Resumen de los datos más importantes de la industria del cobre en 2012.

2. The World Copper Factbook 2012
Copper Mine Production
World Copper Mine Production, 1900-2011
(thousand metric tonnes)
Source: ICSG
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Concentrates SX-EW
Since 1900, when world production was less than 500 thousand tonnes copper, world copper mine production has grown by around 3% per year to
reach over 16 million tonnes in 2011. SX-EW production, virtually non-existent before the 1960s, reached nearly 3.4 million tonnes copper in 2011.
International Copper Study Group 8

3. The World Copper Factbook 2012
Copper Mine Production by Region, 1960, 1980 & 2011p*
Copper Mine Productionmetric tonnes copper) 1980 & 2011p
(Thousand by Region, 1960,
(Thousand metric tonnes)
Source: ICSG
Source: ICSG
1960 1980 2011p
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Africa Asia Europe Latin America North Oceania
America
From less than 750 thousand tonnes copper in 1960, copper mine
production in Latin America surged to around 7 million tonnes in 2011.
*preliminary data
International Copper Study Group 9

4. The World Copper Factbook 2012
Copper Mine Production by Country: Top 20 Countries in 2011p
(Thousand metric tonnes)
Source: ICSG
Chile
China
Peru
United States
Australia
Russian Fed.
Zambia
Canada
Indonesia
Mexico
Congo
Poland
Kazakhstan
Iran
Brazil
Papua New Guinea
Laos
Mongolia
Argentina
Bulgaria
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000
Chile accounted for over one-third of world copper mine production
in 2011 with mine output of nearly 5.3 million tones copper.
International Copper Study Group 10

5. The World Copper Factbook 2012
Trends in Copper Mining Capacity, 1995-2015
Thousand metric tonnes
Source: ICSG
28,000
26,000
24,000
22,000
20,000
18,000
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
-
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
Concentrates SX-EW Total Mines
Copper mining capacity is estimated to reach 26.2 million tonnes copper
in 2015, with 22% being SX-EW production.
International Copper Study Group 11

6. The World Copper Factbook 2012
Top 20 Copper Mines by Capacity, 2011
Thousand metric tones copper
Source: ICSG
Rank Mine Country Owner(s) Source Capacity
1 Escondida Chile BHP Billiton (57.5%), Rio Tinto Corp. (30%), Japan Escondida (12.5%) Concs & SX-EW 1,250
Codelco Norte
2 (includes Chuquicamata, Radomiro Chile Codelco Concs & SX-EW 920
Tomic, Mina Ministro Hales project)
3 Grasberg Indonesia P.T. Freeport Indonesia Co. (PT-FI), Rio Tinto Concentrates 750
4 Collahuasi Chile Anglo American (44%), Xstrata plc (44%), Mitsui + Nippon (12%) Concs & SX-EW 520
5 Los Pelambres Chile Antofagasta Plc (60%), Nippon Mining (25%), Mitsubishi Materials (15%) Concentrates 470
6 El Teniente Chile Codelco Concs & SX-EW 434
Taimyr Peninsula (Norilsk/
7 Russia Norilsk Nickel Concentrates 430
Talnakh Mills)
8 Morenci United States Freeport-McMoRan Inc 85%, 15% affiliates of Sumitomo Corporation Concs & SX-EW 420
BHP Billiton (33.75%), Teck (22.5%), Xstrata plc (33.75%), Mitsubishi Corp.
9 Antamina Peru Concentrates 370
(10%)
10 Andina Chile Codelco Concentrates 300
11 Bingham Canyon United States Kennecott Concentrates 280
PT Pukuafu 20%, Newmont 41.5%, Sumitomo Corp., Sumitomo Metal Mining &
12 Batu Hijau Indonesia Concentrates 250
Mitsubishi Materials 31.5%, PT Multi Daerah Bersaing 7%
12 Kansanshi Zambia First Quantum Minerals Ltd (80%), ZCCM (20%) Concs & SX-EW 250
14 Los Bronces Chile Anglo Amercian 75.5%, Mitsubishi Corp. 24.5% Concs & SX-EW 246
15 Zhezkazgan Complex Kazakhstan Kazakhmys (Samsung) Concentrates 230
16 Olympic Dam Australia BHP Billiton Concs & SX-EW 225
17 Rudna Poland KGHM Polska Miedz S.A. Concentrates 215
18 Sarcheshmeh Iran National Iranian Copper Industry Co. Concs & SX-EW 204
19 Spence Chile BHP Billiton SX-EW 200
20 La Caridad Mexico Mexicana de Cobre S. A. (Grupo Mexico) Concs & SX-EW 195
International Copper Study Group 12

