COTE Presentation. 26th Feb 2013 By Punita V. Solanki. Brief & Final

26th February 2013, Tuesday
OTICON 2013 at Trivandrum,
Kerala, India

Continuing Occupational Therapy
Education on
“Translating Research into Publication
& its Application in Occupational
Therapy Practice”
Ms. Punita V. Solanki, MSc (O.T.), YFT-ISSA, Level I PIA
Consultant Occupational Therapist, Mumbai
Ex-Assistant Professor & Ex-CARE Member
(Seth G. S. Medical College & K. E. M Hospital, Mumbai)
Editorial Board Member of IJOT
Email id: therapistindia@gmail.com

Table of Contents:
1. Clinical Research and Evidence Based
Occupational Therapy.
2. Retrieving Evidence Based Literature from
various Databases.
Punita V. Solanki © 3. Essential Components of Publication: IMRaD
structure overview.
4. Guidelines/Statements for Reporting
Research.
5. About Occupational Therapy Journals.
6. Application of Research Findings in
Occupational Therapy Clinical Practice.
7. Take Home Message.

What is Research?

Punita V. Solanki ©

What is Research?

“Research means:
• a systematic investigation,
• including research development,
testing and evaluation,
• designed to develop or contribute to
generalizable knowledge.”

Definition By Department
of Health & Human Services
Regulations, USA.

What is Clinical Research?
National Institutes of Health defines
human clinical research as:

Punita V. Solanki © (1)Patient - oriented research

(2)Epidemiologic and behavioral studies.

(3)Outcomes research and health
services research.

Clinical Research:


Evidence Based Practice in
Occupational Therapy
It is not enough to do your best; you first have to
know what to do and then do your best.
Punita V. Solanki © ~ W. Edwards Deming

Evidence Based Practice is most widely defined as:
“The conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of
current best evidence in making decisions about the
care of individual patients.”

Sackett DL, Richardson WS, Rosenberg W, Haynes RB: Evidence
based Medicine: How to Practise and Teach Evidence-based
Medicine. London, Churchill Livingstone, 1997.

Evidence Based Practice in Occupational
Therapy
Evidence-based practice is the integration of:

Environmental and Organizational Practice Context


Jacobs JA, Jones E, Gabella BA, Spring B, Brownson RC. Tools for
Implementing an Evidence-Based Approach in Public Health Practice. Prev
Chronic Dis 2012;9:110324. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd9.110324

Single Hierarchy Model of Levels of Evidence


George Tomlin, Bernhard Borgetto: Research Pyramid: A New
Evidence Based Practice Model for Occupational Therapy. Am J
Occup Ther. Mar/Apr 2011; 65(2):189-196

The Research Pyramid of Borgetto et. al.
2007 & Clinical Reasoning

Procedural Interactive
Reasoning Reasoning

Conditional
Reasoning
George Tomlin, Bernhard Borgetto: Research Pyramid: A New Evidence
Based Practice Model for Occupational Therapy. Am J Occup Ther.
Mar/Apr 2011; 65(2):189-196

The Evidence Based Practice in Occupational
Therapy consists of five steps:
ANALYZE &
ASK
ADJUST/REFLECT


ACQUIRE

APPLY

APPRAISE

Evidence-Based Medicine. A new approach to teaching the
practice of medicine. Evidence-based Medicine Working Group.
JAMA. 1992;268:2420-2425.

Step 1 : ASK
Formulating a Research Question:

P : A patient, population or
problem being considered

I : An intervention, prognostic
factor, assessment etc
C : A comparison intervention (if
relevant)

O : An outcome or outcomes of
interest.

(Sackett et al, 2000)

Step 1 : ASK
Formulating a Research Question:
PICO E.g. Does Pre Operative (TJR) Exercise
(I) improve function and reduce stiffness (O)
Punita V. Solanki © for people with osteoarthritis (P) compared
with patients without pre operative (TJR)
Exercise (C)?

Study Design: Experimental, Prospective,
Comparative NRCT/RCT with or without
blinding.

