This ppt gives one an idea of most important topic for GPAT

1. MOST
IMPORTANT
TOPICS OF
GPAT

2. QUESTIONS DISTRIBUTION

3. Pharmaceutics
Organic
chemistry

4. Pharmacology Pharmacognosy

6. Miscellaneous

7. Sem 1

8. HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1
 Hemoglobin: structure, functions and Binding site of Oxygen with Hemoglobin
 Composition of Blood
 Homeostasis
 Hemostasis and Blood Clotting
 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon-dioxide During External and Internal Respiration
 : Structure and functions of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
 All normal values: (RBC,WBC,Platelets, Hb,Creatinine,urine output,cardiac output,avg hearbeats,average respiration rate,Blood
glucose)

9. PHARMACEUTICS 1
 Posology, Alcohol %age calculations, Proof spirit & strength calculations, allegation method, Isotonicity calculations ( 0.52-
a/b) • Stoke’s law calculations etc.
 Colligative properties
 Principles involved and procedures adopted in dispensing of :Typical prescriptions like mixtures, solutions, emulsions,
creams, ointments(Preparation of ointments, pastes, creams and gels. Excipients used in semi solid dosage forms. Evaluation
of semi solid dosages forms), powders, capsules, pastes, jellies, suppositories(Displacement value), ophthalmic,, lotions,
liniments,
 Flocculated and Deflocculated suspension & stability problems and methods to overcome.
 Emulsions: Definition, classification, emulsifying agent, test for the identification of type of Emulsion, Methods of
preparation & stability problems and methods to overcome.

10. PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
 Dentifrices
 Inorganic radiopharmaceuticals
b) Limit test
c) Acid-Base concepts
d) Buffer concept
e) Antacids
 Buffer equations and buffer capacity
 Iodine and its preparations
 Ideal properties of antacids,
 • Handerson-Hasselbach eqn, numericals

11. PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS AND INSTRUMENTAL METHOD
 Titration indicators of Redox , Complexometric, Precipitation(Mohr and Volhard and Fajan most impt),conductometry and
polarography(Types of current and Ilkovik equation)
 UV,IR,MASS,NMR spectroscopy ,chromatography especially hplc and tlc
 Shielding, deshielding groups in NMR
 All types of detectors and their mechanisms (e.g. Flame ionisation detector, Thermal conductivity, Electron capture,
photoionisation detectors etc.)
 Woodward- Fisher rule Beer lambats law,Miller indices
 Values of characteristic functional groups in IR ( e.g. –OH, -COOH etc.)
 Reference electrodes, indicator electrodes
 Diazotization titrations
 A general overview of titration ( Karl-Fisher titration, Kjehldahl Method etc.)

12. Sem 2

13. HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2
 Digestion and Absorption of Lipids and Proteins
 Chromosomes, Genes and DNA
 Oogenesis Process, Phases of Oogenesis
 Endocrinology- Hormones and their control
 Neurophysiology- Functional properties of nerve cells
 Renal Physiology- Functions of kidneys

14. BIOCHEMISTRY
 Identification of Carbs and Proteins, Enzymes and co-enzymes
 DNA transcription and translational enzymes
 Biological significance of cholesterol and conversion of cholesterol into bile acids, steroid hormone and vitamin D
 TCA cycle,Glycolysis,Urea cycle,Acetate mevalonate pathway
 Catabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine and their metabolic disorders (Phenyketonuria, Albinism, alkeptonuria,
tyrosinemia)

15. PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1
 Rearrangements(Beckman, Hoffman, Stereoselective and stereospecific reactions; Structure, Nomenclature, Preparation and
Reactions of:Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Cyclic analogs, Dienes, Benzene, Polynuclear aromatic compounds, Arenes,
Alkylhalides, Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides, Amines, Phenols, Aldehydes and ketones, Carboxylic acids, Functional derivatives
of' carboxylic acids, a,ß-Unsaturated carbonyl compound Benzilic acid, pinacole-pinacolone and Beyer-Villiger
 E1 and E2 reactions – kinetics, order of reactivity of alkyl halides, Saytzeffs orientation and evidences. E1 verses E2
reactions, Factors affecting E1 and E2 reactions., Markownikoff’s orientation, Anti Markownikoff’s orientation. Stability of
conjugated dienes, Diel-Alder, electrophilic addition, free radical addition reactions of conjugated dienes
 SN1 and SN2 reactions - kinetics, order of reactivity of alkyl halides, stereochemistry and rearrangement of carbocations.
SN1 versus SN2 reactions, Factors affecting SN1 and SN2 reactions
 effect of substituents on acidity and basicity
 Qualitative test of phenols alcohols amines
 Reactive intermediates- carbocations,carbanions, carbenes and nitrenes; (Most Important)
 Nucleophilic and Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions:Reactivity and orientation;

16. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
 (Atrophy, Hypertrophy, hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Dysplasia)
 Mediators of inflammation,Clinical signs of inflammation
 Study the basic causative microbes if any related to diseases
 Study the imbalance in neurotransmitter [Parkinson,Mania, Depression, Alzheimer, Psychosis(Schizophrenia)]