7. The World Copper Factbook 2012
 Energy: coal is the fuel chosen to power main copper mines
Constraints on Copper Supply and processes… climate change may increase costs.
 Resource nationalism: It has become a priority for certain
With copper concentrate in strong demand, there has been growing
governments to develop their mineral resources that have not
interest in understanding the obstacles that can prevent copper mine
been exploited until now. While willing to develop their natural
supply from coming on-stream. During 2008-2009, the ICSG Secretariat
resources, countries might be seeking to extract strong revenue
conducted a project on Constraints on New Copper Supply Coming On
flows from them. It will be important to balance
Stream, with the final project report completed in October 2009. Below royalty/taxation levels with the need to encourage capital
are some of the operational and financial constraints identified from the investment to develop their rising industries.
study. For more information about ICSG research related to constraints on  Shipping costs: not an issue for copper... for now
copper supply, please contact the ICSG Secretariat at mail@icsg.org  Sulphuric acid supply and price: 16% cost factor for SX-EW
projects
 Falling Ore Grades: a serious issue in developed copper areas
 Skilled labor: open labor markets would help address this
such as the USA and Chile
constraint
 Project finance: cost of capital is a central factor. High interest  Labor strikes: tend to increase when refined prices are high and
rates may reduce supply significantly GDP is growing faster, but tend to be longer and less frequent
in cool economic times and also when copper prices are down
 Capital cost overruns: in the past. underestimations of US  High domestic costs if there is “dutch disease” (resulting in
dollar inflation was source of many cost overruns higher exchange rates due in part to strong exports)
 Rate between imported inputs and domestic input costs
 Tax & investment regimes: recent research indicates these are affected by the currency strength of the producer
less important than geological endowments  Market power/concentration: risks have moved to the import
demand side versus export supply side in recent years
 Water supply: a critical issue in dry mining districts  Peace and security is also a key factor
International Copper Study Group 13

8. The World Copper Factbook 2012
Copper Smelter Production
World Copper Smelter Production, 1976-2011p
Thousand metric tonnes
Source: ICSG
16,000
13,500
11,000
8,500
6,000
1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011
Primary Feed Secondary Feed
Smelting is the pyrometallurgical process used to produce copper metal. In 2011, world copper smelter production reached 15.8
million tonnes copper. Recently, the trend to recover copper directly from ores through leaching processes has been on the increase.
Primary smelters use mine concentrates as their main source of feed (although some use copper scrap as well). Secondary copper
smelters use copper scrap as their feed.
International Copper Study Group 14

9. The World Copper Factbook 2012
Trends in Copper Smelting Capacity, 1995-2015
Thousand metric tonnes
Source: ICSG
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
-
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
Flash/Continuous Reverb/Blast/Rotary Modified Reverb/Convert Electric Low Grade EW Unkown
International Copper Study Group 15

10. The World Copper Factbook 2012
Copper Smelter Production by Region, 1990-2011p
Thousand metric tonnes
Source: ICSG
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1998
2000
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
1997
1999
2001
Africa America Asia Europe Oceania
Asia’s share of world copper smelter output jumped from 27% in 1990 to
55% in 2011 as smelter production in China expanded rapidly.
International Copper Study Group 16

