Peptides and
DNA/RNA
3 Covid Vaccines
Attenuated
Recombinant
Vaccines
Genetically modified
pathogenic organisms
made non-pathogenic.
Vector
Recombinant
Vaccines
Genetically modified
viral vectors that carry
antigenic gene/s
Pathogens.
4 Covid Vaccines

20. • Global 17.9Cr (37.3L)
• India 2.89Cr (3.5L)
• Karnataka 26.2L (31,580)
•
Unprecedented developments

21. • We are facing a global health
crisis and greatest Challenge in
the modern history.
• This is much more than a health
crisis.
• It is a human, economic and
social crisis.

22. • Prevention: Appropriate Covid
behaviour
• Treatment: Symptomatic
• Fatality less than 1.5

23. • Azithromycin
• Remdesivir, Ebola, is a broad-spectrum antiviral
• Tocilizumab, immunosuppressive drug, for rheumatoid
arthritis.
• Plasma therapy is using blood from people who have
recovered from an illness to help others recover.
• Dexamethasone /prednisolone. Steroid
• Ivermectin. Parasite infestations.
• HCQ. Malaria. rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.
• 2DG. Cancer
• Cocktail of antibodies
Spotlight is on Vaccines
Vaccines are the only Hope!!!

24. The Global race to develop a COVID-19
vaccine is on…
…. Successful

25. All vaccines/in clinical trial
76/14: 52/18: 50/11: 14/6:1 3/1: 4/0: 34/3
There are more than 240 vaccine candidates worldwide in various
stages of development . Around 40 or so have advanced to clinical
trials, a stage where the vaccines are tested on people

26. • WHO
• FDA
• Drugs Controller General of India
Emergency Use Authorization (EUA)
only

27. • To save time, some developers are
combining different phases of the clinical
trials or running them at the same time,
and some regulatory review is being fast-
tracked.
• Others are working with regulators in
multiple countries simultaneously, looking
for the quickest path to market.

28. Core of Vaccines Research and developme

29. • The coronavirus spike(S) protein is a
multifunctional molecular machine that
mediates coronavirus entry into host cells.
• It first binds to a receptor on the host cell
surface through its S1 subunit and then
fuses viral and host membranes through
its S2 subunit.

31. • This type of vaccine uses an unrelated
harmless virus (as vector) to deliver
SARS-CoV-2 genetic material such as
the code for Covid-19’s ‘spike’ protein.
• When administered, our cells use the
genetic material to produce a specific
viral protein, which is recognised by
our immune system and triggers a
response.
•

32. • The University of
Oxford/AstraZeneca/SII
• CanSino Biologics( China)
• Gamaleya Research Institute
(Sputnik)
• Johnson & Johnson

34. • Covishield is developed by Oxford University
in partnership with AstraZeneca.
• Its manufacturing partner is the Serum
Institute of India, Pune and ICMR.
• This vaccine uses a replication-deficient
chimpanzee viral vector based on a
weakened version of adenovirus that causes
infections in chimpanzees.
• Plus the genetic material of the corona virus
spike protein, which helps the virus to bind
with the human cells.

35. • The modified chimpanzee adenovirus
can’t replicate, hence do not cause
infection, and rather serves as a vector to
transfer the corona virus spike protein.
• Covishield 70.4 per cent.
• Its efficacy could reach up to 90 per cent
if doses of the vaccine are taken weeks
apart (12 to 16 weeks).
• Rs 600 for private hospitals.

38. Adar Poonawalla

39. • Sputnik V is the globe’s first registered
COVID-19 vaccine based on a viral two-
vector vaccine
• Based on two human adenoviruses.
• The vaccine is manufactured in Russia
Gamaleya National Center of
Epidemiology and Microbiology.
• Approved for use in India and is being
imported.
• Sputnik V vaccine is titled after the 1st
Soviet space satellite.

