civil engineer By:-priyanshu kumar

1. DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted by :- Priyanshu KumarSubmitted To :- Mr. Sagar Patni
(Assistant Professor )
Topic :- Remote Sensing

2. CONTENT
 Introduction
 History
 Type of Remote Sensing
 Principle of Remote Sensing
 Stages in Remote Sensing
 Application
 Type of satellites
 Indian Remote Sensing
 Advantages and Disadvantages

3. Why this Presentation .. ?
► Remote Sensing has several unique advantages as well as some
limitations also.
► It is essential to understand both the advantages and limitations
of remote sensing, to use it more effectively.
Source – (Wikipedia)

4. What is remote sensing used for?
 Remote sensing is a method for getting
information about of different objects on the
planet, without any physical contacts with it.

5. History of remote sensing
 The technology of modern remote sensing began with
the invention of the camera more than 150 years ago.
 The idea and practice of looking down at the Earth's
surface emerged in the 1840s when pictures were taken
from cameras secured to tethered balloons for purposes
of topographic mapping.
 Satellite remote sensing can be traced to the early days
of the space age (both Russian and American
programs) and actually began as a dual approach to
imaging surfaces using several types of sensors from
spacecraft.
 The term "remote sensing," first used in the United
States in the 1950s by Ms. Evelyn Pruitt of the U.S. (Source:- Wikipedia)

6. Types of remote sensing
ACTIVE REMOTE SENSING
Artificial source of radiation, the reflected or scattered signal is analyzed :
 SOUND: SONAR
 RADIO WAVES: RADAR (Radio detection and ranging)
 LASER LIGHT: LIDAR (light detection and ranging)
 WHITE LIGHT: (differential optical absorption spectroscopy)
PASSIVE REMOTE SENSING
Natural source of radiation ,the attenuated, reflected , scattered or emitted
radiation analyzed :
 Solar light
 Lunar light
 Stellar light
 Thermal emission
(Source:- Class Notes)

7. Principle of remote sensing
► Detection and discrimination of objects or surface features means detecting and recording
of radiant energy reflected or emitted by objects or surface material.
► Different objects return different amount of energy in different bands of the
electromagnetic spectrum, incident upon it.
► This depends on the property of material (structural, chemical, and physical), surface
roughness, angle of incidence, intensity, and wavelength of radiant energy.
► The Remote Sensing is basically a multi-disciplinary science which includes a combination
of various disciplines such as optics, spectroscopy, photography, computer, electronics and
telecommunication, satellite launching etc.
► All these technologies are integrated to act as one complete system in itself, known as
Remote Sensing System. There are a number of stages in a Remote Sensing process, and
each of them is important for successful operation.
Source :- S.K Duggal

8. Stages in remote sensing
 Emission of electromagnetic radiation, or EMR
(sun/self- emission)
 Transmission of energy from the source to the
surface of the earth, as well as absorption and
scattering
 Interaction of EMR with the earth’s surface:
reflection and emission
 Transmission of energy from the surface to the
remote sensor
 Sensor data output
 Data transmission, processing and analysis
(Source:- Wikipedia)

9. Application of Remote Sensing
Urbanization & Transportation
 Urban planning
 Roads network and transportation planning
 City expansion
 City boundaries by time
 Wetland delineation
(Source:- Class notes)

10. Application of Remote Sensing
Agriculture
The application of remote sensing in agriculture include:
- Soil sensing
- Farm classification
- Farm condition assessment
- Agriculture estimation
- Mapping of farm and agricultural land characteristics
- Mapping of land management practices
- Compliance monitoring
(Source:- Class notes)

11. Application of Remote Sensing
Natural resource Management
 Forestry: biodiversity, forest, deforestation
 Water source management
 Habitat analysis
 Environmental assessment
 Pest/disease outbreaks
 Impervious surface mapping
 Hydrology
 Mineral province
 Geomorphology
(Source:- Class notes)

12. Types of Satellites
Geostationary Satellites
A geostationary satellite is one of
the satellites which is getting
remote sense data and
located satellite at an altitude of
approximately 36000 kilometres
and directly over the equator.
(Source:- Class notes)

13. Types of Satellites
Polar-Orbiting Satellites
A polar orbit is a satellite
which is located near to above
of poles. This satellite mostly
uses for earth observation by
time.
(Source:- Class notes)

14. Indian remote sensing
 The satellite for earth observation (SEO),now called bhaskara was 1st Indian remote sensing
satellite.
 Construction of Indian satellite began 1973 by ISRO and launched by a soviet launch vehicle
from Ussr into near circular orbit in June 1979.
 The satellite a weighing about 440kg was polyhedral in shape with 26 flat faces and
measured approximately 1.4m end end.
 Following the successful demonstration flights of Bhaskhar and Bhaskara-2 satellites
launched in 1979 and 1981, respectively, India began to develop the indigenous Indian
Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite program to support the national economy in the areas of
agriculture, water resources, forestry and ecology, geology, water sheds, marine fisheries
and coastal management.
 The sensors on Bhaskara satellite are two television camera's three microwave radiometers
and a data collection platform.
(Source:- Wikipedia)

15. Indian remote sensing
Conti…
 The 1st two IRS spacecraft IRS-1A(march 1988) & IRS-1B(august 1991) were
launched by Russian Vostro booster from Bikaner commodore.
 IRS -1A is failed in 1992, while IRS-1B continued to operate through 1999.