11. The World Copper Factbook 2012
Copper Smelter Production by Country: Top 20 Countries in 2011p
Thousand metric tonnes
Source: ICSG
China
Japan
Chile
Russian Fed.
India
Germany
United States
Korean Rep.
Poland
Zambia
Australia
Kazakhstan
Canada
Peru
Bulgaria
Indonesia
Iran
Spain
Brazil
Sweden
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000
In 2011, China accounted for around 30% of world copper smelter output,
followed by Japan (9%), Chile (9%) and the Russian Federation (5%).
International Copper Study Group 17

12. The World Copper Factbook 2012
Top 20 Copper Smelters by Capacity, 2011
Thousand metric tones copper
Source: ICSG
Rank Smelter Country Operator/Owner(s) Process Capacity
1 Guixi (smelter) China Jiangxi Copper Corp. Outokumpu Flash 900
2 Birla Copper (Dahej) India Birla Group Outokumpu Flash, Ausmelt, Mitsubishi Continuous 500
3 Codelco Norte (smelter) Chile Codelco Outokumpu/ Teniente Converter 450
3 Saganoseki/ Ooita (smelter) Japan Pan Pacific Copper Co. Ltd Outokumpu Flash 450
3 Hamburg Germany Aurubis Outokumpu, Contimelt, Electric 450
3 Besshi/ Ehime (Toyo) Japan Sumitomo Metal Mining Co. Ltd. Outokumpu Flash 450
3 Saganoseki/ Oita (smelter) Japan Pan Pacific Copper Co. Ltd Outokumpu Flash 450
8 El Teniente (Caletones) Chile Codelco Chile Reverberatory/ Teniente Conv. 400
8 Jinchuan (smelter) China Jinchuan Non- Ferrous Metal Co. Reverberatory/ Kaldo Conv. 400
8 Norilsk (Nikelevy, Medny) Russia Norilsk G-M Reverb, Electric, Vanyukov 400
11 Sterlite Smelter (Tuticorin) India Vedanta Isasmelt Process 380
12 Ilo Smelter Peru Southern Copper Corp. (Grupo Mexico 75.1%) Isasmelt Process 360
13 Altonorte (La Negra) Chile Xstrata plc Noranda Continuous 350
Tongling Nonferrous Metals Corp. (57.4%), Sumitomo
13 Jinlong (Tongdu) China Flash Smelter 350
(35%), Pingguo Aluminium Co.
13 Yunnan China Yunnan Copper Industry Group (Local Government) Isasmelt Process 350
Mitsubishi Materials Corp. (49.29%), Dowa Metals &
16 Onahama/ Fukushima Japan Mining Co. Ltd.(31.15%), Furukawa Metals & Resources Reverberatory 322
Co. Ltd. (12.67%)
17 Onsan II Korean Republic LS-Nikko Co. (LS, Nippon Mining) Mitsubishi Continuous 320
17 Huelva Spain Atlantic Copper S.A. (Freeport McMoran) Outokumpu Flash 320
17 Garfield (smelter) United States Kennecott (Rio Tinto) Kennecott/ Outokumpu 320
20 Naoshima/ Kagawa (smelter) Japan Mitsubishi Materials Corp. Mitsubishi Continuous 306
International Copper Study Group 18

13. The World Copper Factbook 2012
Refined Copper Production
World Refined Copper Production, 1960-2011p
Thousand metric tonnes
Source: ICSG
20,000
17,500
15,000
12,500
10,000
7,500
5,000
2,500
0
1960 1963 1966 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011
Refinery Primary Refinery Secondary Refinery SX-EW
With the emergence of solvent extraction-electrowinning (SX-EW) technology, refined copper produced from leaching ores has
been on the rise, increasing from less than 1% of world refined copper production in the late 1960’s to 17% of world output in 2011.
International Copper Study Group 19

