An article discusses various types of accidents including road traffic accidents, domestic accidents, industrial accidents, and their causes and prevention methods. It describes road traffic accidents as the leading cause of death for people aged 15-29 worldwide. Domestic accidents discussed include drowning, burns, falls, poisoning, and snake bites. Industrial accidents are defined as unexpected events in the workplace involving injury. Common causes of accidents are identified as unsafe conditions, unsafe acts, and human factors. Prevention strategies aim to address engineering, legislation, education, and addressing risk factors.

2. ACCIDENTS
RAJARAM SETHY
B.Sc Nursing
MANJARI DEVI COLLEGE OF
NURSING, BHUBANESWAR

3. 🙏INTRODUCTION🙏
👉 Accident, unexpected event,
typically sudden in nature and associated
with injury, loss, or harm. Accidents are a
common feature of the human
experience and result in injury or
permanent disability to large numbers of
people worldwide every year. Many
accidents also involve damage to or loss
of property.

4. 📊GRAPHICAL PHOTOS📊

6. 🙂DEFINITION🙂
👍 An undesirable or unfortunate happening
that occurs unintentionally and usually results
in harm, injury, damage, or loss; casualty;
mishap .
👍An unforeseen and unplanned event or
circumstance (Merriam Webster Dictionary)

7. 🔺EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIAD🔺
. AGENT
HOST ENVIRONMENT

8. 🕴️AGENT🕴️
🕺 Accident can occur to anyone , anytime at any place ,
because it is the uninvited tragedy with multiple causative (
predisposing ) factors :
👉Overcrowding , lack of awareness and poor implementa tion
of essential safety precautions result in an increasing number of
accidents .
👉Rapid increase in Vehicular Traffic.
👉Semiskilled and unskilled workers in operation .
👉Consumption of poisonous substance intentionally or
unintentionally .
👉Age is one of the major risk factors for drowning . This
relationship is often associated with a lapse in supervision .

9. 🤷HOST FACTOR🤷
😷Accident can happen to anyone irrespective of age
accidents . E.g. , drowning in children , fire accidents in and
sex . Some age groups are closely related to certain women
who cook at kitchen.
😷People who are inexperienced in driving , teenage boys
mental status of the people ( depression , frustration anxiety
anger , sickness , alchoholics ) all add to the risk of meeting
with accident .
😷Disrespecting the safety rules while driving like not wearing
helmet , not applying safety belts as well , driving without
license etc.

10. 🏞️ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS🏞️
💁Lack of familiarity about the routes , poor
lighting , huge speed breakers, narrow and
defective layouts of cross roads are the factors
relating to road that are potentially at risk for
causing accident .
💁Low driving standards , old and poorly
maintained vehicles , excessive speed overloaded
buses , and large number of two wheelers are the
vehicle related factors causing accidents .
💁Bad weather and inadequate enforcement of law are
the weather causes for accident , mixed traffic like
fast moving pedestrians and animals .
💁Illiteracy and ignorance .

11. 🤔CLASSIFICATION OF ACCIDENTS🤔
1)Road traffic Accident
2)Domestic Accident
-:Drowning,Burns,Falls,Poisoning,Injuries from sharp,Bites
and other injuries from animals .
3)Industrial Accidents
4)Aircraft crash
5)Marine Accidents
6)Violence

12. ROAD TRAFFIIC ACCIDENT{RTA}
DEFINITION -:
A Road Traffic Accident ( RTA ) can be defined as ,
an event that occurs on a way or street open to
public traffic ; resulting in one or more persons
being injured or killed , where at least one moving
vehicle is involved * . Transport Research Wing ,
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways . Road
Accidents in India 2011. New Delhi : Ministry of
Road Transport and Highways , Government of
India : 2012 .
(1)

13. ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS
The leading cause of death of young people
aged 15-29 years

14. 😳Latest estimated records from 2007
in India tells that :
👉1.25,000 deaths
👉 25,00,000 serious injuries
👉62,50,000 mild injuries
😳India has only 1 % of vehicles in the
world but accounts for nearly 6 % of the
total cases of unintentional injuries .