40. • The vaccine can be stored at +2 to +8 °C.
• Efficacy of Sputnik V is 91.6 per cent.
• Sputnik V uses two different vectors (rAd26 and
rAd5) for the two shots in a course of vaccination.
• Dr Reddy's Laboratories in association with Apollo
Hospitals have priced the Sputnik V vaccine at Rs
1,250.00.
• 21 to three months.

43. • There is a possibility of a speedy launch
of single-dose Covid-19 vaccine Sputnik
Light in India.
• The Sputnik Light can become the first
single-dose vaccine to be launched in
India.
• Sputnik Light vaccine was 79.4 per cent
effective 28 days after vaccination.
• Russia's single-dose Sputnik Light can
be new hope to India's vaccination drive.

44. • On February 27, 2021, the FDA granted
emergency use approval.
• A harmless adenovirus as a shell (Vector) to
carry genetic code on the spike proteins to the
cells.
• 72% overall efficacy and 86% efficacy against
severe disease in the U.S.
• Single shot.
• Not available in India yet.

46. • Very old and Traditional approach.
• Not by Recombinant DNA Technology.
• This type of vaccine contains the killed
SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is recognised
by the immune system to trigger a
response without causing COVID-19
illness.
• Virus is inactivated by being exposed to
heat, chemicals or radiation.

48. • The Indian company Bharat Biotech
partnered
• National Institute of Virology.
• Indian Council of Medical Research.
• Inactivated coronavirus vaccine.
• India authorized the vaccine for
emergency use on Jan. 3, 2021.
• Efficacy of 78 to 81 per cent.
• Two doses are given 28 days apart
• Rs 1,200 in private hospitals.

49. A Vaccine Made From Coronaviruses
• To create Covaxin, Bharat Biotech used a
sample of the coronavirus isolated by
India’s National Institute of Virology.
• Once the researchers produced large
stocks of the coronaviruses, they doused
them with a chemical called beta-
propiolactone.
• The compound disabled the coronaviruses
by bonding to their genes.
• The inactivated coronaviruses could no
longer replicate. But their proteins,
including spike, remained intact.

50. • Inactivated viruses mixed
with aluminum-based
adjuvants to boost the
immune response to a
vaccine.
• Inactivated viruses have
been used for over a
century.
• Jonas Salk used to
create polio vaccine in
the 1950s, and they’re
the bases for vaccines
against other diseases
including rabies and
Hepatits B.
Beta-
propiolactone

51. Krishna Ella

52. • The World Health Organization has
granted emergency approval for a
Covid vaccine made by Chinese state-
owned company Sinopharm.
• Already in Use in China.
• It is an inactivated vaccine.
• Same technology of Bharath Biotech.
• Its easy storage (2-80C) requirements
make it highly suitable for low-resource
settings. interval of 3–4 weeks.

53. • It is the also first vaccine that will carry a
vaccine vial monitor, a small sticker on
the vaccine vials that change color as
the vaccine is exposed to heat.
• Vaccine efficacy for symptomatic and
hospitalized disease was estimated to be
79%, all age groups combined. Prevents
hospitalization up to 100%.

54. • The vaccines contain a segment of genetic
material of theSARS-CoV-2 virus, which
causes COVID-19.
• The genetic material, RNA in the case of
Moderna and Pzer/BioNTech vaccine, codes
for viral protein.
• When administered, cells use the genetic
material
(Blue Print)from the vaccines to make the
protein, which is recognised by immune

55. Both have reported high levels of vaccine efficacy
–95%.

56. • BioNTech is a German biotechnology
company immunotherapeutics.
• Pfizer is an American multinational
pharmaceutical corporation.
• First vaccine to receive an FDA EUA.
• 95% efficacy in preventing COVID-19
• 12 or older.
• Two shots, 21 days apart

57. • Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine delivers a
tiny piece of blueprints or genetic code,
mRNA, to body's cells by lipid
nanoparticles.
• mRNA is a transient carrier of information
that does not integrate into human DNA.
mRNA does not enter a cell’s nucleus.

