1. A Review on
Improving Animal Welfare
A Practical Approach
By Temple Grandin
Presenters:
Parham Soufizadeh & Mojtaba Darbandsari
TOTAL

3. However, there is a huge need for
information on how to effectively implement
programmes to improve animal welfare at
the practical level.
Many excellent books
Articles that review scientific
research on welfare
Statistics that outline the extent
of animal welfare problems
Philosophical issues
Animal rights and legislation

4. Help people implement effective programmes
that will improve the welfare.
Provide information that will directly
improve welfare.
Help the reader understand the importance of
animal behaviour in assessing animal welfare.
Discuss the role of ethics in animal welfare.
How economic factors can be used to improve
welfare.
1
2
3
4
5
Goals
of the
Book

5. Temple Grandin

6. Autism
She sees movies in her
imagination and this
helped her understand
animals.
Visual Thinking

7. To understand animals, Autism, And art
requires getting away from verbal
language.
Visual thinking provides great insights
into the animal mind.

8. This horse is afraid of white
cowboy hats because he was
abused by a person wearing a
white hat.
Black hats
cause no
reaction.
Animal fears
are very
Specific

10. Squeeze Machine

11. The squeeze machine is
not going to cure
anybody, but it may help
them relax; and a relaxed
person will usually have
better behavior

12. www.templegrandin.com
Temple Grandin one of Time Magazine's 100
"Most Influential People"

13. Nature is cruel but
we don't have to
be; we owe them
some respect.

15. 1. The Importance of Measurement to Improve the Welfare of Livestock, Poultry
and Fish
2. Why is Agricultural Animal Welfare Important? The Social and Ethical Context
3. Implementing Effective Standards and Scoring Systems for Assessing Animal
Welfare on Farms and Slaughter Plants
4. The Importance of Good Stockmanship and its Benefits for the Animals
5. How to Improve Livestock Handling and Reduce Stress
6. Painful Husbandry Procedures in Livestock and Poultry
7. Welfare During Transport of Livestock and Poultry
8. Animal Well-being and Behavioural Needs on the Farm
9. Improving Livestock, Poultry and Fish Welfare in Slaughter Plants with Auditing
Programmes
10. Recommended On-farm Euthanasia Practices
11. The Effect of Economic Factors on the Welfare of Livestock and Poultry
12. Improving Animal Welfare: Practical Approaches for Achieving Change
13. Practical Methods for Improving the Welfare of Horses, Donkeys and Other
Working Draught Animals in Developing Areas
14. Successful Technology Transfer of Behavioural and Animal Welfare Research to
the Farm and Slaughter Plant
15. Why Are Behavioural Needs Important?

16. New chapters in 2nd edition

18. How to use numerical
measurements to improve both
animal welfare and productivity?

19. Preventing ‘Bad Becoming Normal’

20. Handling Practices Deteriorate Unless
Measured

21. Simple changes such as placing a light at the
entrance of a stunning race greatly reduced
baulking and refusal to enter the race so less use of
an electric goad was required.

22. 1. Maintain basic
health
2. Reduce pain and
distress
3. Accommodate natural
behaviours and affective
states
4. Natural elements in
the environment
Four Guiding Principles of Welfare

23. 1. Freedom from hunger, thirst and
malnutrition.
2. Freedom from physical and
thermal discomfort.
3. Freedom from pain, injury and
disease.
4. Freedom to express normal
behaviour.
5. Freedom from fear and distress.

24. Good Health Does Not Guarantee
Good Welfare
• Painful lesions on cow’s legs from lying in
a poorly bedded stall.
• Chickens have a high rate of lameness
and leg abnormalities.
• The cages of healthy laying hens are so
tightly stocked that the hens cannot all lie
down at the same time without being on
top of each other.

25. Healthy animals may also have abnormal
behaviour if they are housed in an
environment that does not allow them to
express normal social and species
behaviours.
bar bitingpulling out feathers or
hair
tail biting

26. painanddistress
Most severe problems with abuse or neglect
that cause obvious suffering
Routine painful procedures
Fear stress during handling and transport
Overloading the animal’s biological system

27. Most severe problems with abuse or neglect
that cause obvious suffering

28. Routine painful procedures

29. Behaviours associated with pain that are easy to
numerically quantify in lambs, cattle, calves, piglets
and other animals. Evaluate these behaviours
AFTER the painful procedure has been done.

30. Vocalization scoring of painful,
stressful procedures
Vocalization scoring should be done DURING
procedures such as branding, castration,
weaning, restraint or handling.

31. Fear stress during handling and transport

32. Tonic immobility looks calm but is really
frightened

33. Do fish
suffer?
Fishes respond to painful
stimuli in a manner that
is not just a simple reflex.
There is also evidence that
fish react to handling stress
with increases in cortisol.
This would be similar to the
increase in cortisol after
stressful handling in
mammals.

