1. STEM CELL
&
CLONING
By: Palwinder Kaur
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2. 2

3. HISTORY OF STEM CELL
RESEARCH
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4. TYPES OF STEM CELLS
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Type of stem cell What it can be Examples
Totipotent cells Each cell can
develop into a
new individual
Cells of embryo
of 1-3 days
Pluripotent cells Each cell can
form any cell type
(over 200)
Cells of blastocyst
5-14 days
Multipotent cells Cells differentiate
and can form a
number of tissue
types.
Fetal tissue, cord
blood, adult cells

5. WHERE DO THEY COME FROM ??
• Embryos: Embryonic stem (ES) cells are stem cells derived
from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage embryo.
• Adults: Adult stem cells, also called somatic stem cells, are
stem cells which maintain and repair the tissue in which they
are found.
• Umbilical cord: Blood cells from the post-delivery umbilical
cord contain undifferentiated cells.
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6. WHY STEM CELLS ??
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7. 7

8. CLONING
• Cloning in general refer to as reproduction without mating.
• Cloning is a scientific process that allows scientists to copy the
genetic traits of a plant or animal to create one or more living
replicas.
• The baby that develops will have the identical genetic traits as
the animal that provided the nucleus used to fertilize the host’s
egg. 8

9. MILESTONES IN HISTORY OF
CLONING
• In 1996 - Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell cloned the first animal from adult
cells. Dolly the sheep, born on July 5, 1996, was created using the so-called
Roslin Technique.
• In 1997, Infigen Inc., a biotechnology company, created the first cloned calf
named Gene in the world. It was cloned from a non-embryonic cell.
• In 1998 - Ryuzo Yanagimachi, Toni Perry and Teruhiko Wakayama of the
University of Hawaii reported cloning fifty mice from adult mouse cells.
• In 2001 - Scientists at Advanced Cell Technology, Inc. announced the birth of a
cloned baby bull gaur (a large wild ox) named Noah. Noah was the first
endangered animal to be cloned.
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10. 10
GENE MAGIC &
STEM
NOAH
“THE CLONES”

11. RECIPE OF
CLONING
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12. 12

13. TYPES OF CLONING
• Therapeutic cloning : It involves the use
of (stem) cells for medicinal or research
purposes.
• Reproductive cloning: It involve the use
(stem) cells to create cloned humans or animals.
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14. WHY CLONING ??
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• Substitute for Natural Reproduction
• Obtain Specific Traits in Organisms
• Cloning animals for excellent traits
• Possibility of repopulating
the endangered species

15. ISSUES RELATED TO STEM CELL RESEARCH
& CLONING
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16. RELIGIOUS ISSUES
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17. MEDICAL ISSUES
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•Possible miscarriage
•Unforeseen deaths in later life of the
clone
•Health risks from mutated genes
•Developmental delays
•Neurological disorders
•Unstable immune system

18. CONTROVERSIAL
ASPECTS
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•
• EMBRYONIC STEM CELL
RESEARCH
• REPRODUCTIVE CLONING
•

19. CURRENT LAWS
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• In 2001 Bush announced federal funds can only be used to
study embryonic cells that already exist, all other will be
done by using private funding.
• United Kingdom made it legal to clone human embryos for
medical research.
• South Korea, Sweden & Singapore allow therapeutic
cloning.
• Australia did banned cloning in 2006 but now therapeutic
cloning is legal

20. FUTURE ASPECT & CONCLUSION
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• Stem cells pose a bright future for the therapeutic world by promising treatment
options for the diseases which are considered as non-curable now a days.
• Although there has been limited success in cloning some animals, it's still seen as a
viable technology.
• Ever since the announcement of the birth of Dolly, additional
sheep, cows, goats, pigs, and mice have been cloned.
• Cloning is a big first step. Genetic
manipulation of cloned animals is the
future direction of the cloning frontier.

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23. REFERENCES
• http://www.faseb.org/portals/2/pdfs/opa/cloning.pdf
• http://www.stemcellnetwork.ca/index.php?page=the-potential-of-stem-cell-research
• http://www.eurostemcell.org/faq/what-are-potential-applications-stem-cell-research
• http://www.linacre.org/stemcell.html
• http://www.academia.edu/207072/BIOETHICS_OF_STEM_CELL_RESEARCH_AND_
CLO
NING?
• http://www.bbc.com/future/tags/cloning
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell_therapy
• http://www.eurostemcell.org/faq/what-are-potential-applications-stem-cell-research
• http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/18/health/stem-cells-cloning/
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24. REFERENCES
• http://www.nature.com/news/human-stem-cells-created-by-cloning-1.12983
• http://www.dw.de/stem-cell-cloning-remains-highly-controversial/a-16824112
• http://www.genome.gov/10004765
• http://www.livescience.com/32079-how-stem-cell-cloning-works-infographic.html
• http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/health-ethics/human-embryos-and-cloning/stem-cells-cloning-and-
related-issues
• http://cbhd.org/stem-cell-research/overview
• http://www.genome.gov/10004765
• http://www.stemcellsaustralia.edu.au/About-Stem-Cells/FAQ/What-has-cloning-got-to-do-
with-stem-cell-research.aspx
• https://www.google.ca/search?q=stem+cell+research+cloning&oq=STEM+CELL+&aqs=chrome.0
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• Stem Cells and Cloning (2nd Edition) Kelly M Hogan (Author), Michael A. Palladino (Author) 24