16. IRS data applications
 Space Based Inputs for Decentralized Planning (SIS-DP)
 National Urban Information System (NUIS)
 ISRO Disaster Management Support Programmer (ISRO-DMSP)
 Biodiversity Characterizations at landscape level
 Preharvest crop area and production estimation of major crops.
 Drought monitoring and assessment based on vegetation condition.
 Flood risk zone mapping and flood damage assessment.
 Hydro-geomorphological maps for locating underground water resources for drilling well.
 Irrigation command area status monitoring
(Source:- Wikipedia)

17. Continued
 Snow-melt run-off estimates for planning water use in down stream projects
 Land use and land cover mapping
 Urban planning
 Forest survey
 Wetland mapping
 Environmental impact analysis
 Mineral Prospecting
 Coastal studies
 Integrated Mission for Sustainable Development (initiated in 1992) for generating locale-
specific prescriptions for integrated land and water resources development in 174 districts

19. Indian remote sensing log
Serial No. Satellite Date of Launch Launch Vehicle Status
111 IRS 1A 17 March 1988 Vostok, USSR Mission Completed
222 IRS 1B 29 August 1991 Vostok, USSR Mission Completed
333 IRS P1 (also IE) 20 September 1993 PSLV-D1 Crashed, due to launch failure of PSLV
44 IRS-P2 15 October 1994 PSLV-D2 Mission Completed
55 IRS-1C 28 December 1995 Molniya, Russia Mission Completed
66 IRS-P3 21 March 1996 PSLV-D3 Mission Completed
77 IRS 1D 29 September 1997 PSLV-C1 Mission Completed
88 IRS-P4 (Oceansat-1) 27 May 1999 PSLV-C2 Mission Completed
99 Technology Experiment Satellite (TES) 22 October 2001 PSLV-C3 Mission Completed

20. Advantage of remote sensing
1. Satellite images are permanent records, providing useful
information in various wavelengths.
2. Large area coverage enables regional surveys on a
variety of themes and identification of large features.
3. Repetitive coverage allows monitoring of dynamic
themes like water, agriculture etc.
(Source:- Class Notes)

21. Continued
4. Easy data acquisition at different scales and resolutions.
5. A single remotely sensed image can be analysed and interpreted for different purposes and
applications.
6. Amenability of remotely sensed data for fast processing using a computer.
7. Remote Sensing is unobstructed if the sensor is passively recording the electromagnetic
energy reflected from or emitted by the phenomena of interest.
Thus, passive remote sensing does not disturb the object or area of interest.
8. The images are analysed in the laboratory thus reducing the amount of field work.
(Source:- Class Notes)

22.  the inaccessible areas like volcanic eruption, failure
of dam over river, etc. can be covered by the remote
sensing techniques to study the intensity of disaster.

23. disadvantage
1. Expensive for small areas, particularly for one time analysis.
2. Requires specialized training for analysis of images.
3. Large scale engineering maps cannot be prepared from satellite data.
4. Aerial photographs are costly if repetitive photographs are required to study the dynamic
features.
5. Human beings select the most appropriate sensor to collect the data, specify the resolution of
the data, calibrate the sensor, select the platform that will carry the sensor, determine when the
data will be collected and specify how the data will be processed.
Thus, human method produced error may be introduced.
(Source:- Class Notes)

24. Disadvantage of remote sensing
continued
6. Powerful active remote sensing system, such as radars or lasers that emit their own EMR
(electromagnetic radiation), can be intrusive and affect the phenomenon being
investigated.
7. Remote Sensing instruments often become uncalibrated, resulting in uncalibrated remote
sensing data.
8. Distinct phenomena can be confused if they look the same to the sensor, leading to
classification error. Example: artificial & natural grass in green light (but infrared light can
easily distinguish them).
9. Phenomena which were not meant to be measured (for the application at hand) can
interfere with the image and must be accounted for. Examples for land cover classification:
atmospheric water vapour, sun vs. shadow (these may be desirable in other applications).

25. Reference
 Wikipedia
 Sk duggal
 Ppt available on slideshare
 Class Notes
 EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONS WITH REMOTE SENSING IMAGES, Centre for Geo-
Information,Dept. Environmental Sciences.
 Md. Bodruddoza Mia, Remote Sensing, GIS and Its application, Earth Resources
Engineering, Kyushu University, Japan.
 GIS in Weather and Society, Institute for the Study of Society and Environment
 National Center for Atmospheric Research