17. Sem 3

18. POC 2
 Name reactions(Aldol condensation, Perkin, Fridel craft Cannizaro reaction, SN1 and SN2 reactions, Rimer-tieman
reaction etc Clemmensen reduction, Birch reduction, Wolff Kishner reduction. Oppenauer-oxidation and Dakin reaction.
Beckmanns rearrangement and Schmidt rearrangement. Claisen-Schmidt condensation
 Aromaticity, catalysts in organic chemistry, Acidity and basicity of organic compounds,
 Rules like markonikov rule, Saytzeff rule
e) Stability order and reactivity orders
 Huckel’s rule Baeyer’s strain theory, limitations, Coulson and Moffitt’s modification(Banana bond theory), Sachse
Mohr’s theory (Theory of strainless rings)
 Acid value, Saponification value, Ester value, Iodine value, Acetyl value, Reichert Meissl (RM) value – significance and
principle involved in their determination.

19. PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS
 Donnan membrane effect, Nernst potential, Zeta potential, eqns
 • Concepts of Thermodynamics, eqns like Gibb’s Energy etc.
 Raoult’s law,(Positive and Negative deviation
 crystalline, amorphous & polymorphism
 HLB Scale, Classification of Complexes
 Sorensen’s pH scale
 • Buffers, electrolyte solutions, Isotonic solutions, concepts of molarity, Normality, molality
 b) Suspension and emulsion (Suspending agents, Emulsifying agents, o/w n w/o emulsion and preparation methods),
c) Suppositories and semisolids (Bases only),
d) Microencapsulation (size ranges only),

20. MICROBIOLOGY
 Biochemical tests (IMViC)
 physical, chemical sterilization
 Evaluation (Sterility indicators plastic dosimeter Royce sachet bowie dick test.,D ,Z, F value)
 Principles and methods of different microbiological assay Sterility testing of products like ophthalmic preparation)
 a) Stains and types of staining techniques,
b) Rideal walker,
c) Chick martin test,
d) Antibiotic assay organisms,
e) Source of antibiotics,
f) Nutrition, cultivation, isolation of bacteria

21. PHARMACEUTICAL ENGINEERING
 • Size Reduction, Mechanisms of size reduction, Size reduction equipment, type of mills, their mechanism, Uses,
(Hammer,Fluid energy mill,Ball mill)
 Size separation,
 • Drying, Dryers,
 Mixing, Equipment
 Fourier’s law,
 Distillation and types(Vaccum, steam, Fractional mccabie thiele theory)

22. Sem 4

23. POC 3
 Chair boat half chair and twisted boat basic difference in stabilities and energy
 Enantiomers diastereomers
 Aromaticity and reactivity of Pyrrole, Furan and Thiophene

24. PHARMACOGNOSY 1
 Classification of TAGFVR(Tannins alkaloids glycosides flavonoids volatile oils and resins)
 Common names / synonyms of drugs, Biological source, Uses, Adulterants
 Types of stomata, starch grains, calcium oxalate crystals,Trichomes, lycopodium spore method
 Apocynacae, Solanaceae, Rutacease, Umbelliferae, Leguminosae, Rubiaceae, Liliaceae, Graminae, Labiatae,
Cruciferae, Papaveraceae;Styracea,Fabacea,Polygonacea,Lauracea,Myractecea)

25. PHARMACOLOGY
 4 types of receptors ,Basic difference between agonist, partial and inverse agonist ,antagonist(Competitive and non
competitive)
 Hemicholinium(Uptake antagonist) Botulinum toxin(Release inhibitor
 Local & General anaesthetics,
 Narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics and antagonist
 Classification of drugs in Glaucoma
 Remember Flumazenil(Competitive Gaba benzodiazepine inhibitor) Bicuculine(Non-competitive antagonist at Gaba
receptors) ,Fomepizole (Alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor) and disulfiram(Aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor)

26. MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
 Parasympathomimetic, sympathomimetic, Parasympatholytic, sympatholytic and skeletal muscle relaxants
 Classification of NSAIDS
 Anti-epileptic drugs,Antipsychotic,anti Depressant ,antiparkinsonian,anti Alzheimer
 benzodiazpines and barbiturates important)

27. PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS 2
 Rheology(Viscometers, thixotropy,and rheopexy, difference between Newtonian and non Newtonian fluids)
 Micromeretics(particle shape, size measuring instruments, Density types,Carrs index,Angle of repose,Hausners
ratio table and formula)
 coacervation, peptization& protective action.
 Kinetics and which order and half life formula
 Surfactants, Types,
 Heckel equation,
 Colloids types CMC, Kraft’s Point, Schulze-Hardy Rule, Hofmeister or lyotropic series, Gold no.
 Surface tension, Interfacial tension, determination of ST & IT, Instruments used ( Du Nuoy Tensiometer,
Stalagmometer etc.)