58. • Moderna’s vaccine was the second one
authorized for emergency use in the U.S
in December 2020.
• Moderna, is an American
pharmaceutical
and biotechnology company.
• It focuses on vaccine technologies
based on messenger RNA (mRNA).
• Moderna is also an mRNA vaccine,
using the same technology as the

59. • There are two key differences:
• The Moderna vaccine can be shipped and
kept in long-term storage in standard
freezer temperatures, and stored for up to
30 days using normal refrigeration.
• Also, the Moderna vaccine was slightly
less effective 94.1% effective
• Adults 18 and older.
• Two shots, 28 days apart

62. • Similar to the Pfizer vaccine, this is an
synthetic nucleoside (modRNA)
modified mRNA vaccine using a coating
of lipid nanoparticles.
• mRNA does not enter a cell’s nucleus.
• mRNA with pseudouridine nucleosides.
Candidates are designed to have
improved folding
and translation efficiency via
insertional mutagenesis.
• Improve the stability of mRNA vaccines.

64. FDA Approved Vaccines
Authorized for Emergency Use
• Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19
Vaccine
• Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine
• Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine

65. WHO Approved Vaccines
Authorized for Emergency Use
• Pfizer/BioNTech,
• Astrazeneca-SK Bio,
• Astrazeneca-Serum Institute of India,
• Janssen and Janssen
• Moderna vaccines
• Sinovac COVID-19

66. Biological E (Corbevax )
•Hyderabad-based company Biological E.
•Most affordable Vaccine under Rs 500.00.
•Govt. order to block 300 million doses.
•Corbevax is a “recombinant protein sub-
unit” vaccine
•LikeHepatitis B vaccines.
•Corbevax will be among the first Covid-19
vaccines to use this platform.

67. ZyCoV-D

68. Mynvax

69. HGCO19 – Gennova Biopharmaceuticals

71. Covid-19 Tracker

72. • Unfortunately, there has been a lot of
misinformation surrounding the vaccines
and their development. When deciding
whether to get the vaccine, it’s important
to separate myths from facts.
• It is essential to confront the myths and
rumours that can contribute to vaccination
hesitancy.

73. • Myth: You can get COVID-19 from the
vaccine.
•
Fact: You cannot get COVID-19 from the
vaccine because it doesn’t contain the live
virus.
• “Covaxin uses the inactivated virus which
cannot cause disease but can teach our
immune system to defend against the
active virus.
• In Covishield, on the other hand, the spike
protein of the COVID-19 virus rides on a
chimpanzee adenovirus. This is incapable
of producing any disease but can teach

74. • Myth: Once I receive the vaccine, I will
test positive for COVID-19.
Fact: Viral tests used to diagnose COVID-
19 check samples from the respiratory
system for the presence of the virus that
causes COVID-19.
• Since there is no live virus in the
vaccines, the vaccines will not affect your
test result. It is possible to get infected
with the virus before the vaccine has had
time to fully protect your body.

75. • Myth: The COVID-19 vaccine is unsafe because
it was developed so quickly.
Fact: The authorized vaccines are proven
safe and effective.
• Although they were developed in record time, they
have gone through the same rigorous regulatory
authorities as other vaccines, meeting all safety
standards.
• No steps were skipped. Instead, we can thank the
unprecedented worldwide collaboration and
investment for the shorter timeframe on
the development of the vaccines.
• The clinical trials and safety reviews actually took
about the same amount of time as other vaccines

76. • Myth: I’m not at risk for severe
complications of COVID-19 so I don’t need
the vaccine.
Fact: Regardless of your risk, you can still
contract the infection and spread it to
others, so it’s important you get
vaccinated.
Once the vaccine is widely available, it’s
recommended that as many eligible adults
as possible get the vaccine.
It’s not only to protect you but your family
and community as well.