34. Natural
Behaviours
Serious animal welfare
problems should be
corrected first.

35. Natural Elements and
Ethical Considerations
Health
First
In some cases, ethics
will overrule science.

38.  Animal-based measures also called
Performance Standards
 Practices that are prohibited
 Input-based engineering or design
standards
 Subjective evaluations
 Record keeping, stockperson
training documents and paperwork
requirements.
Different Types of Welfare Standards
www.oie.int

39. Directly observable
minimum core
standards

40. Performance Standards
Each animal-based welfare
criterion should be scored
on a yes/no, pass/fail
basis per animal.
Silence 95%
Lameness 5%
Falling 1%
Wings Break 1%
Vocalization
scoring should
not be used for
sheep.

41. Cannibalism in Hens
Wool Pulling in Sheep
Tongue Rolling & Urine Sucking in Bovine
Abnormal Behaviour

43. The stockperson can most
obviously affect the welfare of
animals through the way that
routine animal care tasks.
Dairy farms in which calves are cared
for by females tend to have lower calf
mortality than farms where men are
responsible for care of the calves…!
High-producing farms were cleaner, had pens
disinfected by an outside company, had Sunday-
evening feedings of the calves, and were run by
farmers whose own parents had managed a veal
farm.

44. Why Does Poor Stockmanship
Increase Fear in Animals and
Reduce Productivity?

45. Talking softly, patting
and stroking the cow
and occasionally giving
feed rewards
Hitting, shouting
and occasional use
of a cattle prod

46. Identifying which
types of handling are
aversive or positive
Cattle showed no preference for shouting
over the electric prod, and no preference
for no treatment over tail twisting.
Stroking the neck of cows reduced the degree
that the cows avoided people and resulted in the
cows being more likely to approach people.

49. Flight Zone

53. Walking quickly past the point of balance in the opposite
direction of desired movement will make the animals move
forward.

54. Trained goats or sheep will lead sheep through
stockyards or lairages. Lead animals also work really
well for moving sheep on and off trucks.

55. Driving Aids
A well-trained dog calmly holds a flock of sheep. The dog has
retreated back into the pressure zone and removed himself from the
flight zone. Most of the sheep are turning and facing the dog. This is a
sign that he has backed out of the flight zone.

56. Driving Aids
All of these sheep have their ears
pinned back, indicating that the dog is
being too aggressive toward them.

57. HEAD POSITION

58. HEAD POSITION

59. HEAD POSITION

60. Remove distractions
from handling facilities

61. Shadows or bright sunbeams of light are
often a problem on sunny days.

62. Visual Perception
Cattle, horses, sheep, goats, and other
grazing animals have only two-color
receptors. Human eyes have three-color receptors,
which provide full-color trichromatic vision.
Grazing animals lack the red
receptor.
They do not see red

64. Objects on the
fence or in the
race such as
loose chains or
shirts should
be removed.

65. Animals may refuse to enter a
dark building where a race is
located.

66. truck floors
veterinary facilities
stun boxes
the crush
single-file race
Some of the most important
places to have non-slip flooring

67. Driving Aids
An electric goad should never be used as
a person’s primary driving tool and the
World Organization for Animal Health
(OIE, 2009a, b)

68. Driving Aids

69. Driving Aids

70. It is very important that an
animal’s first experience with
something new should be a good
experience.
To reduce pushy or
aggressive behavior, feed a
treat with your hand held
high and in such a way that
the animal has to point her
head toward the sky. This
submissive stance is the
posture calves use when
they are nursing, and it
triggers instinctive passive
behavior.

71. SignsofFearandAgitationinGrazing
Animals
Tail switching
Defecation
Whites of the eyes show
Sweating with minimal physical exertion
Quivering skin
Nostrils flaring
Both ears laid back
Head held up high

73. Routine husbandry practices carried
out on farm livestock.

74. Physiological indices
• Heart rate
• Blood pressure
• Rectal and skin
Temperatures
• Plasma levels of
stress hormones
• Related metabolites
• Brain electrical
activity
Behaviour
• Initial marked
restlessness of lambs
• Vocalization
• Repetitive tail
swishing
• Ear flicking
• Ear twitching
Behavioural and physiological
indicators of pain

75. Disbudding and dehorning
Disbudding
The prevention of horn growth before it has
become advanced
Dehorning
The amputation of horns at any stage after their
growth has progressed beyond the early budding
stage.

77. Disbudding

78. Dehorning

79. Rubber rings used for castration
Bloodless castration
clamp – Burdizzo

80. Emasculator
used to sever
spermatic
cord and
prevent
haemorrhage

81. Ear tagging and
marking in sheep
Beak trimming
in chicks

82. 7. Welfare During Transport of Livestock and Poultry
8. Animal Well-being and Behavioural Needs on the Farm
9. Improving Livestock, Poultry and Fish Welfare in Slaughter Plants
with Auditing Programmes
10. Recommended On-farm Euthanasia Practices
11. The Effect of Economic Factors on the Welfare of Livestock and
Poultry
12. Improving Animal Welfare: Practical Approaches for Achieving
Change
13. Practical Methods for Improving the Welfare of Horses, Donkeys
and Other Working Draught Animals in Developing Areas
14. Successful Technology Transfer of Behavioural and Animal
Welfare Research to the Farm and Slaughter Plant
15. Why Are Behavioural Needs Important?