28. Sem 5

29. PHARMACEUTICAL JURISPRUDENCE
 Pharmacy act 1948
 Drug and cosmetic act 1954(schedule M ,F ,X ,G and H)
 Narcotic and psychotropic substance act 1985
 Medical termination of pregnancy act 1971
 Misbranded ,adulterated and spurious drug
 Inbond and outbond manufacturing of Excise duties (Medical and Toilet preparation)
 DPCO 2013(Ceiling price formula)
 IPR just the difference and terms of Patent ,Copyright,Trademark

30. INDUSTRIAL PHARMACY
 Tablets(Formulation, Excipients, Tablet defects)
 Evaluation tests for tablets ,capsules, aerosols, parenterals)
 SVP and LVP ( Glass types and tests)
 Capsule type a and type b ,Hard gelatin and soft gelatin ,pellets)
 Preformulation, Physical characteristics, Chemical characteristics
 Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS)
 cold cream and vanishing cream,, hair dyes and sunscreens. Pharmaceutical Aerosols: propellants(Topical and
inhalational, containers, valves, types of aerosol systems; formulation and manufacture of aerosols)
 Materials used for packaging of pharmaceutical products

31. PHARMACOGNOSY 2
 Extraction technique(supercritical fluid,Soxhlet,Mircowave associated)
 Basic rings in alkaloids, they are derived from which amino acid
 There are nearly about 30 such potent drugs with the point of view of GPAT( Senna, digitalis, aloe, opium, cinchona,
Vinca, liquorice, ginseng, clove, fennel,Benzoin, cinnamon , Citral, Artemisin Menthol. Diosgenin,
Podophyllotoxin,Caffeine, Ginger, Asafoetida, Myrrh, Colophony Rauwolfia, Belladonna,Datura
,Hyocyamus,coriander)
 Basic Metabolic Pathways/Biogenesis;Lignans(Shikimic acid)

32. PHARMACOLOGY 2
 Cardiovascular drugs(Coagulant and anticoagulant , Antiplatelet, Antifibrinolytic and Thrombolytic drugs, Antihypertensive,
Anti anginal, Anti arrhythmic, CHF drugs, Anti-hyperlidemic drugs)
 Diuretics all types
 Antidiabetic
 Opioids receptors
 Autocoids (Histamine, Prostaglandins, leucotrienes, serotonin.),

33. MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2
 Anticancer drugs
 Anti histaminic
 Steroids nomenclature( Aldosterone,Testesterone, Dexamethasone, Estradiol,Prednisolone)

34. Sem 6

35. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Basic concepts of biotechnology like replication, transcription, translation, PCR
• Terms like annealing, de-annealing, re-annealing, DNA melting point, formulas,
various temperatures in PCR
• Biotechnology derived drugs
a) Antibodies types, their structures,
b) Types of hypersensitivity reactions,
c) Vaccines (remember which vaccines are killed, attenuated etc)
Pharmaceutics: Drug Delivery Systems: NDDS
(complete NDDS

36. HERBAL DRUG TECHNOLOGY
 Novel drug delivery systems , opthalmic preparations .

37. MEDCHEM 3
 Chemotherapy(Antifungal,antiparasitic,kala azar)
 Sulfonamides, All Antibiotics-Penicilline, cephelosoprin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol,
Aminogylcoside, Macrolide, Lincosamide, other Antibiotics- Anti tubercular drugs, Anti leprotic drugs

38. PHARMACOLOGY 3
 Gastrointestinal & Respiratory system (Anti-asthmatic drugs including bronchodilators, Anti-tussives
and expectorants, Respiratory stimulants, Antacids, Anti-secretory and Anti-ulcer drugs, Laxatives
and anti-diarrhoeal drugs, Appetite Stimulants and Suppressants, Emetics and anti-emetics,
Miscellaneous: Carminatives, demulcents, protectives, adsorbents, astringents, digestants, enzymes
and mucolytics )
 Study all drug interactions and adverse effects

39. BIOPHARMACEUTICS
Mechanisms of drug absorption
• Theories of dissolution
• Equations like Fick’s law, Noyes Whitney eqn etc.
• Types of models of mechanism of drug release i.e. Zero order, first order, Higuchi Model,
Hixon-Crowel, Korsmeyer- Peppas
• Dissolution Apparatus Types (according to USP & IP), Testing, Interpretation
• BCS classification, Modified BCS classification, Examples of each class
• Concepts of Pharmacokinetics
• Biological half –life, equations of t1/2 (according to zero order & first order)
• Volume of distribution (Vd), equations
• Clearance, Total Body Clearance, Renal Clearance, equations
• Elimination Rate Constant (Ke), equations
Relationship between t1/2, Vd, Ke, Cl
Concepts of loading dose, maintenance dose, eqns
• Non-linear Kinetics overview, Michaelis-Menton eqn
• Concepts of bioavailability, Types: Absolute, Relative, eqns
• Bioequivalence concepts : terms like bioequivalents, Chemical equivalents, Pharmaceutical
equivalence, Therapeutic equivalents etc.
• IVIVC, levels of correlation
• ICH guidelines, Climate Zones

40. INDUSTRIAL PHARMACY 2

41. QUALITY ASSURANCE

42. BIOSTATICS

43. SOCIAL AND PREVENTIVE PHARMACY