biomass

1. BIOMASS

2. Biomass is matter usually thought of as
garbage.
If garbage can be converted to useful energy?
How biomass works is very simple.
Recycling biomass for fuel and other
uses cuts down on the need for "landfills"
hold garbage.

3. What is Bioenergy?What is Bioenergy?
 Bioenergy is energy contained in living or
recently living biological organisms
 Organic material containing bioenergy is
known as biomass
 Biofuels are renewable transport fuels
including:
 Bioethanol
 Biodiesel
 Biogas
 Biobutanol

4. Bio-massBio-mass
 Biomass is the largest renewable energy source in
use today
There are two main forms of biomass:
 Raw biomass consists of forestry products, grasses,
crops, animal manure, and aquatic products, such
as kelp and seaweed.
 Secondary biomass is material that comes from raw
biomass, but has undergone significant changes.
These would include items such as paper,
cardboard, cotton, natural rubber products and
used cooking oils.

5. Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms.
In the context of biomass for energy this is often used to mean plant based
material, but biomass can equally apply to both animal and vegetable derived
material.
What is the Biomass ?
Chemical composition
Biomass comes in a million physical forms
However, it is composed typically of
Cellulose - 50%
Hemi cellulose - 25%
Lignin - 25%
Most biomass can be represented by
CH1.4O0.6

6. Plant material
The carbon used to construct biomass is absorbed from the
atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO2) by plant life, using energy
from the sun.
These processes have happened for as long as there have been
plants on Earth and is part of what is known as the carbon cycle.
Fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas are also derived from
biological material, however material that absorbed CO2 from the
atmosphere many millions of years ago.
As fuels they offer high energy density, but making use of that
energy involves burning the fuel, with the oxidation of the carbon
to carbon dioxide and the hydrogen to water (vapor). Unless they
are captured and stored, these combustion products are usually
released to the atmosphere, returning carbon sequestered
millions of years ago and thus contributing to increased
atmospheric concentrations.
Fossil fuels

7. The difference between the biomass and fossil fuel
The vital difference between biomass and fossil fuels is one of time
scale.
Biomass takes carbon out of the atmosphere while it is growing, and
returns it as it is burned. If it is managed on a sustainable basis,
biomass is harvested as part of a constantly replenished crop. This is
either during woodland or arboricultural management or coppicing or
as part of a continuous programmer of replanting with the new growth
taking up CO2 from the atmosphere at the same time as it is released by
combustion of the previous harvest.
This maintains a closed carbon cycle with no net increase in
atmospheric CO2 levels.

8. HOW WAS BIOMASS USED IN THE PAST?
Biomass was the first fuel mankind learned
to use for energy. Burning wood for
warmth and cooking and keeping wild
animals away
Some of the earliest power plants in
America were fueled by wood material
It was an abundant fuel in many parts of the
country where logging took place
It burned much cleaner than coal and it was
available before abundant oil and natural
gas was discovered
http://hearth.com/what/historyfire.html
Many cultures used animal dung to burn,
and some are still doing this today

9. There are five basic categories of BIOMASS material:
•Virgin wood, from forestry, arboricultural activities or from wood
processing
•Energy crops: high yield crops grown specifically for energy
applications
• Agricultural residues: residues from agriculture harvesting or
processing
•Food waste, from food and drink manufacture, preparation and
processing, and post-consumer waste
•Industrial waste and co-products from manufacturing and industrial
processes.

10. CONVERSION OF BIOMASS WASTE INTO USEABLE FUEL
Gasification
Exposing a solid fuel to high
temperatures and limited oxygen
produces biogas.
Pyrolysis
Heating the biomass can produce
pyrolysis oil and phenol oil leaving
charcoal.
Digestion
Bacteria, in an oxygen-starved
environment can produce methane.
Fermentation
Bio-material that is used to manufacture
Ethanol and Biodiesel by an anaerobic
biological process in which sugars are
converted to alcohol by the action of
micro-organisms, usually yeast.
Solid Fuel Combustion
Direct combustion of solid matter.
Biomass to Biogas

11. GASIFICATION
Biogas is produced by exposing
biomass to high temperatures and
limited oxygen.
Biogas energy can serve as a feedstock for
electricity generation or a building block
for chemicals.

12. PYROLYSIS
Heat is used to chemically
convert biomass to bio-oil.
Pyrolysis Oil, is easier to store and
transport than solid biomass material
and can be burned like petroleum to
generate electricity.
Phenol Oil, a chemical used to
make wood adhesives, molded
plastics and foam insulation.
Wood adhesives are used to
glue together plywood and
other composite wood
products.

