2. Information Media for Water Supply and
Environmental Sanitation
From The Editor 1
Published by: Your Voice 2
Working Group for Water Supply and
Sanitation Main Report
Sanitation Micro-credit for the Poor 3
Advisor:
Director General for Urban and Lesson Learned from Micro-Credit Projects Across the World 9
Rural Development, Department of Public Works Experiences from Family Latrine Credit in Yogyakarta 11
Board of Trustee: Insight
Director of Human Settlement and Housing, Healthy Latrine and Strong Posyandu 12
National Development Planning Agency
Republic of Indonesia Solid Waste Management through Eco-cycle Society 14
Director of Water and Sanitation, Community Participation to Support Water Supply and Environmental
Ministry of Health
Director of Urban and Rural Eastern Region, Sanitation of a Settlement Area 15
Department of Public Works Hygiene is an Investment 18
Director of Natural Resources and Appropriate
Technology, Director General on Village and Water Supply Services: The Present and Future Challenges 20
Community Empowerment, Implementation of Capacity Building Concept in PDAM (Regional
Department of Home Affairs
Director for Facilitation of Special Planning Drinking Water Enterprise) 22
Environment Management, Flood and Landslide in the Wet and Drought in the Dry Season 25
Department of Home Affairs
Telescope
Chief Editor: First Trial, Immediate Result 28
Oswar Mungkasa
Communal Work to Build Latrine 29
Board of Editor: They Only want a Closet Type 30
Ismail, Johan Susmono,
Indar Parawansa, Poedjastanto Building Simple Latrine 31
Reportage
Editor:
Maraita Listyasari, Rewang Budiyana, Rheidda When the Elites Get Better Acquainted with Their Environment 32
Pramudhy, Joko Wartono, Essy Asiah, Interview
Mujiyanto, Andre Kuncoroyekti
Community Empowerment Through Posyandu 34
Graphics Design & Illustrator: Website Info 37
Rudi Kosasih
Book Info 38
Production: CD Info 39
Machrudin
Around WSES 40
Distribution: Around WASPOLA 46
Meiza Aprizya, Agus Syuhada
Bibliography 54
Address: Clinic IATPI 55
Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat
Phone/Fax.: 62-21-31904113 Agenda 56
http://www.ampl.or.id
e-mail: redaksipercik@yahoo.com
redaksi@ampl.or.id
oswar@bappenas.go.id
Unsolicited article or opinion items
are welcome. Please send to our address This magazine is a translation of the official Bahasa version.
or e-mail. Don't forget to be brief and accom-
panied by identity.
Cover by RUDI KOSASIH

3. F R O M E D I TO R
Dear readers, there is a good news
that we want share with you. Percik is
getting more attention from the stake-
holders of water and sanitation sector.
We are frequently receiving many sub-
scription enquiries for the magazine.
Some of the readers also said that they
use Percik as one of their references.
These facts surely are pleasant things
for us, the editorial team. It means that
our goal to set Percik as one of refe-
rences in water and sanitation sector is
nearly to be achieved.
Readers, this year is the year of
micro finance. In this edition, Percik
present main report on micro finance
for sanitation, especially for latrines
construction. We believe that this is an
important issue, because micro finance
scheme has not been directed to facili-
tate sanitation development. Whereas
sanitation cannot be taken for granted,
as it is very important for our health. In
fact, there are many people in Indonesia
that do not have any sanitation facilities,
particularly latrines. They defecate in
any place they can find. Until today,
Percik reporter Mujiyanto and Andre K. (the first and the second from
there is no formal form of micro finance the left) with sanitarian and CLTS activists in Kertowono village,
scheme to facilitate them. We hope, this Lumajang, East Java.
report will build a discourse and further
motivates policy makers to give more
attention for these people and provide a support from the government. All that are plotted as activity centers that not
small portion of fund for latrine con- needed is a triggering. only include health services but also
struction. Readers, the Interview column in other activities such as community em-
For some communities, latrine con- this edition is different from that of pre- powerment activities.
struction is not obstructed by fund vious editions. We used to present an in- We also present reportage on a com-
unavailability. It is more a matter of wil- terview with a central government offi- munity that has a great concern about
lingness and understanding. This is as cer and the topic is related to the Main environmental quality of their neigh-
proved during Community Led Total Report. For this edition, we interviewed borhood. They are part of upper-middle
sanitation (CLTS) pilot project in a Lumajang District official to capture class in Jakarta. We will take a close
Lumajang that we will present in Teles- local perspective on water and sanitati- look on their efforts.
cope column. At first, there are many on development. There are some lessons Readers, all that we present here are
doubts about this approach. The ques- that can be learned by central govern- not perfect. But surely we always make
tion that have been tickling in some ment and other district governments. efforts to present you better informa-
minds is "how it's possible to build peo- For instance, Lumajang District has tion. We are looking forward for your
ple's awareness without any financial launched a program that named Luma- valuable critics and suggestions. From
intervention?". The result is unexpec- jang Sehat 2007 (Healthy Lumajang the beginning, we are determining to
ted. In a relatively short time, almost all 2007) that included in Gerbang Mas make this magazine as a media for in-
villagers in pilot project locations built campaign. To achieve the program's formation exchange between stake-
their own latrine without any financial goal, Posyandu (integrated service post) holders.
Percik July 2005 1

