2. Introduction
Process
Case Study
Xray vs Gamma ray Radiography
Conclusion
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3. NDT process
Used to detect
Built in flaws
Porosity
Voids
Fibre mis-orientation
Thermal or shrinkage cracks
Uses low energy Xrays from 10kV to 150kV
Gamma rays are also employed
Americium 241
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4. Thin sections of aluminium and composite specimens such as brake liners and clutch
facings of the automobiles.
Mainly GFC (Glass Fibre reinforced Composites) are used in this application
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5. E1742- Radiographic examination
E94- Radiographic exam
E543- agencies performing NDT
545-14- Neutron Radiography
2663 and 2699 – Ultrasonic and Radiography
748-16 – Thermal neutron RG of materials
E49-04 – Std guide for Radiographic examination
2662-15- Standard practice for radiography exam of flat panel
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6. NCRP 116 limitation on exposure
NCRP 144 Particle accelerator
Shield design and evaluation of medical and research usage of Xray and Gamma rays
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10. The radiation source emits energy that travels in straighter lines and penetrates the
test piece.
As the radiation energy passes through the test piece, an image, is received on a
recording medium opposite to the X-ray source
This image is used for evaluation of the condition of the part being tested.
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12. Radiography testing of thin sections of Aluminium
components
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13. Agfa-Gaevert D-7 film was used for Preparing Exposure charts
Charts are used to calculate exposure time to obtain a optical density of 2.0 Gamma
rays.
Source of Gamma radiations was 370 GBq of Am-241-Be
Source film distance- 25cms
Effective diameter of source, through pin-hole radiography was 4mm
Radiation intensity was 75mR/hr
Exposure time ranges from 2-60hrs
No intensifying screen
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14. Xray source was Beryllium
Effective focal spot diameter- 1.5mm
Operation current 4-8mA
Operating voltage 40-80kV
Exposure time 0.5 to 1.3mins
Focus to film distance- 7.5 cms
No intensifying screen
Exposed films were manually processed
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15. Fig 1 Fig 2 Fig 3 Fig 4 Fig 5 Fig 6
The radiographic sensitivity of various thickness of aluminium, obtained with DIN type IQI for various X-ray energies and
Am-241 gamma rays, is plotted in figure-9. The best sensitivity of 2.7 % is attainable with Am-241 gamma rays at 9 - 10
mm of aluminium, while with X-rays 2 -2.5 % sensitivity is achievable. Lower sensitivity with Am-241 could be due to the
fact that the effective size of Am-241 source used was 4.0 mm in diameter, whereas X- ray source has focal spot of 1.5 mm.
Also the FFD used for X -rays was 75 cms in comparison to SFD of 25 cms with Am -241. It was not feasible to increase the
SFD in case of Am-241 source as the exposure time would have become unaffordable. 15BMSCE, Bangalore 4/19/2017
17. Am-241 source can produce better radiographs than the ones produced by the low
energy X-rays.
Source of high activity
To reduce exposure time
Improve sensitivity by increasing SFD (source to film distance).
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18. Use of X-ray radiography in finding defects in MMC
By K. GAWDZIÑSKA, J. GRABIAN, W. PRZETAKIEWICZ
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21. Comparative studies concerning the weakening of X-ray radiation going through the
studies samples showed slight differences in optical density of the radiogram
In all cases, for a cast thickness 10mm, discontinuity of 0.3mm is recorded
The examination maybe used in diagnostics of composite casts, and maybe used
especially useful in detecting the size of a detect like porosity.
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