84. How do you determine that an animal has
good psychological well-being and more
importantly how do we measure it?
What is psychological
well-being?

85. The Negative Core Emotions
Rage
Panic
Fear

86. The Positive Core Emotions
Play
Sex
Mother–
young
nurturing

87. Animals can experience emotions
but animals probably do not
process these basic emotions in
the same manner as humans.
Humans have a
greater ability to
regulate and inhibit
their emotions with
use of higher brain
functions.

88. The
kindergartener
is nervous and
scared to go to
school!
Despite her sadness and
concern, the human mother
knows that her son will be fine
and that she will see him in no
time at all.

89. The calf is
similarly put into
a novel situation
with other young
calves with
whom he is
unfamiliar.
The bovine mother cannot comfort her
calf the same way because, like her
calf, she does not understand the
reason for the separation, how long it
will last or any further reasoning other
than that her offspring is being taken
away.

90. Although that example is not
perfect, it begins to illustrate
that an animal’s inability to
foresee the end of a painful
and fearful experience may
make the experience more
distressing.

91. When producers castrate calves,
the animal suffers from fear of
restraint, handling, a novel
environment and the pain from the
procedure.
The male human would not only suffer from
the listed events, he would also suffer from
knowing that he was about to lead the rest
of his life without testicles, a concept likely
to be unknowable by the young calf.

92. Comparison of domestic and
wild animal behaviour
White Leghorn Domestic fowl
• less active
• less fearful of humans and novel objects
• less exploratory
• less anti-predator behaviour
• fed more intensively
• less apt to search for food and ate more from a localized food source
• tended to space themselves more closely together
• more aggressive

93. Searching
for the goal
Behaviour
directed at
the goal
Quiescence
following
achievement
of the goal
Appetitive
phase
Consummatory
phase
Positive goal-directed behaviours can be
dissected into three phases:

94. Hens are highly motivated to
have a hidden secluded place to
lay their eggs.When the jungle
fowl, the ancestor of the modern
hen, lived in the wild, the hens
that hid in the bushes to lay their
eggs survived and the ones that
laid their eggs out in an open
clearing got eaten by predators.
The fear emotion motivates hens
to hide during egg laying.To
prevent activation of the fear
system, egg-laying hens should be
provided with a nest box.

95. Abnormal Displacement
Behaviours and Stereotypies

97. Welfare
Problems
• Suspending or hoisting animals by the feet or legs
• Indiscriminate and inappropriate use of stunning
equipment
• Mechanical clamping of an animal’s leg or feet of
the animals
•Breaking legs, cutting leg tendons or blinding
animals in order to immobilize them.
• Severing the spinal cord
• Conscious animals should not be thrown, dragged
or dropped.
• Animals for slaughter should not be forced to walk
over the top of other animals.
• Painful procedures

98. Welfare Issues with Religious Slaughter
halal slaughter
kosher slaughter

100. Horse
• 55 million
• nearly 84% are used for work in developing
countries
Donkey
• 41 million
• 98% are used for work in developing
countries
Mules and Hinnies
• 13 million
• 96% are used for performing work in
developing countries

101. 1. Check harness fit and modify when necessary.
2. Check shaft height and cart balance.
3. Clean the horse or donkey in between work sessions (washing/brushing).
4. Provide clean harness padding where needed.
5. Clean and treat lesions (and other wounds) with antibiotic salve as needed.
6. Provide forage as frequently as possible.
7. Add high quality forage/concentrate when animal is working especially hard
or starting to get thin.
8. Try to get the animal into shade during work breaks.
9. Provide salt, preferably trace mineral salt.
10. Provide fresh, clean water multiple times per day. Horses require
significantly more than donkeys.
11. Deworm the animal for parasites that are found in your region.
12. If at all possible, vaccinate for critical diseases, based upon veterinarian
advice.
13. Keep the hooves maintained adequately.
14. If at all possible, do not work lame animals or those with serious
injuries/sickness.
15. Treat the animal fairly – no beating! Very few equids need beating to go
forward unless they are completely exhausted (in which case they should be
rested) or are completely overburdened.

102. Harness Fit, Harnessing and
Loading Practices
1. keep the animal clean where the harness is likely to rub
2. keep the harness itself clean
3. be certain the cart’s load is as balanced as possible
4. animals that are of moderate body condition will have less
friction between body contact points and the harness
5. If the animal has sweated during the work day, with mules
typically being intermediate, the animal should be rinsed off or
sponged off at the end of the work day.

103. Harness Fit, Harnessing and
Loading Practices

104. Harness Fit, Harnessing and
Loading Practices

105. Harness Fit, Harnessing and
Loading Practices

106. Harness Fit, Harnessing and
Loading Practices

107. Harness Fit, Harnessing and
Loading Practices

110. Thank you!