14. The World Copper Factbook 2012
Trends in Refined Capacity, 1995-2015
Thousand metric tonnes
Source: ICSG
28,000
26,000
24,000
22,000
20,000
18,000
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
-
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
Electrolytic Electrowinning Fire Refining
This chart shows world copper refinery capacity by refining process. The ratio between production and capacity is called the
capacity utilization rate. The world refinery capacity utilization rate was around 80% in 2011.
International Copper Study Group 20

15. The World Copper Factbook 2012
Refined Copper Production by Region, 1990-2011p
Thousand metric tonnes
Source: ICSG
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
Africa America Asia Europe Oceania
Region with the highest output of refined copper in 1990: the Americas (4,250 kt), followed by Europe (3,004 kt)
Leading region in the world in 2011: Asia (9,024 kt) as compared to 2,500kt in 1990.
International Copper Study Group 21

16. The World Copper Factbook 2012
Refined Copper Production by Country: Top 20 Countries in 2011p
Thousand metric tonnes
Source: ICSG
China
Chile
Japan
United States
Russian Fed.
Germany
India
Korean Rep.
Poland
Zambia
Australia
Belgium
Peru
Spain
Mexico
Congo
Kazakhstan
Indonesia
Canada
Iran
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000
International Copper Study Group 22

17. The World Copper Factbook 2012
Top 20 Copper Refineries by Capacity, 2011
Thousand metric tones copper
Source: ICSG
Rank Refinery Country Owner(s) Process Capacity
1 Guixi China Jiangxi Copper Corporation Electrolytic 900
2 Chuquicamata Refinery Chile Codelco Electrolytic 600
3 Yunnan Copper China Yunnan Copper Industry Group (64.8%) Electrolytic 500
3 Birla India Birla Group Hidalco Electrolytic 500
3 Jinchuan China Jinchuan Non Ferrous Co. Electrolytic 500
6 Codelco Norte (SX-EW) Chile Codelco Electrowinning 470
7 Toyo/Niihama (Besshi) Japan Sumitomo Metal Mining Co. Ltd. Electrolytic 450
7 Amarillo United States Grupo Mexico Electrolytic 450
9 El Paso (refinery) United States Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc. Electrolytic 415
10 Las Ventanas Chile Codelco Electrolytic 400
Tongling NonFerrous Metal Corp. 52 %, Sharpline International 13%,
10 Jinlong (Tongdu) (refinery) China Electrolytic 400
Sumitomo Corp. 7.5%, Itochu Corp. 7.5%
12 Hamburg (refinery) Germany Aurubis Electrolytic 395
13 Sterlite Refinery India Vedanta Electrolytic 380
13 Pyshma Refinery Russia Uralelectromed (Urals Mining & Metallurgical Co.) Electrolytic 380
15 CCR Refinery (Montreal) Canada Xstrata plc Electrolytic 370
16 Ilo Copper Refinery Peru Southern Copper Corp. Electrolytic 360
16 Morenci (SX-EW) United States Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc./Sumitomo Electrowinning 350
16 Escondida (SX-EW) Chile BHP Billiton (57.5%), Rio Tinto Corp. (30%), Japan Escondida (12.5%) Electrowinning 350
16 Zhangjiagang China Tongling Non Ferrous Co. Electrolytic 350
20 Olen Belgium Aurubis Electrolytic 345
20 Norilsk Refinery Russia Norilsk Nickel Electrolytic 330
International Copper Study Group 23