13. DIGESTION
Decomposition of organic matter by anaerobic bacteria in an oxygen-starved environment.
Heating Plant, Lior International
Dranco plant for anaerobic
digestion of biowaste
Ghent( Belgium )
Anaerobic digesters compost (or "digest")
organic waste in a machine that limits
access to oxygen encouraging the
generation of methane and carbon dioxide
by microbes in the waste. This digester gas
is then burned as fuel to make electricity.
Lemvig centralised biogas plant,
Denmark, producing
about 4 million m3/year of gas

14. SOLID FUEL COMBUSTION
Direct combustion of solid matter where the
biomass is fed into a furnace where it is
burned. The heat is used to boil water and the
energy in the steam is used to turn turbines
and generators.
Wood
Animal Dung
Eagar Biomass Plant, Springerville,
Arizona
Peat is an accumulation of partially
decayed vegetable matter. Peat
forms in wetlands, bogs, moors,
mires and fens

15. PURE PYROLYSIS
Pure pyrolysis can be represented as...
CH1.4O0.6  0.4 C (charcoal) + C.6H1.4O.6 (pyrolysis oil and gas)
This requires an external heat source like the Bunsen flame
There’s a better way to make gas...

16. THE SIMPLE MATCH:
Flaming Combustion
Pyrolysis, gasification and combustion are all visible in the
simple match. Please look CLOSELY

17. PROCESSES IN THE MATCH

18. FLAMING COMBUSTIONIf you have lots of air passing over a small amount of wood, it will burn completely to CO2 and H2O in “flaming combustion”, as in the match
CH1.4O0.6 + 1.05 (O2 + 3.76N2)CO2 + .7H2O
If you have insufficient air passing through a mass of burning wood, you have “flaming pyrolysis” producing CO and H2, the basis of biomass gasification

19. PGC
PYROLYSIS
GASIFICATION
COMBUSTION
THE KEYS TO BIOMASS
THEMAL CONVERSION

20. GASIFICATION FUEL RATIO
It is necessary to have the correct air (or O2)/fuel ratio to achieve complete gasification
With lower values of this ratio you have an excess of charcoal and tar
With higher values you deplete charcoal and burn product gas
We call the optimum ratio the “Sweet Spot” of gasification

21. Controlling the “Sweet
Spot”The correct air/fuel ratio depends on many things:
Moisture content
Type of biomass
Air throughput rate
“Sweet Spot” control is the key to simple, clean gasification

22. LIMITATIONS
Greenhouse gases produced by burning
Extra costs of installing technology to process and recycle wastes
Expensive to collect, harvest and store raw materials
Large scale crop production will use vast areas of land and water, representing major problems

23. Biomass Advantages
• Biomass is very abundant. It can be found on every
square meter of the earth as seaweed, trees or dung.
• It is easy to convert to a high energy portable fuel
such as alcohol or gas.
• It is very low in sulphur reducing the production of
acid rain.
• Preservation of agricultural land that otherwise would
be sold for residential development or industrial use =
wide open spaces!!
·.

24. ADVANTAGES CONTD…
Biomass production can often mean the restoration of waste land (e.g. deforested areas).
•It may also use areas of unused agricultural land and provide jobs in rural communities.
•Sustainable agricultural techniques for these crops can restore and ensure soil stability and health along
with minimizing chemical residues and habitat destruction

25. Contd…•Today 10,000 megawatts (MW) in total biopower capacity
installed nationwide.
•Use of waste from agricultural and timber industries. An estimated 350 million tons of waste that goes to landfills could be used for energy production.
•Methane is 20 times more potent than CO2. Capturing methane from producers such as cows or rice fields and applying it for fuel will significantly reduce this greenhouse gas.
•If it is produced on a renewable basis using biomass energy does not result in a net carbon dioxide increase as plants absorb it when they grow.

26. Biomass (Future) Advantages?
• Biomass can be used to produce solid, liquid, gaseous fuels
as well as electricity directly
• Fuel production technology is (largely) mature
• Combustion/conversion technology is immature
• Plants store energy at the rate of ~ 3000 EJ/yr, 2/3 on land
• Humans already manage around 1/2 of the usable land area
for food and fibre, and managed forests store ~ 600 EJ/yr.
Exa - 1018
; Peta - 1015
; Tera - 1012
; Giga - 109
; Mega - 106
1 TW = 31.54 EJ/year

27. Renewable Energy inRenewable Energy in
India: Status andIndia: Status and
Future ProspectsFuture Prospects
“……the time is running out…soon, there will be
nothing left to burn on earth but earth itself…”

28. Energy in India: An Overview
 India consumes 3.7% of the world’s commercial energy making it
the 5th
largest consumer of energy globally.
 Total installed capacity of 1,44,912 MW.
 350 kgoe per capita primary commercial energy consumption. 22%
of world average.
 Per capita electricity consumption: 600 kWhr per year.
 About 80% of total rural energy consumption comes from non-
commercial energy.
 84% villages electrified. 44% of rural households electrified.

29. Energy Consumption Trend

30. Energy Scenario in India
 Rapid economic development & Increasing population = High
demand for Energy
 A sustained 8% GDP growth of India requires an annual increase of:
 a) Commercial energy supply from 3.7% to 6.1%
 b) Total primary energy supply from 2.2% to 5.1%
 Limited supply of COAL, coupled with its poor quality, low level of
technologies advancements and high environmental hazards.
 Limited domestic reserves and uncertain foreign supply of
hydrocarbons.