15. CASES OF ROAD TRAFFIIC ACCIDENT
IN 2019 AND 2020

16. RTA: Epidemiological Triad

17. Causative Factor -:

18. Other Riskfactor -:
🧶Risk factors influencing injury severity:
👉Lack of in – vehicle crash protection
👉Non – use of crash helmets by two – wheeled
vehicle users
👉Non – use of seat – belts and child restraints in
motor vehicles
👉Roadside objects
🧶Risk factors influencing post – crash injury
outcome -:
👉- Pre – hospital factors
👉 – Hospital care factors

19. 🧶Factors influencing exposure to risk -:
👉Rapid motorization
👉Demographic factors
👉Transport , land use and road network planning
👉Increased need for travel
👉Choice of less safe forms of travel
🧶Risk factors influencing crash involvement :
👉Speed
👉Pedestrians and cyclists
👉Young drivers and riders
👉Alcohol
👉Medicinal and recreational drugs
👉Driver fatigue
👉Hand – held mobile telephones

20. 🙋Steps to be taken for preventing.🙋
:- Road Accidents -:
💁Most important method to bring down accidents is strict enforcement
of speed limits .
💁90 % of accidents can be avoided by strict enforcement of speed limits
.
💁Existing speed limits should be brought down further .
💁Heavy Penalty should be imposed on all those who cross speed limits .
💁Heavy penalty should be imposed for those who cause accidents .
💁Tamper proof speed controllers should be made mandatory for all
heavy vehicles .
💁Two wheeler manufacturers should be asked to design two wheelers
with a designed maximum speed of ( say ) 50/60 kmph .

21. 💁New gadgets are to be developed for collision prevention and
should be fitted on all vehicle .
💁Diving tests for issue of driving license is to be made more
stringent and foolproof .
💁Raising of lower age limit for two wheeler and Heavy Vehicle
license to 21 .
💁Research organizations should be asked to develop such
gadgets on a war footing .
💁Helmet should be made compulsory by law in all states , OR
impose a lower speed limit for those who do not use helmet .
----×----

22. DOMESTIC ACCIDENT
🙅 DROWNING -:
🔘Experiencing respiratory impairment from
submersion / immersion in liquid .
▶️Victim loses consciousness after approximately 2 minutes
of immersion .
▶️ Irreversible brain damage can take place after 4-6
minutes.
(2)

23. RISK FACTORS-:
🔳AGE- In general children under 5 years of age have
the highest drowning mortality rates worldwide .
Canada and New Zealand are the only exceptions , adult
males drown at higher rates .
🔳GENDER- Males are especially at risk of drowning
with twice the overall mortality rate of females due to
increased exposure to water and riskier behaviour such
as swimming alone , drinking alcohol before swimming
and boating .
🔳ACCESS TO WATER – Commercial fisherman,children
playing near ponds or any water body .

24. 🔳 OTHER FACTORS-:
a)Infants left unsupervised,or with another child in a bathtub
b)Medical conditions , such as epilepsy
c)Tourists unfamiliar with local water risks and features
D)Floods and other cataclysmic events like tsunamis .
PREVENTIONS OF DROWNING -:
▶️ENGINEERING:- methods which help to remove the hazard ( Most
effective strategy ) includes :
a) Development and implementation of safe water systems , such as
drainage systems piped water systems , flood control embankments in flood
prone areas .
B) Building four – sided pool fences or barriers preventing access to standing
water .
C) Creating and maintaining safe water zones for recreation .
D) Covering of wells or open cisterns .
E) Emptying buckets and bathtubs , and storing them upside down

25. ▶️LEGISLATION-: To enforce prevention and assure decreased
exposure and laws including regular safety checks of
transportation vessels , and laws on alcohol use while boating or
swimming .
▶️EDUCATION-:For individuals and communities on drowning
awareness , learning water survival skills and ensuring the
presence of lifeguards at swimming areas are promising strategy to
prevent drowning .
------------

26. 🙅 BURN’S :-
🔘A burn is an injury to the skin or tissue
primarily by Heat due to radiation ,
radioactivity , electricity , friction or
contact with chemicals .