77. Myth: Certain blood types have less
severe COVID-19 infections, so getting a
vaccine isn’t necessary.
Truth: Research has shown there is no
reason to believe being a certain blood
type will lead to increased severity of
COVID-19.

78. Myth: The COVID-19 vaccine will
alter my DNA
Fact: The first vaccines granted emergency
use authorization contain messenger
RNA (mRNA), which instructs cells to make
the “spike protein” found on the new
coronavirus.
The mRNA never enters the nucleus of the
cell, which is where our DNA (genetic
material) is kept.
The body gets rid of the mRNA soon after

79. Myth: The COVID-19 vaccine includes a
tracking device
Fact: A video shared thousands of times on
Facebook makes false claims about the
products of syringe maker Apiject Systems of
America, which has a contract with the
government to provide medical-grade
injection devices for vaccines.
The company has an optional version of its
product that contains a microchip within the
syringe label that helps providers confirm a
vaccine dose’s origin. The chip itself is not
injected into the person getting the vaccine.

80. Myth: The COVID-19 vaccine has severe
side effects such as allergic reactions.
Fact: Some participants in the vaccine
clinical trials did report side effects similar to
those experienced with other vaccines,
including muscle pain, chills and headache.
And although extremely rare, people can
have severe allergic reactions to ingredients
used in a vaccine. That’s why experts
recommend people with a history of severe
allergic reactions — such as anaphylaxis —
to the ingredients of the vaccine should not
get the vaccination.

81. Myth: The COVID-19 vaccine causes
infertility in women.
Fact: Misinformation on social media
suggests the vaccine trains the body to attack
syncytin-1, a protein in the placenta, which
could lead to infertility in women.
The truth is, there’s an amino acid sequence
shared between the spike protein and a
placental protein; however, experts say it’s
too short to trigger an immune response and
therefore doesn’t affect fertility.

82. Myth: I’ve already been diagnosed with
COVID-19, so I don’t need to receive the
vaccine.
Fact: The immunity someone gains from
having an infection, called natural immunity,
varies from person to person.
Some early evidence suggests natural
immunity may not last very long.
You don’t require the vaccine for 60-90 days
after the infection, however you will need to
take the vaccine for further protection once
this period is over.

83. • Myth: Once I receive the COVID-19
vaccine, I no longer need to wear a mask.
Fact: Masking, handwashing and physical
distancing remain necessary in public until
a sufficient number of people are immune.
Fully vaccinated people can meet with
other fully vaccinated people without
wearing masks.

84. Myth: The COVID-19 vaccine contains
aborted fetal cells.
Fact: The authorized vaccines do not
contain any fetal cells.
During development of the vaccines,
pharmaceutical companies tested the
effectiveness of the vaccines in cells that
were the descendants of fetal cells
obtained from tissue taken during a 1973
elective abortion.
No fetal cells are used to manufacture or
produce the vaccines.

85. Myth: You can't get COVID-19 after
vaccination.
Fact: The COVID-19 vaccine is not 100%
effective, so it's possible to get infected and sick
with COVID-19.
Two weeks after you receive the second
Moderna or Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, you are
fully vaccinated and 90% less likely to get
infected by the virus.
That is very good immunity, but it is not 100%.
The J&J vaccine is more than 75% effective.
Vaccination will likely keep you from getting sick
with COVID-19, but it’s possible to get infected

86. Myth: Pregnant or breastfeeding
women can not get vaccinated.
Fact: “The vaccines used in India have not
been given the go-ahead for pregnancy
and lactation yet, even though it is allowed
in the rest of the world.
However, this is expected to change
soon.

87. Myth:The vaccine is not advisable for
those on their menstrual cycles
• Fact: The vaccine has no relation with the
day of the menstrual cycle.

88. • How long does the Covid vaccine protect
you?
• Of people who have been vaccinated,
antibodies are detected six months later,
with only minimal decline.
• This doesn't mean they vanish after six
months; that's just all the data we have.
After six months, Pfizer reported 91%
efficacy; Moderna, 94%.