Clinical Reasoning: Procedural Reasoning

Step 2 : AQUIRE
Finding Research Evidence to Answer Question

What: Search for the Best Evidence
Why: it helps conducting the best research and answers the
unanswered questions.
Where: Electronic Databases, Hand Search in Books & Journal
Articles (Primary Research & Systematic Reviews +/- Meta-
analysis), Grey Literature
When: Beginning, During and End of the Research.
How: Follow Search Tips and Guidelines provided in each
Databases.
Who: Principal Investigator , Co-Investigator,
Librarian, Trial Search Co-ordinator

David Sharp. Kipling’s Guide to Writing a Scientific
Paper. Croat Med J. 2002;43: 262-267

Search Strategies:

Use of Boolean Operators:

AND

OR

NOT

Search Strategies:

Quotation marks e.g. ‘treatment of
‘…’ osteoarthritis’


Parenthesis (Nesting) e.g.
() ‘(diabetes or hyperglycaemia)’
AND ‘inhalers’

Truncation/Stemming at the end of
?, *, + a word e.g. ‘Cardio*’ ‘Therapy?’
‘Exercise+’

Search Strategies:

Wild Card e.g. ‘wom#n’ will return
#, ? ‘woman’ and ‘women’

MeSH Thesaurus

Many more methods for effective searching
developed by NLM are: e.g. Synonyms, Plus (+)
symbol etc.

Knowledge Databases
A Knowledge Database: classified according to
types of content:
 Bibliographic: EBSCO, EMBASE,
Medline/PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, ISI
Web of Knowledge, ISI JCR, PsycINFO, CINAHL,
AMED, APA PsycNET, System for Information on
Grey Literature in Europe etc
 Full-text: BioOne, ProQuest, OvidSP,
BioMedCentral, PubMedCentral, IOS Press, Multi-
Science, Bandolier, Clinical Key, Directory of Open
Access Journals etc
 Reference Work: Cochrane Library, COS Funding
Opportunities, ISI Web of Science, DARE, Clinical
Evidence, NHS Economic Evaluation Database etc

Knowledge Databases
 Images/Illustration: Primal Pictures 3DAnatomy
 Monographs/Books: OECD Health Data,
PsycBooks, Springer eBooks, Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins Books and e-Books, OverDrive Digital
Library, etc
 Internet Sources: UpToDate, Medi-Span,
ProVation Medical, Facts & Comparisons,
Lexicomp, Clin-e-guide, GALE Health Reference
Centre, Science Direct, etc
 Factual/Statistical Files: COS Papers Invited,
Marquis Who is Who, etc
 Newspapers: Press Display
 Search Engines: Google Scholar

Evidence Based Databases for Occupational
Therapy Literature

 OT Search – American Occupational Therapy Association
 OT Education Finder - Canadian Association of Occupational
Therapists
 OTCATs - Occupational Therapy Critically Appraised Topics
Punita V. Solanki ©  OTseeker: Occupational Therapy Systematic Evaluation of
Evidence
 OTDBASE
 University of Ottawa School of Rehabilitation - EBP Website
 PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Database)
 DARE (Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects)
 Turning Research Into Practice (TRIP)
 Effective Health Care
 ACP Journal Club
 Evidence Based Medicine Reviews

Database of Online Resources: Indian Scenario

1. NML: National Medical Library - ERMED
Consortium: http://www.nmlermed.in

2. INFLIBNET: Information and Library Network
Centre: An Inter University Centre of University
Grants Commission (UGC): www.inflibnet.ac.in

3. INDEST: Indian National Digital Library in
Engineering Sciences and Technology:
http://paniit.iitd.ac.in/indest/

4. ICMR Union Catalog:
http://www.icmr.nic.in/

Reporting of Literature Search:
For Systematic Reviews
S Sampling Strategy
T Types of Studies
A Approaches
R Range of Years
L Limits
I Inclusions & Exclusions
T Terms Used
Electronic Sources.
E
‘‘Brimful of STARLITE’’: toward standards for reporting literature
searches by Andrew Booth. J Med Libr Assoc 94(4) October 2006

Step 3 : APRRAISE

Critical appraisal is the process of carefully and
systematically examining research to judge its
trustworthiness, and its value and relevance in a
particular context. (Burls 2009).

Critical appraisal assesses the validity of the
research and statistical techniques employed in
studies and generates clinically useful information
from them.

The Doctor’s Guide to Critical Appraisal by Dr. Narinder Kaur Gosall & Dr.
Gurpal Singh Gosall. 3rd Edition, 2012 PasTest Ltd.