27. RISK FACTORS -:
▶️GENDER:- Females suffer burns more frequently than males due to open
fire cooking , or inherently unsafe stoves , which can ignite loose clothing .
▶️AGE :- Along with adult women , children particularly 1-9yrs .
Are vulnerable to burns , because of improper adult supervision or
Maltreatment –
▶️OTHER FACTORS-:
A ) occupations that increase exposure to fire .
B ) poverty , overcrowding and lack of proper safety measures .
C ) placement of young girls in household roles such as cooking and care of small
children .
D ) underlying medical conditions , including epilepsy , peripheral neuropathy .
E ) alcohol abuse and smoking .
F ) easy access to chemicals used for assault ( such as in acid violence attacks ) .
G ) use of kerosene ( paraffin ) as a fuel source for non – electric domestic
appliances .
H ) inadequate safety measures for liquefied petroleum gas and electricity

28. PREVENTION OF BURN’S -:
▶️Installation of fire and smoke alarms .
▶️Replace pressure stoves with gas stoves .
FIRST AID

29. 🙅 FALLS-:
🔘Falls are responsible for the largest
number of hospital visits for non – fatal
injuries , especially for children and young
adults .
🔘Falls from rooftops , balconies ,
windows and stair cases are common .

30. 🔘Factors specific to SEAR countries are falls from trees of
workers picking fruits or coconuts , children falling from
rooftops while flying kites , high incidence of falls among
construction and forestry workers .

31. RISK FACTOR’S-:
▶️Occupations at elevated heights or other hazardous
working conditions .
▶️ Alcohol or substance use .
▶️Socio – economic factors including poverty ,
overcrowded housing , young maternal age .
▶️Underlying medical conditions , such as neurological ,
cardiac or other disabling conditions .
▶️Side – effects of medication , physical inactivity and
loss of balance , particularly among older people .
▶️Unsafe environments , particularly for those with poor
balance and limited vision .

32. PREVENTION OF FALLS-:
▶️FOR CHILDREN
a) Effective interventions include multifaceted community programmes .
B) Engineering modifications of nursery furniture , playground equipment ,
and other Products .
C) Legislation for the use of window guard .
▶️FOR OLDER INDIVIDUALS
a) Screening within living environments for risks for falls .
B) Clinical interventions to identify risk factors , such as medication review and
modification , treatment of low blood pressure , Vitamin D and calcium
supplementation , treatment of correctable visual impairment.
C)Home assessment and environmental modification for those with known risk
factors or a history of falling
d) Prescription of appropriate assistive devices to address physical and sensory
impairments .
E) Muscle strengthening and balance retraining prescribed by a trained
health professional .

33. 🙅 POISONING-:
▶️Poisoning Most Common agents responsible for poisoning
are-:
Kerosene
Pesticides
Household chemicals
Drugs

34. ▶️Many countries also report accidental ingestion of
kerosene as a leading cause of poisoning , especially
among children .
▶️A study from Thailand revealed that 54 percent of
cases of poisoning among pre school children involved
therapeutic drugs

35. 🙅 SNAKE BITE-:
▶️Snake bite is a neglected public health issue in many
tropical and subtropical countries .
▶️Women , children and farmers in poor rural communities
in low and middle income countries are more often injured .
▶️Outcome of snake bite depends on numerous factors .
👉Species of snake
👉Area of the body bitten
👉Amount of venom injected
👉Health condition of the victim

36. ▶️Feelings of terror and panic are common after a snake bite and can
produce a characteristic set of symptoms mediated by the autonomic
nervous system , such as a tachycardia and nausea .
▶️A bite may also trigger an anaphylactic reaction , which is potentially
fatal .
Early clues that a patient has Severe Envenoming :
👉Snake identified as a very dangerous one .
👉Rapid early extension of local swelling from the site of the bite .
👉Early tender enlargement of local lymph nodes , indicating spread of venom in
the lymphatic system .
👉Early systemic symptoms : collapse ( hypotension , shock ) , nausea , vomiting ,
diarrhoea , severe headache , “ heaviness “ of the eyelids , inappropriate (
pathological ) drowsiness or early ptosis / Ophthalmoplegia .
👉Early spontaneous systemic bleeding .
👉Passage of dark brown / black urine .