18. The World Copper Factbook 2012
Semis Production
Copper and Copper Alloy and Casting Production, 1980-2010
Thousand metric tonnes
Source: ICSG
27,000
24,000
21,000
18,000
15,000
12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
0
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Copper Semis Copper Alloy Semis Not specified (1) Foundry Castings
(1) Includes all semis production of not specified composition. China data included here since 2009 as no breakdown available
Semis fabricators process refinery shapes such as cathodes, wire bar, ingot, billet slab and cake into semi-finished copper and copper alloy
products using both unwrought copper materials and direct melt scrap as raw material feed. Semis fabricators are considered to be the “first
users” of refined copper and include ingot makers, master alloy plants, wire rod plants, brass mills, alloy wire mills, foundries and foil mills.
International Copper Study Group 24

19. The World Copper Factbook 2012
Copper and Copper Alloy Semis and Casting Production by Region, 1980 & 2010
Thousand metric tonnes
Source: ICSG
16,000
14,000 1980
2010
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America
Asia accounted for 66% of semis production in 2010, or more than 15.2 million metric tonnes, up from 22% in 1980.
International Copper Study Group 25

20. The World Copper Factbook 2012
Copper & Copper Alloy Semis Capacity by Region & Product
Semis Production Capacity by Region, 2011 (%) Semis Production Capacity by Product,
Source: ICSG 2010 vs 2011 (kt gross weight)
Source: ICSG
Africa Russian Fed. &
Central Asia 50,000
1%
5%
45,000
Middle East 40,000
5%
35,000
South Asia &
China Oceania 30,000
32% 7%
25,000
Americas 20,000
14%
15,000
10,000
5,000
North Asia (ex-
EU27, Norway & China)
Switzerland -
15%
21% 2010 2011
Wire Rod PSS RBS
Tubes Unclassified Alloy Wire
Ingots Foil Powder
In 2011, China accounted for the largest share of Wire rod plants are estimated to have accounted
world semis capacity production (32%) and the for just under half of all first use capacity in 2011,
largest number of semis plants (499). or nearly 21 Mt.
International Copper Study Group 26

21. The World Copper Factbook 2012
Copper and Copper Alloy Semis Production Capacity by Country:
Top 20 Countries, 2011
Thousand metric tonnes
Source: ICSG
China
USA
Japan
Germany
Korea
Italy
India
Taiwan
Russia
Turkey
France
Brazil
Belgium
Spain
Thailand
United…
Indonesia
Egypt
Poland
Iran
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000
International Copper Study Group 27

22. The World Copper Factbook 2012
1
Major International Trade Flows of Copper Ores and Concentrates
Major Trade Flows of Copper
Ores and Concentrates1
Major Exporters of Major Importers of
Copper Ores and Copper Ores and
Concentrates, 2010 Concentrates, 2010
1. Chile 1. China
2. Peru 2. Japan
3. Indonesia 3. India
4. Australia 4. Korean Rep.
5. Canada 5. Spain
6. Brazil 6. Germany
7. Argentina 7. Philippines
8. Papua New 8. Bulgaria
Guinea 9. Brazil
9. Mongolia 10. Finland
10. Kazakhstan
1
Figure is intended to illustrate trade flows but not actual trade routes.

23. The World Copper Factbook 2012
Major International Trade of Copper Blister
Major International Trade Flows of Copper Blister and Anode1
and Anode1
Major Exporters of Major Importers of
Copper Blister and Copper Blister and
Anode, 2010 Anode, 2010
1. Chile 1. China
2. Netherlands 2. Belgium
3. Belgium 3. Netherlands
4. Finland 4. Australia
5. Spain 5. Canada
6. Bulgaria 6. Mexico
7. Canada 7. Korean Rep.
8. Peru 8. Austria
9. USA 9. USA
10. Armenia 10. Germany
1
Figure is intended to illustrate trade flows but not actual trade routes.
International Copper Study Group 30

24. The World Copper Factbook 2012
Major Uses of Copper: Usage by Region and End Use Sector, 2010
Basis: copper content, thousand metric tonnes
Source: International Copper Association
North
America
Europe 10% Latin
22% America
6%
Building
Construction
32%
Equipment
54%
Infrastructure
14%
Asia
62%
International Copper Study Group 47