Step 3 : APRRAISE

Critical Appraisal seeks to answer two major
questions:

1. Does the research have Internal Validity?

2. Does the research have External Validity?


Efficacy and Effectiveness
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research

 Internal Validity  Authenticity
(Efficacy) (Efficacy)

 External Validity  Transferability
(Effectiveness) (Effectiveness)
Efficacy: Impact of Interventions under optimal
trial conditions. (Schwartz and Lellouch, 1967)
Effectiveness: Interventions expected to have
intended effect under ordinary clinical
circumstances. (Schwartz and Lellouch, 1967)

Critical Appraisal : Steps in EBP

Define Search
Punita V. Solanki © Clinical
Problem
the the Appraise Decide Evaluate
Question Evidence

PICOS Tool

Critical Appraisal

Critical Appraisal Resources:
To critically appraise a journal article, you would
have to start by assessing the research methods
used in the study. This is done using checklists
which are specific to the study design.
The following checklists are commonly used:
1. CASP: The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme:
www.sph.nhs.uk/what-we-do/public-health-
workforce/resources.
2. SIGN (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network)
guideline developer’s handbook:
http://www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/50/annexc.html.
3. CEBMH: Centre for Evidence-Based Mental Health:
http://cebmh.warne.ox.ac.uk/cebmh/education_critical_appr
aisal.htm.

Critical Appraisal Resources:
4. CATwalk: Critically Appraised Topic
http://www.library.ualberta.ca/subject/healthsciences/catw
alk/index.cfm
5. Centre for Evidence Based Medicine :
http://www.cebm.net
6. CLIST Resources for Critical Appraisal:
http://www.londonlinks.nhs.uk/groups/clinical-librarians-
informationskills-trainers-group/trainers-toolkit/resources-
for-critical-appraisal
7. SCHARR: The School of Health and Related Research at
the University of Sheffield:
http://www.shef.ac.uk/scharr/sections/ir/links

Reference:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/ich/services/library/services_and_faci
lities/training/critical-appraisal

Step 4 : APPLY

 Implement the Evidence Based Material.
 If not familiar to the material, then
familiarize by reading various resources,
practicing and then implement.
 Integrating Evaluation-Informed and
Evidence Based Practice: The PRAISES
Model (5 major Phases & 18 different steps)

Step 4 : APPLY

The PRAISES Model (5 major Phases & 18
different steps):

PHASE I. PRe-Intervention
PHASE II. Assessment
PHASE III. Intervention
PHASE IV. Systematic Evaluation
PHASE V. Stabilize
From Bloom, M, Fischer, J. & Orme, J. (2009), Evaluating practice:
Guidelines for the accountable professional (6th Ed.). Boston: Allyn and
Bacon. [Chapter 21: Evidence Based Practice. Pg: 451-468]

Step 5 : ANALYZE & ADJUST/REFLECT

 Once implemented, do a thorough,
systematic and careful monitoring and
evaluation of that application.

From Bloom, M, Fischer, J. & Orme, J. (2009), Evaluating practice:
Guidelines for the accountable professional (6th Ed.). Boston: Allyn and
Bacon. [Chapter 21: Evidence Based Practice. Pg: 451-468]

Scientific Paper
“Without publication, science is dead.” ~ Gerard Piel
A scientific paper is a written and
published report describing original
research results.
Council of Biology Editors defined
Primary Publication as:
1. The first publication of original research
results.
2. In a form whereby peers can repeat the
experiments and test the conclusions, &
3. In a journal (peer-reviewed) or other
source document readily available within the
scientific community.

Scientific Paper

A scientific paper is organized with
distinctive and clearly evident component
parts such as IMRaD.

IMRaD system was prescribed as a standard
by American National Standards Institute,
1st in 1972.

Jianguo Wu. Improving the writing of research papers: IMRAD and
beyond. Landscape Ecol (2011) 26:1345–1349. DOI 10.1007/s10980-
011-9674-3

Essential Components of Publication:
Basic IMRaD

I Introduction Why did you start?
Assertion

M Materials & What & How did
Methods you do?
Evidence
R Results What did you find?

a
D Discussion So What does it
mean? Affirmation

Elaborated IMRaD Structure: Professional Paper

1. Abstract
2. Title
3. Introduction
4. Materials & Methods
5. Results
6. Discussion
7. Conclusion
8. Acknowledgements
9. References
10. Appendices

IMRAD-based Proposal Structure: Varies greatly
with different proposal requirements. Read all
guidelines carefully.