37. 🙅FIRST AID:-
▶️Reassure:- the patient 70 % of all snake bites are from non –
venomous species . Only 50 % of bites by venomous species actually
envenomate the patient .
▶️Immobilize:- in the same way as a fractured limb . Use bandages or
cloth to hold the splints , not to block the blood supply or apply pressure .
👉Do not apply any compression in the form of tight ligatures , they don’t
work and can be dangerous . Do not give alcoholic beverages or stimulants
. They are known vasodilators and they speed up the absorption of venom .
👉Remove any items or clothings which may constrict the bitten limb if it
swells ( rings , bracelets , watches , footwear , etc. ) .
👉 Do not incise or manipulate the bitten site . Do not apply ice .
👉Transport the patient to a medical faculty for definitive treatment .

38. (3) 🏭INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT🏭
▶️ What is anAccidential Accident ?
👉 It can be define as “ An accident or occupational
accident is an event of accident that suddenly occurs
when one or no . Of employees / workers placed in plant .
👉For instance , In an organization a person / labor
while working receiving an electric current , a labor
cut his finger from machine , blast in chemical
industry because of various reasons , fired in textile
section etc ..
👉These are all the example of industrial accidents .

40. TYPES OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT:-
1) According to length of Recovery:-
FIRST AID ACCIDENT
Here these workers
receive
First aid at plant
hospital and
Then return to the
job .
LOST TIME ACCIDENT
Here the worker loses a
Day or shift In which accident
Occurs. Compensation is
Given to the employee By
Employer for the Severity
Of accident.
HOME CASE ACCIDENT
Worker loses remainder
of shift or turn on which
the Accident has
occurred.

41. 2) According to the nature of injury:-

42. 3) According to the Cause of event :-

43. CAUSES OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT-:
👉Accident do not have any single cause . These are
the result of combination of factors which may vary
from situation to situation .
👉It is possible to classify accident causes under the
headings :
PLANT-E.g-Afaulty layout , electrical and chemical hazard .
EQUIPMENT-E.g-A defective guard incorrect equipment .
ENVIRONMENT-E.g- Incorrectoise,insufficient light and Ventilation.
PEOPLE-E.g- Careless,untrained,overstressed.
SYSTEMS OF WORK-E.g-Poor procedure,Bad housekeeping .
P-
E-
E-
P-
S-

44. Unsafe condition
👉 Improperly guarded
equipment
👉Inadequate warning system
👉Poor Ventilation system
👉Fire and Explosive hazard
👉Improper plant layout
👉Congestion of workplace
👉Hazardous atmospheric
conditions
👉Poor Housekeeping
👉Excessive noise and Radiation
explosure
Unsafe act
👉Operating equipment at
improper speed
👉Operating equipment
without authority
👉Using equipment improperly
👉Engaging with gambling
👉Use of alcohols by
employees
👉Improper loading and
placement of equipment
👉Improperlifting and taking
improper position
👉Using Defective equipment
👉Throwing Material on the
floor which leads to obstacle

45. INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT PREVENTION:-
Accident prevention may be define as “ an integrated
program , a series of coordinated activities , directed to
the control unsafe personal performance and unsafe
mechanical condition ”

46. 🔘INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS :-
👉AN HAZARD IS ANY PRACTICE , BEHAVIOUR OR
CONDITION OR COMBINATION OF THESE THAT CAN CAUSE
INJURY OR ILLNESS TO PEOPLE OR DAMAGE TO PROPERTY .
HAZARDS + EXPOSURE-→ ACCIDENTS
IT AFFECTS :-
P
PEOPLE
PROPERTY
PROCESSES
-------

47. 🛫AIRCRAFT CRASH🛫
▶️ INTRODUCTION
👉Travel by air is the safest mode of transportation .
However , when a plane crashes it usually results in
serious injury and death . Although airplane crashes are
extremely rare , they do happen .
👉When a major airline disaster occurs , the federal
government provides support services to the families of
victims and to survivors .
(4)

49. Most airplane crashes are caused by one or
more of the following :
👉Pilot error
👉Defective equipment
👉Defective design or structural problems with
the airplane
👉Faulty maintenance or repair of the airplane ,
👉Fuel problems .

