This presentation is about the various equipments that are used in the construction field to make life easy.

2. Construction equipment can be broadly
classified into the following groups :-
 Earth moving equipment
 Hauling equipment
 Hoisting equipment
 Conveying equipment
 Aggregate and concrete production
equipment
 Tunnelling and rock drilling equipment

3.  Earth moving equipment
(i) There are two types of earth moving equipment.
(ii) They are excavating equipment and excavating
and earth moving equipment.
 The basic operations are excavating, digging of
large quantities of earth, moving them to distances
which are sometimes fairly long, placement,
compacting, levelling, dozing, grading, hauling
etc..

4. Hoisting equipment
Hoisting is the operation of lifting a weight
from one location and moving it to another
location which is at a reasonable distance and
then dumping it.
Hauling equipment
(i) Hauling is defined as the movement of
material from one place to another.
(ii) The equipment used for transportation of
material are known as hauling equipment or
haulers.

5. Conveying equipment
 Conveying is a process of transporting material
from one place to another over a stationary
structure.
 Hence conveying equipment are those which
carry material in a continuous stream with its
distinct feature such as endless chain or belt.
 Conveying can be done horizontally, vertically or
inclined. When it is done horizontally then it is
termed as conveyor and when it is done inclined it
is termed as elevator.

6. Aggregate and concrete production
equipment
 Concrete is the basic requirement for any construction.
Concrete needs cement, sand and aggregate.
 Cement is manufactured in the factory and is available in
the market.
 Sand is obtained from the river bank or other natural
sources.
 However, aggregate has to be produced at the site, if the
quantity is needed very large.
 Therefore, in any project where concrete requirement is
very high, an aggregate preparation and processing plant
is essential to complete the concreting operations.

7.  It is the basic equipment employed to excavate the earth
and to load the trucks.
 Power shovels are capable of excavating all types of
earth except hard rocks.
 It may be crawler mounted or wheel mounted.
 Crawler mounted have low speeds but very effective in
unstable soils. On the other hand, wheel mounted shovels
have higher speeds and are effective only on firm ground.
 The size of the bucket or dipper denotes the size of the
power shovel. The size of power shovel varies from 0.375
cu.m to 5 cu.m
 The basic parts of a power shovel are track system,
cabin, cables, rack, stick, boom foot-pin, saddle block,
boom, boom point sheaves and bucket.

10.  The power shovel is moved into the required
position such that the excavation face is within the
reach.
 Then the bucket stick is lowered and cables are
moved such that a bite is made into the ground.
 By moving the bucket forward, the earth gets
excavated and gets filled in the bucket.
 Then the bucket is swung back to the required
position and by opening the flap, the excavated
earth is unloaded into the truck.
 The process is repeated.

11.  Most suitable for close range of work.
 Capable of digging very hard materials.
 Can remove big sized boulders.

12.  It is also known as hoe, back shovel, pull shovel.
 It is generally used to excavate below the natural
surface on which it rests.
 It removes earth as it caves into the ground to
establish natural slopes.
 The basic parts are boom, jack boom, boom foot
drum, boom sheave, stick sheave, stick, bucket
and bucket sheave.

14.  The operation is similar to the power shovel.
 Except the digging action results from the drag or
pull of the bucket towards the machine.
 The machine is placed in operation by setting the
boom at the desired angle.
 Then the hoist cable is pulled in, and the drag
cable is released, thus moving the dipper to the
required position.
 The free end of the boom is lowered by releasing
the tension in the hoist cable until the dipper teeth
bites into the earth.

15.  By pulling the cable, the dipper is filled.
 The dipper is lifted by raising the boom and then
swinging to the dumping position.
APPLICATIONS
 Not efficient as a power shovel.
 Most suitable for digging trenches, footings etc..

16.  The drag line is so named because of its
prominent operation of dragging the bucket
against the material to be dug.
 It has long hoist crane boom and the bucket is
loosely attached to the boom through cables.
Operation
 The bucket is lowered in fully dumped position,
releasing both hoist and drag cable, till it rests on
the ground with the teeth digging into the earth.
 The hoist cable is slackened slightly and then the
drag pull is applied.

17.  This action fills in the earth and the bucket takes a
horizontal position.
 When the required dumping height is attained, the
boom is swung to the position of dumping and the
drag brake is released.
 This will dump the load off the bucket.
 The cycle is repeated.

19.  The machine is so named due to the resemblance of
its bucket to a clam which is like a shell-fish with a
hinged double shell.
 The basic parts are the closing line, hoist line,
sheaves, brackets, tag line, shell and hinge.
OPERATION
 The clamshell bucket is brought over the location
where the material is to be dug.
 The bucket is lowered with the shells open till a good
contact is made with the ground.
 Now the bucket shells are closed in through the
closing line.
 It is then hoisted and swung to the position of
dumping and the material is dumped.