1. Abstract
Punita V. Solanki © 2. Title
3. Introduction
4. Materials & Methods
5. Timeline & Budget
6. Cooperation & Regulatory Approval
7. References
8. Appendices

Title

What is a good title?

©
First impression of a scientific article.
Fewest possible words.
Punita V. Solanki

Informative: Adequately describes the
contents of the paper.
Do NOT sacrifice clarity in an attempt to
be witty.
Should be attractive.
Short but specific.
How to write and Publish a Scientific Paper – Robert A. Day & Barbara
Gastel. Seventh Edition, 2011, Published by Greenwood, California.

Title

What is a good title? (….continued)
Be especially careful of Syntax. [Word
Order]
NO abbreviations and jargon.
Numbered Series titles are NOT allowed.
The title is a label and NOT a sentence.
e. g. Effectiveness of MRT in Mechanical
Stress Induced LBP.
e. g. Efficacy of Myofascial Release
Therapy in Stress Induced Mechanical
Low Back Pain.

How to List Authors & Addresses
“The list of authors establishes
accountability as well as credit.”
~ National Academies Committee on
Science, Engineering & Public Policy.

1. Substantial Contribution to the conception
& design, acquisition, analysis &
interpretation of data.
2. Drafting the article or revising it critically
for important intellectual content.

ICMJE: http://www.icmje.org/ethical_1author.html

How to List Authors & Addresses

3. Final approval of the version to be
published.
4. Sufficient participation & Direct
Punita V. Solanki © responsibility for the manuscript.
5. Acquisition of funding, collection of data,
or general supervision of the research group
alone does not constitute authorship.

 Authorder: http://www.authorder.com/

ICMJE: http://www.icmje.org/ethical_1author.html

Abstract

An abstract is a summary of the
information in a document.

Punita V. Solanki © A well prepared abstract enables readers
to:
a. View the basic contents of a document
quickly & accurately.
b. Determines its relevance to their interests
and thus helps in deciding to read the
document in its entirety.

~ How to write and Publish a Scientific Paper – Robert A. Day & Barbara

Abstract

An abstract should:
a. State the principal objectives & the scope of
the research study. [Concise]
b. Describe the methods employed in brief.
[Avoid details]
c. Summarize the results [Only the 1° &
Important]
d. State the principal conclusions.


Introduction
What problem was studied ?
The answer to this question should be in
your Introduction
A good beginning makes a good ending
Introduction = Beginning
– Assertion
– ‘tell them what you are going to tell them,’
Body = Middle
– Evidence
– ‘tell them,’
Conclusion = End
– Affirmation
– ‘tell them again what you told them’.

Introduction

Beginning:
i. Scientific background (General to Specific)
Cite publications.
Avoid Comprehensive Literature Review

Middle:
ii. Explanation of rationale (Justify your
work)
End:
iii. Specific objectives or hypotheses (State
clearly & explicitly)
Schulz et al.: CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting
parallel group randomised trials. Trials 2010, 11:32. doi:10.1186/1745-
6215-11-32

Materials & Methods

Methodology should be written in
subheadings and in past tense; should give
details of new methods and should cite the
reference for established methods in the
literature.

Should be reproducible
6215-11-32

Materials & Methods

Subheadings of Methodology can be:
1. Trial/Study Design.
Punita V. Solanki © 2. Sample Size.
3. Eligible Participants.
4. Interventions.
5. Outcome measures & Endpoints.
6. Randomization & Blinding.
7. Statistical Methods.
8. IRB Approval & Informed Consent
Process.
6215-11-32

Results
 Write Results in subheadings and in past
tense, write in present tense whilst referring
to tables and figures.
 Do not explain the results
 Do not duplicate data among figures, tables
and text
 Write what did you find?
 Findings should answer all Q’s raised in
Methodology
 There should be NO new parameters
 NO mismatch in numbers between text and
tables or figures.
Source: http://www.slideshare.net/ytaki/120820-india - Presentation by
Dr. Warren Raye, Senior Editor at Edanz