31. Why Renewable Energy for India?
Power shortage
Rising Prices of Oils & Gases
Ecological Hazards
Ample resources and sites available
Abundant sunshine
Government incentive
Increased financing options

32. Benefits of Renewable Energy
 Avoid the high costs involved in transmission capex.
 Avoid distribution losses – Technical & otherwise
 Avoid recurring fuel cost
 Boost the rural economy
 Encourage self help groups & self dependence
 Enable village co-operatives to supply and / or monitor distribution
 Make available much needed energy for basic needs at the doorstep
at affordable prices.

33. Installed Capacity from Renewable
Energy
Source: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

34. Current Focus
 Promoting rural energy for productive uses and linked social
benefits
 Promoting renewable energy for rural electrification and industrial
applications
 Enhancing access of the rural poor to affordable and sustainable
energy services
 Supporting training and capacity building for manufacture, local
assembly and maintenance of renewable energy technologies /
systems
 Organizing global forum activities and providing strategic expert
advice on renewable energy technologies and energy policy
planning and institutional framework

35. Renewable Energy Deployment
Wind installation (global) 60,000 MW (cumulative)
India’s share (and position) 6270 MW(fourth in the
world)
SPV cell production (global) 1,700 MW (in 2005)
India’s share (and position) 37 MW (seventh in the
world)
Biogas plants (global) 16 million units
(cumulative)
India’s share (and position) 3.9 million family size units
(second in the world)
Solar Thermal (global) 110 million sq.m
(cumulative)
India’s share (and position) 1.65 million sq. m (ninth in
the world)
Source: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

36. India Renewable Power Potential
Renewable
Resource
Estimate
d
Potentia
l
Remarks
Wind Power 45,000 MW Sites with wind densities of 300
W/m2 or higher with 9% of assessed
area available for wind farms
requiring 12 ha/MW.
Biomass Power 45,000 MW 20 mha of wastelands yielding 10
MT/ha/annum of woody biomass
giving 4000 kcal/ kg with system
efficiency of 30% and operating at
75% PLF.
Solar Power 50,000 MW Assuming solar energy:
4-6 kWhr/ m2/ day and depending
upon future developments making
solar technology cost-competitive
for grid power applications.
Small Hydro
Power
15,000 MW
Source: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

37. Commercial Energy Imports for 8%
GDP
Fuel Range of
Requireme
nt in
Scenarios
Assumed
Domestic
Productio
n
Range
of
Import
s
Import
(Percen
t)
Oil (Mt) 350–486 35 315–451 90–93
Natural Gas
(Mtoe)
100–197 100 0-97 0-49
Coal (Mtoe) 632-1022 560 72-462 11-45
Total
Commercial
Primary
Energy
1351-1702 ---- 387-1,010 29-59
Source: Energy Policy Report, Planning Commission, India

38. India – An Attractive Renewable
Energy Market
 India has a large potential for energy generation by utilization of
renewable energy source
 MNRE has planed a target capacity addition of 10,000 MW during
the 11th
five year plan
 10% of annual power capacity additions to be from Renewable between
2003-2012
 As per the E&Y’s renewable energy index, which takes into account
various factors governing renewable energy growth in a country,
India is ranked 3rd
overall.
 High potential for development across various renewable source

39. Biomass Energy Overview

40. Indian Biomass Market Overview
CHALLENGES
 Small sized
 Dependence on
agricultural output
 Insecure raw
material linkage
 Shortage of
equipment
 Lack of cheap
financing, both debt
& equity
 Currently, few
focused biomass
players
POTENTIAL
 20 GW of power
may be generated
from 300 MT of
agro waste
(currently
produced)
 50% currently
burnt in the open
 Less than 3%
potential realized
 Can revolutionize
pace of rural
electrification.
DRIVERS
 Agro based
economy
 Large,
Unexploited
domestic resource
 Favorably aligned
regulatory
environment
 Simple technology
 Power deficit
across states

41. Summary of Potential Returns in RE
base Generation Projects
 Given the comparatively higher cost of generating energy from
renewable sources, necessity for financial support for the industry.
 Government has introduced subsidies to make returns attractive
for developers.
 Indicative expected returns:
Type of
Project
Returns
Wind Hydro
(PPA)
Hydro
(Merchant)
Biomass Solar
Costs (Rs. Cr/MW) 5-6 5-6 5-6 4-5 18-20
Equity IRR 20-25 15-18 20-25 16-20 --

42. ConclusionsToday there are opportunities to convert biomass resources into liquid fuels, gaseous fuels and electricity to cater to developmental needs of rural areas
Bioenergy produced locally can substitute fossil fuels and reduce import burden and create employment in rural area
it requires coordinated efforts of scientists, and engineers to overcome these limitations in order to translate this ‘high potential’ technology to ‘high performing’ technology

43. REFRENCESwww.greenenergy.org.uk
www.greenbusinesscentre.com
www.est.org.
www.seps.sk/zp/fond/dieret/biomass.html
www.energyquest.ca.gov/how_it_works/fire.html
www.energyjustice.net/digesters/
www.eere.energy.gov
www.cheresources.com
www.sciencedirect.com
www.wikipedia.com

44. Thank you