this presentation is about the motivation and theories related to motivation, it also includes the different types of motivation and its importance

1. MOTIVATION & ITS
THEORIES
By-
Prashant Tomar
M.Pharmacy
QAT 2nd SEM
SGRRRITS, Dehradun

2. MOTIVATION
Definition
Motivation is act of stimulating someone or
oneself to get desired action.
or
Process the accounts for an Individual’s
Intensity, direction and persistence of effort
towards attaining a goal.

3.  Motivation is an act of managers.
 Motivation is a continuous process.
 Motivation can be Negative or Positive.
 Motivation is Goal oriented.
 Motivation is complex in Nature,
 Motivation is Art.
 Motivation is System Oriented
 Motivation is different from job satisfaction.
FEATURES OF MOTIVATION

4. MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS
Motivation
Monetary
• Salaries and Wages
• Bonus
• Incentives
• Special Individual Incentives
Non-Monetary
• Status & Job title
• Appreciation & Recognition
• Delegation of authority
• Job security
• Working conditions
• Job enrichment
• Workers participation
• Cordial Relations
• Good Supervisors
• Others

5. Higher Efficiency
Reduce absenteeism
Reduce employee turnover
Improves a corporate image
Improved morale
Reduce wastage and breakage
Good relations
Facilities initiative and innovation
Reduced accidents
NEED & IMPORTANCE OF MOTIVATION

6. MOTIVATION - THEORIES
Self Actualisation
Ego & Esteem Needs
Social Needs
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
1. Maslow’s – Hierarchy of Needs Theory
Theory Proposed by Abraham Maslow based on assumption that people are
motivated by a series of 5 universal needs.
These are ranked according to the order in which they influence human
behavior in hierarchical fashion

7. MOTIVATION - THEORIES
2. Alderfer’s Hierarchy of Motivational Needs
Alderfer’s ERG Theory i.e. Existence, Relatedness & Growth
This Theory differs from Maslow's theory as ERG theory demonstrates that
one need may be operative at the same time.
Alderfer’s also deal with Frustration-Regression i.e. if a high order need is
frustrated, an individual seeks to increase the satisfaction of a lower order
need.
Level of Need Definition Proprieties
Growth Impel a person to make creative
effects on himself and his
environment
Satisfied through using capabilities in engaging
problems
Relatedness Involve relationships with significant
others
Satisfied by mutually sharing thoughts and
feelings
Existence Includes all of the various of material
and psychological desires
When divided among people one person’s gain
is another’s loss if resources are limited

8. MOTIVATION - THEORIES
3. Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory or Motivation-Hygiene Theory
According to Herzberg, the factors leading to job satisfaction are separate and
distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction.
Therefore, managers who seek to eliminate factors that create job
dissatisfaction along with increase in factors that lead to satisfaction will lead
to motivation.

9. MOTIVATION - THEORIES
Expectancy –
Strength of a
person’s belief
about whether or
not a particular
job performance
is attainable
Instrumentality-
Probability
belief linking
one outcome to
another
outcome
Valence-
Emotional
orientations
people hold
with respect to
outcomes
Factors contribute to Expectancy
are :
•The level of confidence in the skills
required for the task
•Amount of support expected from
superiors and subordinates
•Quality of material and equipment
•Availability of information
4. Expectancy
TheoryThis theory proposed it is to
maximize pleasure and
minimize pain.
The key elements of this theory
are Expectancy, Instrumentality,
and Valance

10. MOTIVATION - THEORIES
5. McClelland’s Theory of Needs
According to this theory, regardless of culture or gender, peoples are
driven by three motives :
•Achievement – The need for achievement is characterized by the wish to
take responsibility for finding solutions to problems, master complex tasks,
set goals, get feedback on level of success.
•Affiliation – The need for affiliation is characterized by a desire to belong,
an enjoyment of team work, a concern about interpersonal relationships,
and a need to reduce uncertainty,
•Power – The need for power is characterized by a drive to control and
influence others, a need to win arguments, a need to persuade and
prevail.

11. Theory of X
Employees
dislike work
Employees must
be control or
threatened to do
the work
Employees avoid
responsibilities
and seek formal
direction
Most employees
consider security
of job than other
factors
Theory of Y
Employees love
work as play or
rest
Employees are
self directed and
self controlled
and committed
Employees seek
and accept
responsibilities
Innovative spirit
MOTIVATION - THEORIES
6. Theory of X & Y :
Douglas McGregor observed
two diametrically opposing
view points of managers
about their employees, one
is negative called “Theory of
X” and one is positive called
“Theory of Y”

12. MOTIVATION - THEORIES
7. Goal setting Theory :
Edwin Locke proposed that setting specific goals will improve motivation. Salient
features of this theory are the following :
•Specific goal fixes the needs of resources & efforts
•It increases performance
•Difficult goals result higher performance than easy job
•Better feedback of results leads to better to better performance than lack of feedback
•Participation of employees in goal has mixed result
•Participation of setting goal, however, increases acceptance of goal and involvements
•Goal setting theory has indentified two factors which influences the performance VIZ;
Goal commitment
Self efficiency

13. THANK YOU