Results

Subheadings:
1. Participant flow (A diagram is strongly
recommended.
2. Recruitment: Period and Follow up.
Reasons for ending the trial/study.
3. Baseline Data: Demographic details and
Clinical Characteristics of each groups.
4. Number of Participants analyzed in each
groups at study completion.
Schulz et al.: CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for
reporting parallel group randomised trials. Trials 2010, 11:32.
doi:10.1186/1745-6215-11-32

Results

Subheadings: (…….continued)
5. Primary & Secondary Outcomes, results for
each group, and the estimated effect size and
its precision (such as 95% confidence
interval)
6. Ancillary analyses. (subgroup analyses and
adjusted analyses).
7. Harms: All important harms or unintended
effects in each group.
doi:10.1186/1745-6215-11-32

Discussion

Beginning:

 Answer the research question(s) posed

 Emphasize the major finding(s) first
 What is your major conclusion, based on
the results you have presented?
 Avoid just restating results

Source: http://www.slideshare.net/ytaki/120820-india - Presentation
by Dr. Warren Raye, Senior Editor at Edanz

Discussion
Middle:
 Interpret your results
 Compare with other studies
 Same or different?
 Unexpected results
 Briefly describe limitations (Trial
limitations, addressing sources of potential
bias, imprecision, and if relevant, multiplicity
of analyses)
 How could experiments be improved?
Source: http://www.slideshare.net/ytaki/120820-india - Presentation by
Dr. Warren Raye, Senior Editor at Edanz

Discussion & Conclusion

End:

 Restate major conclusion(s)
– In summary … or In conclusion …
 Possible applications and implications
Generalisability (external validity,
applicability) of the trial/study findings)
 Suggestions for future work
doi:10.1186/1745-6215-11-32
Source: http://www.slideshare.net/ytaki/120820-india - Presentation
by Dr. Warren Raye, Senior Editor at Edanz

Acknowledgements to Contributors
“Life is not so short but that there is
always time enough for courtesy.”
~ Ralph Waldo Emerson.
1st. Thank any significant technical help.
Punita V. Solanki © 2nd. Acknowledge any outside financial assistance.
 A simple courtesy; there isn’t anything really
scientific about it.
Obtain permission from the concerned person, to
include in Acknowledgement.
 Be simple, short and specific. e.g. “I thank John Jones
for his help in statistical analysis.”
 Acknowledgements does not denote endorsement.

References

A good reference list will:
 Provides relevant information to the readers
Punita V. Solanki ©  Avoid Self-citations
 Avoid Old references
 75% of references from last 5 years
 Accurate & Complete reference details.
 Follow the citation style as suggested by the
journal.

Source: http://www.slideshare.net/ytaki/120820-india -
Presentation by Dr. Warren Raye, Senior Editor at Edanz

Citation Styles
 AAA - American Anthropological Association
 ACS - American Chemical Society
 AIP - American Institute of Physics
 ALWD - Association of Legal Writing Directors
 AMA - American Medical Association
 AMS - American Mathematical Society
 AP - Associated Press
Punita V. Solanki ©  APA - American Psychological Association
 APSA - American Political Science Association
 ASA - American Sociological Association
 Bluebook
 Chicago Manual of Style
 CSE - Council of Science Editors
 Harvard Business School
 LSA - Linguistic Society of America
 Maroonbook Cite it Right
 MLA - Modern Language Association
 NLM - National Library of Medicine: (Uniform
Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical
Journals by ICMJE. Originally Vancouver Citation
Style)
 Turabian

Appendices

 Case Record Forms.
 Scores/Scales/Questionnaires if designed &
validated by you as an original author.
 Original Scores/Scales/Questionnaires should
be cited in the reference and should NOT be
included in the appendices without permission.
 New Treatment Protocol/Method if designed by
you as an original author.
 Sample Case Study.
 Do NOT include the raw data chart in the
manuscript but produce it, if demanded by
Editorial Review Board and the Editor for Review.

Designing Effective Tables

“A tabular presentation of data is often
Punita V. Solanki © the heart or, better, the brain, of a
scientific paper”
~ Peter Morgan

~ How to write and Publish a Scientific Paper – Robert A. Day &
Barbara Gastel. Seventh Edition, 2011, Published by Greenwood,
California.