21.  Commonly used for handling loose material such
as crushed stone, sand, gravel, coal etc..
 The main feature is the vertical lifting of material
from one location to another.
 Mainly used for removing material from coffer
dams, sewer manholes, well foundations etc..

22. ems of
escription
Power
shovel
Back hoe Drag line Cla
Excavation in
ard soil or rock
Good Good Not good Poo
Excavation in wet
oil or mud
Poor Poor Moderately
good
Mo
goo
Distance
etween footing
nd digging
Small Small Long Lon
oading
fficiency
Very good Good Moderately
good
Pre
but
ooting required Close to
work
Close to
pit
Fairly
away from
Fai
awa

23.  It is a unique machine for digging and long
distance hauling of plough able materials.
 It is a self operating machine which digs and picks
up its own load through scrapping the ground,
hauls it over the required distance, discharging,
spreading the material and then returning back to
pit for the next load.
 Hence it is not dependent on other equipment.
 The capacity of a scraper may be specified as the
heaped capacity of the bowl expressed in cubic
meters.

25.  The loading operation of a scraper is done by
lowering the front end of the bowl till the cutting
edge enters the ground.
 The front apron is raised to provide an open slot
through which the earth flows into the bowl.
 As the scraper moves forward, the earth is forced
into the bowl.
 The dumping is done by lowering the cutting edge
to the desired height above the fill, raising the
apron and forcing the earth out.S

26.  It is essentially a heavy steel blade which is
mounted on the front of a tractor.
 Bull dozers are classified on the basis of :
1. Position of blades
a) Bull dozers with blades perpendicular to the
direction of movement.
b) Angle dozers in which the blade is set at an angle
with the direction of the movement.
2. Based on mountings
a) Wheel mounted
b) Crawler mounted

29.  The earth moving bull dozer consists of a heavy
blade of concave profile.
 The blade is attached to the body of the tractor
with two arms and a supporting frame.
 The blade is held at the lower edge on the two
heavily built push arms which are hinged to the
frame of the tractor.
 Mainly used for spreading the earth fill.
 Clears land from trees and stumps.
 Clears construction sites.

30. ANGLE DOZER

31.  Tractors are mainly used for pulling and pushing
the other equipment or heavy loads.
 These are also used for agricultural purposes.
 There are two types. They are Crawler type tractor
and wheel type tractor.

32. WheeledtypeCrawlertype
 Greater speed
 Cheaper
 Operational and maintenance cost is less
 Wheel steering control
 Can handle only lighter jobs
 Maximum speed is 50 kmph
 Slow speed
 Costly
 Cost of operation and maintenance is high
 Stick control for steering
 More compact and powerful and can handle
heavier jobs
 Maximum speed is 12 kmph

33.  Cranes are classified as :
(i) Stationary or Derrick cranes
(ii) Mobile cranes
(iii) Overhead or Gantry cranes
(iv) Traveller cranes
(v) Tower cranes

34.  Derrick cranes consist of mast, boom, a bull wheel
on which boom rotates and guys or supporting
members.
 There are 2 types of cranes. They are.,
(a) Guy derrick (b) Stiff leg derrick
 The guy derrick has a small mast. The boom can
revolve through 360˚. This crane is used for heavy
loads upto 200 tons.
 When the loads become less than 50 tons, guy
ropes are replaced by trussed structure which
becomes stiff leg derrick.

36.  These type of cranes are
mounted on mobile units
which is either crawler
type or wheel type.
 Truck cranes have high
mobility while crawler
cranes move slowly.
 These cranes are used for
transportation of loads to
shorter distances.

37.  These cranes are used in foundry, steel plants,
storage yards, and different types of industrial works.
 It consists of 2 main parts., the bridge and the crab.
 The bridge consists of two main girders fixed at their
ends to the end carriages which are supported on
tram wheels and capable of moving on gantry rails.
 The crab consists of the hoisting gear mounted on a
frame.
 The frame itself is mounted on another set of wheels
and capable of travelling across the main girder.

39.  Travelling or bridge
cranes have their crabs
moving on girders which
are supported on legs
instead of on overhead
gantry track as used in
overhead cranes.
 The legs are capable of
moving on tracks laid on
the floor.

40.  Tower cranes are actually a derrick crane
mounted on a steel tower.
 Tower cranes are usually used for industrial and
residential high rise buildings.
 These are commonly used for assembly of
industrial plants with steel structures.
 The main parts are under carriage, slewing
platform, tower with operator’s cabin and jibs.
 The tower has a truss structure welded from steel
bars and channels.