50. 🚢MARINE ACCIDENT🚢
▶️What is marine accident ?
👉Damage to a ship or facilities other than a
ship related to the operations of a ship death or
injury of the people concerned with the
construction , equipment or operation of a ship .
(5)

51. Causes of Marine Accidents:-
⚓Natural conditions
⚓Technical failures
⚓Route conditions
⚓Ship – related factors
⚓Piracy & Terrorism
⚓Human error

52. TYPES OF MARINE ACCIDENT
⚓Cruise Vessel Mishaps
⚓Offshore Oil Rig Mishaps
⚓Commercial Fishing Mishaps
⚓Accidents on Crude Oil Tankers and Cargo Ships
⚓Grounding of Ships
⚓Maritime Accident because of Drugs and alcohol
⚓Crane Mishaps
⚓Accidents in Shipyards
⚓Maritime Accidents on Diving Support Vessels
⚓Accidents on Barges
⚓Cargo Hauling Accidents

53. Preventive Measures:-
1)Achieving a Society with No maritime Accidents
⚓Preventing the occurrence of maritime accidents .
⚓ Promoting prompt and appropriate search rescue ,
and emergency services system for passengers .
2)Objectives Set in Maritime Traffic Safety
⚓To prevent the accidents that would close
waterways in congested waters and reduce the number
of such accidents to zero.
⚓To strive to reduce the annual number of people
who die or go missing in maritime accidents .

54. 3)Measures for Maritime Traffic Safety
⚓Promoting various measures continuously to prevent
maritime accidents .
⚓Improving and enhancing the systems for prompt and proper
lifesaving .
⚓Improving the maritime traffic environment
⚓Disseminating knowledge on maritime safety
⚓Securing safe vessel navigation
⚓Ensuring vessel safety
⚓Enhancing safety measures for small vessels
⚓Enforcing laws in maritime traffic
⚓Enhancing rescue and emergency services systems .
⚓Promoting victim support

55. VIOLENCE
▶️DEFINITION:-
👉Violence is defined by the
“WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION” as
the intentional use of physical force
or power , threatened or actual ,
against oneself , another person , or
against a group or community , that
either results in or has a high
likelihood of resulting in injury ,
death , psychological harm , mal
development or deprivation .
(6)

56. Violence – Types:-
▶️Domestic violence / Individual motivated violence
( Bride burning , Honor killing , Sati )
▶️Interpersonal Violence
Family dispute , family arguments , communal hatreds
▶️Child abuse violence ( Beating / hitting / kicking /
sexual violence )
▶️Social violence ( By social groups , politics / temple
festivals / )
Religious violence , domestic violence , caste violence ,
violence against women , violence against minorities , etc

57. ▶️Violence can be broadly categorized according to
characteristics of those committing the violent act :
👉Self – directed violence
👉Interpersonal violence
👉Community violence
👉Collective violence
🔘Social violence
🔘Political violence
🔘Economic violence

58. CAUSES OF VIOLENCE:-
▶️Violence cannot be attributed to a single
factor . Its causes are complex and occur at
different levels .
▶️The following four – level version of the
socio – ecological is often used the study of
violence :
🔘Personal
🔘Family or friends
🔘Community
🔘Society

59. Strategies to Prevent Violence
Strategy # 1 : Self – Control Duffy and Finkel (2009)
Strategy # 2 : Yoga Bilderbeck et al (2013)
Strategy # 3 : Empathy Training Feshbach and
Feshbach (1982)
Strategy # 4 : Anti – Bullying Programs Jeong and Lee
(2013)
Strategy # 5 : Mindfulness Franco et al (2016)
Strategy # 6 : The Metropolitan Area Child Study
Research Group (2007)

60. SUMMARY

61. 🙏CONCLUSION🙏
I CONCLUDED MY TOPIC Accident
could not be completely avoided, but
its occurrence could be prevented. To
prevent accident to children, adults
should pay more attention to home
safety. They should also clear any
hidden “hazards” at home and teach
children about safety.

62. REFERENCE:-
NET REFERENCE
(1)http://www.slideshare.net/sujathasathananthan1/roa
d-traffic-accidents-
(2)http://www.slideshare.net/NitinKumar1319/domestic-
accidents
(3)http://www.slideshare.net/AshishDiggi/industrial-
accidents-hazards?
(4)http://www.slideshare.net/dorismmahoney/causes-of-
airplane-accidents?
(5)http://www.slideshare.net/ShobiyaParamasivam/mari
ne-accidents-80037412
(6)http://www.slideshare.net/DrJBalamuruganPhD/violen
ce-157725388

63. THANK YOU