 Do not construct a table unless repetitive
data must be presented. (↑ Cost & Not a
good science to regurgitate reams of data)
Punita V. Solanki ©  A Table: should be well constructed with
title, headings, footnotes explaining the
abbreviations, be simple, easy to read &
understand & small. (↓ Cost)
 Data arrangements in Row Vs. Columns
 Follow Journal instructions.
 Wordings in the Tables should match in
the Text.
 Mention every Table in the Text.



Marjon ten Velden, Kinebanian OT: Dutch Children’s Perspectives on the
Constructs of the Child Occupational Self-Assessment (COSA). OTJR:
Occupation, Participation and Health. Winter 2013 - Volume 33 · Issue 1:
50-58. DOI: 10.3928/15394492-20120817-01

Preparing Effective Graphs

 Graphs are nothing but pictorial tables. Facts
related to Tables apply for Graphs as well.
 Graphs should be simple, clear, readable, self
Punita V. Solanki © explanatory with letters of readable size in the final
draft of publication copy.
 Should show only the most important information
intended to be conveyed.
Keep Graphs to minimum in a manuscript.
 Follow Journal instructions.
 Should depict your findings fairly and accurately.
 NO mismatch between the numbers/wordings in
the Text, Tables & Graphs.

Preparing Effective Graphs


http://www.gradschools.com/search-programs/occupational-therapy

Taking Effective Photographs

“Life is not about significant details, fixed in a
flash, fixed forever. Photographs are.”
Punita V. Solanki © ~ Susan Sontag


Effective Photograph Submissions

 Choose a journal with high quality reproduction
standards.
Punita V. Solanki ©  Submit acceptable formats (JPEG or TIFF) and with
optimal resolution.
 Crop the photograph to include the important
clinical aspect.
 Indicate the preferred location.
 Colored Vs Black-White photographs.
 At times line diagrams are superior
to photographs in some instances.

Taking Effective Photographs


Median Nerve Palsy following Elastic Stable Intramedullary Nailing of a Monteggia
Fracture: An Unusual Case and Review of the Literature. Lidder S, Heidari N,
Amerstorfer F, Grechenig S, Weinberg AM - Case Report Med (2011)

Importance of Scientific English


Scientific Writing

 Keep it simple
 Use correct tense (past, present or future)
 Use nine parts of speech appropriately.
 Active Vs Passive voice
 Singulars and Plurals
 Avoid Jargon
 A sentence has no sense without
punctuation marks
 Do a Grammar and Spell check

Importance of Punctuations

Punita V. Solanki © “A woman without her man is nothing.”

“A woman, without her man, is
nothing.”

“A woman: without her, man is
nothing.”
Punctuation is Powerful

Rights & Permissions

Copyright Act of 1976:
 Legal right to reproduce, publish & sell literary or
art work.
 It protects original forms of expression but not the
ideas being expressed.
 You can own it for life time + 50 years, if not done
for the employer.
 It is divisible and can be transferred.
 It prevents unauthorized use of published work
(plagiarism)
 Always reproduce, if need be, with
prior written permission.


How to Submit a Manuscript

“Great journals are born in the hands of the editors;
they die in the hands of businessmen.”
Punita V. Solanki © ~ Bernard De Voto

 Follow Journal Instructions & Guidelines for Authors
 Electronic Submissions
 Conventional Submissions
 The Cover Letter
(Conventional or Electronic)
 Confirmation of Receipt of manuscript


Peer Review Process

“It Usually is a Positive Experience &
improves the Manuscript”

Editors and Reviewers look for:
 Novelty and Addition to Existing Knowledge.
 High Quality Research as per Reporting
Guidelines.
 Clear and Concise English.
 Of Interest to Journal Readers & within the
Scope of the Journal’s Area of Research.
 Timely Submissions and Following Journal’s
Instructions.
Review Decisions: Accept, Modify or Reject.

Guidelines for Reporting Research

“Reporting guidelines are statements that provide
advice on how to report research methods and
findings.
Punita V. Solanki © Usually in the form of a checklist, flow diagram or
explicit text.
They specify a minimum set of items required for a
clear and transparent account of what was done
and what was found in a research study, reflecting
in particular issues that might introduce bias into
the research.”

Equator Network:
http://www.equator-network.org/resource-
centre/library-of-health-research-
reporting/reporting-guidelines/#what.

