1. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

3. Definition
Endocrine System refers to the collection of glands of an organism that
secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried toward a distant
target organ.
includes all of the glands of the body and the hormones produced by those glands.
Major endocrine glands
 pineal gland
 pituitary gland
 pancreas
 ovaries
 testes
 thyroid gland
 parathyroid gland
 hypothalamus
 gastrointestinal tract
 adrenal glands
There are up to 20 major
hormones secreted by the
gland in the endocrine system
which are essential to different
tasks throughout the body.

4. Here are a few of the areas governed
by the endocrine system
 Reproduction
 Responses to stress and injuries
 Growth and sexual development
 Body energy levels
 Internal balance of body systems
 Bone and muscle strength

5. Functions of the Endocrine System
 Controls the processes involved in movement and
physiological equilibrium
 Includes all tissues or glands that secrete hormones into the
blood
 Secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
 Integrate body systems

6. TERMS
 ENDOCRINE GLAND a gland that secretes hormones
directly into the bloodstream; a ductless gland.
 HORMONES is a very powerful substance secreted by an
endocrine gland into the bloodstream, that affects the
function of another cell or "target cell".
 HOMEOSTASIS is the maintenance of the constant
internal environment which include the function of
kidney, liver, skin, etc.

7. Major Endocrine Glands

8. Pituitary Gland
(Hypophysis)

 It is also known as the “master gland”
 It is a master in controlling other glands of the
body ( thyroid, adrenal glands, and gonads
 It is consists of anterior pituitary and posterior
pituitary glands.

9. Anterior Pituitary Glands
( Adenohypophysis)
 Hormone stimulates the thyroid gland,
adrenal glands and gonads
 It secretes other hormones like
melanocyte stimulating hormone
responsible for skin color
 Prolactin stimulating milk production
for lactating mothers
 Somatotropin (growth hormone)
 Giantism and dwarfism
 LH,MSH, FLH

10. Anterior Pituitary Glands
 It has three region :
1. Pars distalis – It is the largest and
vascular lobe, it is the major secretory
of the gland
2. Pars tuberalis – it joins the pituitary
stalk arising from the posterior gland
3. Pars intermedia – it is located
between the pars distalis and posterior
gland, it serves as the boundary
between anterior and posterior gland (
it is very small and indistinct to
humans)

11. Posterior Pituitary Glands
(Neurohypophysis)
 It releases vasopressin
hormones to control the amount
of water
 Oxytocin secreted during
childbirth in stimulating
muscular contraction of the
uterus and ejection of milk from
lactating mammary gland

12. 2 Regions of the Posterior Pituitary
Gland
 Pars Nervosa
- It is also called as “posterior lobe”
- Is the storage site of Oxytocin and Vasopressin
 Infundibular stalk
- the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior
pituitary.

13. Thyroid Glands
 It is located in the neck at the back of the
Adam’s apple
 It secretes three hormones :
- T3 (triiodothyronine)
- T4 (thyroxin)
- Calcitonin – lowers down the blood
calcium level of the body
 Both T3 and T4 contain the iodine element
which regulate the metabolism and play a
crucial role in development ad maturation.
 Hyperthyroidism- excess of T3 and T4
 Hypothyroidism- insufficient of T3 and
T4

14.  HYPOTHYROIDISM
-is an underactivity of the
thyroid gland causing laziness,
dullness, and goiter.
 HYPERTHYROIDISM
- having an active behavior
resulting to loss of weight and
insomnia.

15. Parathyroid Gland
 It is located at the back of the thyroid
gland
 The parathormone regulates the
utilization of calcium and phosphorus in
the blood level of the body
 Too much secretion of the parathormone
presents poor physical coordination
 Less secretion can lead to “tetany” is
the intermittent, involuntary twitching and
spasms of the muscle

16. Adrenal Glands
 It is located at the top or above the kidney
 Adrenalin, the hormone it produces
 It has two parts the inner part which is the
“medulla” and the outer part which is the
“cortex”
 Medulla is the source of epinephrine(adrenalin)
and Non-epinephrine. Epinephrine raises blood
sugar levels, cause nervousness and perspirations
on acute emergencies.
 Cortex releases cortisone which is essential
for adapting to stress and maintaining blood sugar
level and aldosterone that regulates the salt
and water balance of the body.

17. Gonads
 It stimulates the secondary sex
characteristics for boys and girls during
puberty stage
 The appearance of pubic hair, hair at the
armpit etc.
 The male gonads secrete the hormone
“androgen” that contain testosterone which
influences the growth of prostate, seminal
vesicles, the production of sperm
 The female gonads secrete the hormones
“estrogen” which is necessary for the
development of the reproductive organ and “
progesterone” which is essential for
maintaining pregnancy located at the paired
ovaries

18. Pancreas
 It is located near the stomach at the
right side of the abdomen at the level
of the umbilicus
 The hormones and insulin are found at
the “Islets of Langerhans” of the
pancreas.
 Insulin plays an important role in
keeping the levels of sugar(glucose) in
the bloodstream under control.
 Glucagon increases the level of sugar
in the body if the insulin is absent or
lacking.

19. Pineal Gland
 It is situated at the mid-cerebrum
 It releases melatonin that
regulates body rhythms and
sleeping patterns.

20. THE
END!!! 
Prepared By:
Prepared by:
Patricia Francisco
Monique Burgos