89. Getting Vaccinated
Some crucial tips

90. • After a long, stressful encounter with the
COVID-19 virus, the entire world is finally
relieved to get access to the vaccines. We
are lucky.
• Getting vaccinated is a massive moment
for you, your family, community and the
world.
• The approved vaccines are carefully
evaluated for safety and efficacy.
Furthermore, they also make the infection
less severe if you contract the virus after
vaccination.

92. Learn some facts:
• Two vaccines to the Indian markets.
Serum Institute of India launched
Covishield and Bharat Biotech introduced
Covaxin.
• The imported brand Sputnik V recently
received approval for use in India.
• Talk to your doctor regarding your vaccination.
• Do some research.

93. Eligibility for the vaccine:
Anybody above the age of 18 can get
vaccinated from the 1st of May 2021.
Registration for the vaccine:
Co-Win
Arogya Setu app.

94. • Do not take the vaccine on an empty
stomach.
• Drink plenty of water and stay hydrated.
• Get good, peaceful sleep at night.
• If you regularly take over-the-counter aspirin
or pain killers, you may continue.
• Avoid excess alcohol intake as it may
dehydrate you.
• Remember its mere a prick

95. • No Vaccine shopping : Be prepared to
take any vaccine available at the centre at
the given time. Remember, all vaccines
have been proven safe and effective.
• Wear a sleeveless or short-sleeved shirt or
dress to facilitate getting the injection on
your arm.
• Carry the ID you used for registration.
• Visit the centre wearing a mask and
maintain physical distance.
• Note the type of vaccine you received to
book the second dose.

96. • After vaccination, stay seated at the
vaccination centre for 15-30 minutes.
• Health workers will monitor you for immediate
reactions.
• Drink plenty of fluids and keep your body
hydrated after the vaccine dose.
• Avoid consuming alcohol or smoking.
• Soothe your arm. You may place a cool or
wet washcloth on the area.
• Swing your vaccinated arm to calm the
inflammation.

97. The side effects
Be prepared for some minor side effects as
your body builds immune protection. These
will go away in 1-2 days.
o Pain and redness at the site of injection
o Chills and mild fever
o Headache
o Fatigue and body ache
o Joint and muscle pain
o Take paracetamol if you have any of the above
symptoms. If they last for more than a week,
contact your doctor immediately.

98. • Download your vaccination certificate,
mark your calendar for the second dose of
the vaccine.
• After the second dose of the vaccine, you
may experience similar symptoms seen
after the first dose.
• Remember that the antibodies that
develop after the second dose of the
vaccine reach a protective level after 15
days. Hence, be careful; do not relax the
preventive measures.

99. • If you wish to take any other vaccine for a
different medical condition, maintain a gap
of at least 14 days after taking the Covid-
19 vaccine.

101. Herd immunity
• When most of a population is immune to an
infectious disease, this provides indirect
protection—or population immunity (also
called herd immunity or herd protection)—to
those who are not immune to the disease.
• For example, if 80% of a population is
immune to a virus, four out of every five
people who encounter someone with the
disease won’t get sick (and won’t spread the
disease any further).
• In this way, the spread of infectious diseases
is kept under control.

102. • We would need at least 70% of the
population to be immune to keep the rate of
infection down (“achieve herd immunity”) The
higher the level of immunity, the larger the
benefit. This is why it is important to get as
many people as possible vaccinated.
• Measles, mumps, polio, and chickenpox are
examples of infectious diseases that were
once very common but are now rare in the
U.S. because vaccines helped to establish
herd immunity.

104. Vaccine Efficacy
• Vaccine efficacy is the percentage
reduction in a disease in a group of people
who received a vaccination in a clinical
trial. It differs from vaccine effectiveness,
which measures how well a vaccine works
when given to people in the community
outside of clinical trials.
Risk among unvaccinated group − Risk among vaccinated group
Risk among unvaccinated group