Guidelines for Reporting Research

Most medical journals, often require compliance to all
or some of the following reporting guidelines:

 CONSORT Statement (reporting of randomized
controlled trials)
 STARD (reporting of diagnostic accuracy studies)
 STROBE (reporting of observational studies in
epidemiology)
 PRISMA (reporting of systematic reviews), which
replaced QUOROM
 MOOSE (reporting of meta-analyses of observational
studies)

Equator Network: http://www.equator-network.org/resource-
centre/library-of-health-research-reporting/reporting-guidelines/#guid.

Ethics in Scientific Publishing

 Authenticity
Punita V. Solanki ©  Accuracy
 Originality
 Credit
 Ethical treatment
 Disclosure of conflicts of interest


Where to submit Manuscript
 Decide Early and Decide Well.
 Decide where to publish.
 Consider:
Punita V. Solanki ©  Prestige.
 Access.
 Bibliometrics (especially Journal Impact factor)
 Speed of publication.
 Quality of Printing.
 Likelihood of Acceptance.
 Choose as regards journal’s subject matter,
audience, selectivity.
 Manuscripts as per Journals Instructions
 Consult an expert in the field or a colleague.

Journal Selection

Edanz Journal Selector


edanz English editing for scientists:
http://www.edanzediting.com/journal_selector

Journal Quality
Index Copernicus Evaluation Methodology 2013
Detailed Parametrical analysis
The following groups of parameters are evaluated:

 Scientific quality: 580 base points (58.0%)
 Editorial quality: 200 base points (20.0%)
 International availability: 135 base points (13.5%)
 Frequency-Regularity-Stability: 50 base points
(5.0%)
 Technical quality: 35 base points (3.5%)
Total: 1000 base points (100.0%)

Index Copernicus International: http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/

Journal Quality Metrics (Bibliometrics)

Bibliometrics is a set of methods to quantitatively
analyze scientific and technological literature. The
term was coined by Alan Pritchard 1969.

Some of the Journal Quality Metrics are:

1. Thomson Reuters: JCR Impact Factor & Immediacy
Index
2. Eigenfactor Score.
3. Article Influence Score.
4. H Index or Hirsch number.
5. SCImago Journal Rank. (SJR).
6. Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP).
Ted Brown. Journal Quality Metrics: Options to
Consider other than Impact Factors. Am Jr Occup Ther.
May/June 2011, Vol 65, No.3, Page: 346-350.

About Occupational Therapy Journals


Journal Name (Full & Abbreviations), Editor-in-chief,
Publishers, Frequency, Journal Impact Factor (JIF), ERA
Ranking, Peer Review Process?, Indexed & Abstracted in which
Database?, Access, Authors Instructions: Style Manual &
Citation Style, Submission Process & Time taken to Publish,
Acceptance Rate, Quality of Printing.

The 6S hierarchical model of pre-
appraised evidence


DiCenso A, Bayley L, Haynes RB: Accessing pre-appraised
evidence: Fine tuning the 5S model into a 6S model. Evid
Based Nurs 2009, 12: 99-101.

Translation ofof Clinical Research Into Practice
Translation Clinical Research Into Practice

Three Phase Translational Research Model by
Westfall et al.
T1 is the traditional pathway of National Institutes of
Punita V. Solanki © Health (NIH) - supported academically based
discovery and clinical trials (Phase 1 & 2 Trials)
T2 is Practice Based Research: Phase 3 & 4 Trials,
Systematic Reviews & Meta-analysis, Guidelines
development.
T3 is dissemination and implementation of research
into clinical practice.

William Trochim, Cathleen Kane, Mark J. Graham, Harold A. Pincus,
Evaluating Translational Research: A Process Marker Model. CTS Journal.
VOL 4 , ISSUE 3, Page 153 -162. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-8062.2011.00291.x

Application of Research Findings in
Occupational Therapy Clinical Practice
Clinical Scientists: How should they apply and
disseminate research findings:
1. Appraise primary research or systematic reviews
Punita V. Solanki © and apply in clinical practice (after a brief period of
learning; if the discovery is novel and not a standard of
care).
2. Read Critically Appraised Articles or Reviews from
clinical summaries, clinical guidelines e.g. Clin-e-guide
online resources, Clinical Key Summaries, OvidSP &
then apply in clinical practice. (after a brief period of
learning; if the discovery is novel and not a standard of
care).
 Do Not apply findings of individual studies
without critical appraisal.

