This PPT will tell you about the personal life of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, how he rose to the political stage of Turkey, the reforms he did the betterment of the people, brought modern reforms etc.

1. KEMAL PASHA AND
MODERNIZATION OF
TURKEY
BY- PAKZIN KHODAIJI.

2. WHO WAS KEMAL PASHA?
• Mustafa Kemal Atatürk original name Mustafa Kemal Pasha, born in Salonika,
Greece. He attended military school and graduated in military science at the age of
22 from the military staff college in Constantinople.
• Kemal Pasha was greatly inspired by the French Revolutionary Literature, he was
Dissatisfied with Sultan Hamid II misgovernment.
• Founder of Modern Turkey out of the ruins of Ottoman Empire. He then served as
Turkey’s first president from 1923 until his death in 1938, implementing reforms
that rapidly secularized and westernized the country.The ideological foundation
for Atatürk’s reform program became known as Kemalism.

3. RISE OF KEMAL PASHA-
• Due to the decline of The Ottoman Empire, the Turks were angry with Sultan
Muhammad VI who was forced to accept the treaty of Sevres. During this time
Turkey required a leader for the revival of her national honour and to wipe
the disgrace and humiliation from the defeat in the WWI.
• In that time Kemal Pasha rose to political stage of Turkey, he was a man of
great military strength and strong character. Kemal Pasha also played a minor
part in the Young Turks Revolution of 1908.
• Kemal Pash rose up to rank of General and became famous for his role in
defeating the allies of the Gallipoli Peninsula.

4. ATATURK TAKES POWER-
After the First World War Due to the punitive postwar peace treaty signed in August
1920, the Allied powers stripped all Arab provinces from the Ottoman Empire, the allied
power occupied Istanbul and the straits. The Greeks troops supported the Allied powers
by landing a fleet at Smyra. The turks deeply resented the the sultan’s inability to defend
their homeland.
After this kemal Pasha organised the Turkish nationalist party, the government tried to
suppress the nationalist who were arrested and deported. Kemal Pasha was sent to exile
in Ankara where he raised the nationalist army and established a parallel government of
the talkies republic at Ankara in 1920..
Kemal Pasha organised various campaigns against the Greek who were finally driven out
of Smyrna.

5. END OF SULTANATE AND CALIPHATE-
The caliph was nominally the supreme religious and
political leader of all Muslims across the world, In Turkey
Sultan Muhammad VI was abolished the Sultanate and
was driven to exile by Kemal Pasha after the
establishment of the Turkish Republic in Ankara.
This marked as the end of the Sultanate as the Republic was
officially established on 29th October 1923. After the treaty of
Lausanne alpa Shah abolished the Caliphate in March 1924,
by which the Turkish Republic were relieved from the
orthodox and autocratic rule of the Sultan.
Kemal Pasha was acted as the first President of the Turkish
Republic with a parliamentary system of government.

6. MODERNIZATION OF TURKEY-
• After Kemal Pasha was elected as the first president of the Turkish Republic he looked
forward towards a modern and progressive state. He did a lot of reforms in a
westernising trend.
• Kemal Pasha wielded dictatorial powers which transform Turkey into a modern state.
His chief aim was to Europeanize Turkey.
• Kemal Pasha introduced a number of reforms for the modernization of Turkey they
are are the administrative reforms, military reforms, separation of religion from
politics, economic reforms, legal reforms etc.

7. • ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS –
Kemal Pasha introduced a number of Administrative Reforms in Turkey
they are : Turkey was divided into 62 vilayats (provinces), these provinces
were subdivided into 430 Kazas and further each district was subdivided
into Nahinyas (Boroughs).
• SEPERATION Of RELIGION FROM POLITICS-
1. To Europeanize and modernize Turkey kemal Pasha wanted to liberate Turkey from
the mediaeval and orthodox Islamic rules. For this he first abolished the Caliphate
In 1924.
2. Religious toleration was adopted and Islam was considered as one of the religion
of Turkey. Turkey became a secular country.
3. Religious schools were converted into state schools. All those who opposed these
reforms in Turkey word suppressed and silenced.

8. • Education was made compulsory for all children between the age of 6 and 16, but
progress in education system was seen after a change in a new system of writing.
Kemal Pasha regarded the Arabic script and impossible medium for expression of
Western ideas. Kemal Pasha introduced a number of teacher training institutes for
imparting training to the teachers on western lines. He also appointed a commission
in 1928 prepare alphabets using Roman (Latin) letters.
• Military reforms:
Kemal Pasha decided to make Turkey as a strong military power. He provided them
with sophisticated equipments and weapons artillery and air force was modernized
and a strong Navy was developed. New uniforms were prescribed to the soldiers
through which the Turkish military was reorganized on modern lines.

9. CONCLUSION -
• Kemal Pasha was a good man, he did a lot of reforms for Turkey to modernize it.
From clothing to new laws for women and changes in the military. Mustafa kemal
Pasha was a very smart man. He used his intelligence in bringing peace, freedom
to all and respect to women.
• Studying him as a Transformational leader gives Valuable insight on effective
leadership. He was an inspiration to the world. He secularized the country, with a
Constitution that seperated the religion of politics.

10. REFERENCES-
• https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kemal-Ataturk
• http://www.turkeyswar.com/whoswho/mustafakemal/
• https://polisci.berkeley.edu/course/modernization-turkey-and-iran
• Textbook