42.  Trucks are used for the transportation of building
materials, carriage and disposal of excavated
earth and haulage of heavy construction
equipment.
 Trucks are classified according to the method of
dumping the load, as follows.,
1) Dump trucks
 These are used for earth moving purpose.
 Dumping of earth can be done on the rear, on the
sides or at the bottom of the truck.

43. a) Side or rear dump trucks:-
 These are heavy duty trucks with a strongly built
body which is hinged on the truck chasis at the
rear end and one side respectively and can be
fitted to the rear in the case of rear dump and to
be hinged side in case of the side dump, through
the action of hydraulic jack.
 These trucks are suitable for use in hauling wet
clay, sand, gravel, quarry rocks etc..

45. b) Bottom dump trucks:-
 These are similar to semi-trailers in which their
front is supported on the rear of the hauling tractor
and there is resting on their own wheels.
 The body of the truck remains in the same
position and the discharge of the material takes
place through its bottom after opening of two
longitudinal gates.
 The gates are hinged to the side of the body.
 These are suitable for hauling the materials like
sand, gravel, dry earth, hard clay etc..

47.  Dumpers are high speed pneumatic wheeled
trucks with short chasis and strong bodies.
 The loading, hauling and dumping is done very
fast compared to other equipment by using the
dumpers and are suitable for short hauls on rough
roads.

48. 1) Smooth wheel rollers:-
 These are plain steel rollers, self-propelled type,
weighing from 5 to 15 tonnes and are used for
ordinary rolling work where deep compaction is
not required.
 The rollers may have one front and two rear
wheels, the rear wheels being usually larger in
diameter and the front one being wider.
 The weight of the roller can be increased by
using hollow wheels which can be filled with
water or sand ballast.

49.  These are diesel engine type.
 The plain steel rollers compacts only the top small
thickness of earth and its effect does not reach the
bottom of the layers.
 As the roller is pulled forward, a wave of soil is
pushed up in the direction of movement and with
the successive passages over the ground, surface
soil is gradually compacted.
 These rollers are effective in compacting granular
soils, such as sand, gravel and crushed stone.

51. There 3 types of sheep foot rollers. They are.,
1) Ordinary sheep foot roller
2) Convertible roller
3) Turn foot roller
 For compacting earth work in embankments and
canals where compaction deep into the layer of earth
is required, these types of rollers are used.
 The roller consists of a hollow steel drum, and have
projected feet or projections mounted on the surface
which are arranged around the wheel at 100 to 200
mm c/c along the axis.

52.  The sheep foot rollers may weigh upto 15 tonnes
or more and travel upto a speed of 25 kmph.
 As the roller moves over the surface, the feet
penetrate the soil to produce a kneading action
and a pressure mix and compact the soil from
bottom to top layer.
 In the convertible rollers, there is a plain drum to
which curved plates having welded sheep foot
are attached.
 In case of turn foot rollers, the shape of the
individual sheep foot can be changed, thus
varying the pressure on the soil.

54.  A common type of pneumatic tyred roller consists
of a base or platform mounted between two axles,
the rear of which has one ore more wheel than the
front.
 The tyres are so arranged that the tracks of the
forward wheels lie in between the tracks of the
backward wheels.
 These are most suitable for compacting fine
grained soil and well graded sands.

56.  This is used when large quantities of material
have to be conveyed over long distances at fast
speed.
 The simplest form of conveyor belt consists of a
belt running over a pair of end drums or pulleys
and supported at regular intervals by a series of
rollers called idlers.
 It can handle light as well as heavy materials, dry
or wet, fine or coarse etc..
 It can carry material horizontally or inclined.

58.  This type of conveyor is widely used for handling
granular or pulverised material.
 The quantity of material conveyed is less
compared to belt conveyor, but, at the same time,
the cost is also less.
 A screw conveyor consists of a helix mounted on
a bearing at the ends and at intermediate points
and is driven by a motor from one end.
 The material enters the trough at one end and is
carried to the other end by screwing action of
helix.
 The length of the conveyor is about 65 m. with an
inclination upto a maximum of 35˚.

61.  It has buckets which are open at the top.
 They may be feeder loaded or may be drag in a
trough to load.
 These conveyors can be used for both horizontal
or vertical movement or along an incline.
 The length of these type of conveyors are
generally limited to 25 m. due to weight of the
conveyors and strength of the chains.
 This type of conveyor is mainly used in coal
handling where bucket elevators carry the material
vertically.

63.  Aerial transportation through cableways, rope-
ways and tramways are often used with
advantages for transportation of material in hilly
regions and thereby considerably reducing the
distance of transportation as well as cost.
 A cableway is a single span system where load is
capable of being raised or lowered at any point of
the traverse.
 A rope-way is an extended cableway, with two and
more spans, the load being passed over
intermediate towers or stations for long distances.