Application of Research Findings in
Occupational Therapy Clinical Practice

Where do Clinicians & Academicians apply evidence
based & new findings of research:
 Choosing interventions in clinical practice.
 Printed patient educational materials.
 Academic teachings.
 Educational meetings.
 Educational outreach.
 Local opinion leaders.

Grimshaw et al.: Knowledge translation of research findings.
Implementation Science . 2012 , 7:50. doi:10.1186/1748-5908-7-50

Take Home Message

• Write to express not impress.
• Consider your audience - their native language
may not be English.
• Prepare well & Search enough, before you start
your research.
• Select the Journal well before you write your
manuscript.
• Take opinions & reviews from experts and
colleagues.
• Strictly Follow & abide by the Journal Instructions,
just as you follow the Bible or Bhagwat Gita.
• Respect and Politely communicate with your
Editors.
• Apply research findings in clinical practice with
caution and only after critical appraisal.

Acknowledgements
I thank my mentors to review my presentation & for their
valuable suggestions:
 Dr. Sandeep B. Bavdekar (Prof. & HOD - Paediatric Dept.
TNMC & BYL Nair Hospital)
 Dr. Bibhas DasGupta (Prof. & Unit Chief - Orthopaedics Dept.
SGSMC & KEM Hospital)
 Dr. Nithya Gogtay (Addl. Prof. in Clinical Pharmacology &
Editor of JPGM. SGSMC & KEMH)
I also would thank:
 Dr. Anil K. Srivastava for providing IJOT
details, as requested by me.
 Last but not the least, I thank Dr.
Jyothika N. Bijlani Madam, my teacher
for, giving me an opportunity to speak
as a faculty for COTE.

References
BOOKS:
1. The Doctor’s Guide to Critical Appraisal by Dr. Narinder Kaur
Gosall, Dr. Gurpal Singh Gosall. 3rd Edition, 2012. Published by PasTest
Ltd. Cheshire (UK)
2. How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper by Robert A. Day and
Barbara Gastel. Seventh Edition, 2011; Published by Greenwood, an
Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC, California (USA)
3. Scientific English: A Guide for Scientists and Other Professionals by
Robert A. Day and Nancy Sakaduski. Third Edition, 2011; Published
by Greenwood, an Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC, California (USA)
4. Chapter 5: How to Write a Scientific Paper for a Peer-Reviewed
Journal by Phil Lange. In Publishing Addiction Science: A Guide for the
Perplexed. Page 70 - 81.
5. Sackett DL, Richardson WS, Rosenberg W, Haynes RB: Evidence
based Medicine: How to Practise and Teach Evidence-based Medicine.
London, Churchill Livingstone, 1997.
6. From Bloom, M, Fischer, J. & Orme, J. (2009), Evaluating practice:
Guidelines for the accountable professional (6th Ed.). Boston: Allyn
and Bacon. [Chapter 21: Evidence Based Practice. Pg: 451-468]

References
JOURNALS:
1. Jacobs JA, Jones E, Gabella BA, Spring B, Brownson RC. Tools for
Implementing an Evidence-Based Approach in Public Health Practice.
Prev Chronic Dis 2012;9:110324. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd9.110324.
2. George Tomlin, Bernhard Borgetto: Research Pyramid: A New
Evidence Based Practice Model for Occupational Therapy. Am J Occup
Ther. Mar/Apr 2011; 65(2):189-196.
3. Evidence-Based Medicine. A new approach to teaching the practice
of medicine. Evidence-based Medicine Working Group. JAMA.
1992;268:2420-2425.
4. DiCenso A, Bayley L, Haynes RB: Accessing pre-appraised evidence:
Fine tuning the 5S model into a 6S model. Evid Based Nurs 2009, 12:
99-101.
5. Andrew Booth ‘‘Brimful of STARLITE’’: toward standards for
reporting literature searches. J Med Libr Assoc 94(4) October 2006.
6. Schulz et al.: CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for
doi:10.1186/1745-6215-11-32

COTE Presentation. 26th Feb 2013 By Punita V. Solanki. Brief & Final

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