4. Y O U R VO I C E
Subscription ing your efforts to disseminate infor- tion. Can I receive the magazine regu-
I'm very interested with the con- mation on water and sanitation. I also larly? I read from your website that the
tent of Percik. I want to receive the hope that we can build a mutual magazine is free of charge. If I can't
magazine regularly to improve my cooperation in the future. get the hard copy, can I get the soft
knowledge of environmental manage- copy?
ment. I also want to receive water and Ir. H. Isrin Agoes
sanitation interactive CD. Head of Bappedalda Propinsi Slamet Purwanto
How can I subscribe to the maga- West Sumatera Jln. Raya Darmaga Gg Bara I No.184B,
zine? I live outside Jakarta. Can I send Kelurahan Babakan RT 01/03
my paper about environmental prob- We have sent all that you need. Darmaga,
lems in my district, Batang district? Thank you for your kind interest and Bogor Barat 16680
support.
We will send Percik to your
Ir. Wisnu Suryotomo address.
Environmental observer Reference Books
Jl. Ahmad Yani Gang 28 (Tengger) No. 41 I am the Head of Environmental
Kauman Kabupaten Batang, Engineering Department, Faculty of Percik Collection
Jawa Tengah
Engineering, University of Andalas, I got Percik in Waste Water
Padang, West Sumatera. To improve Treatment Seminar in Yogyakarta (24-
Percik is distributed free of our library, we need various reference 25 August 2005) and in National
charge. You only have to send us your books especially that of related to Dialogue on Solid Waste in Jakarta (4
request letter then we will send Percik environmental engineering (water June 2005). It turned out that the con-
to your address. If the topic of your supply, waste water, air quality, envi- tents are very helpful for me to do my
paper is water and sanitation, you ronmental sanitation and hygiene) tasks.
can send us your paper and we will such as regulations, technical gui- I really hope that you can help me to
publish it on Percik. dance, journals, etc. Can Working have all editions of Percik, starting from
Group help us for that? the earliest one. I only have seven edi-
tions (August 2003, October 2003,
Working Group Products Denny Helard, MT. February 2004, June 2004, August
I have read Percik August 2004 Dept. of Environmental Engineering 2004, October 2004, and December
edition and we realize the value of Engineering Faculty, University of Andalas 2004). How much I must pay?
information on water and sanitation. Kampus Limau Manis,
Those information are very important Padang-25163 Roesmani, ST
to improve my knowledge. Infor- Head of Environmental Sanitation Section
mation summary and documentation We will help you as we could. Permukiman Dinas KIMTARU Propinsi
in form of newsletter, CD and news However, we will help you to contact Central Java
clipping produced by Water and related institution that might be able to
Sanitation Working Group are effec- help. You already have all the early edi-
tive tools for socialization to various tions.
stakeholders. Percik Subscription We will send you all the 2005
I want to receive all Working I am, a student in IPB. I find that editions.
Group's products. I am fully support- Percik has a very valuable informa-
2 Percik July 2005

5. M AIN REPORT
Sanitation Micro-credit
for the Poor
CARICATURE: WWW.RUDIKOZ.COM
T
he village that part of Ngem- as revolving fund that can be borrowed by
People of Umbulmartani
plak sub-district administra- the community to build or improve their
village are now tion, Sleman District, Yogya- family latrines. The program then named
relieved. karta Province, is changed "Kredit Jamban Sehat" (Healthy Latrine
thanks to the help from World Bank faci- Credit). The amount of loan for each
Open defecation habit
litated by a NGO, [e] Foundation. The household was from Rp 750 thousands to
is drastically decreasing. amount is not big. However, it is able to Rp 1.275 thousands. The installment was
This is because motivate the community to change their paid monthly in 10 - 24 months period
life and create a healthier living environ- with 1,5% per month interest and the fine
they now have family
ment. for late repayment is 5% of the interest.
latrine. The grant from World Bank was used The loan cannot be used for other
Percik July 2005 3

6. MAIN REPORT
SOURCE: MUJIYANTO
purpose. Mandated criteria of a
healthy latrine as follows:
Equipped with cover, ventilation
and adequate water for hand wash-
ing and anal cleaning.
Odorless
Cemented floor
The minimum distance form near-
by water well is 10 meters.
In August 2002 the grant already
used to facilitate 12 family latrines con-
struction and improvement. The num-
ber has reached 40 family latrines by
February 2005.
The village chief, Atok Triyudianta,
explained that approximately there are
still 30% of his people that do not have
healthy latrines. If the only fund avail-
able is the World Bank grant, it will
takes ten years to provide healthy
latrines for all villagers. Therefore, the
chief ask for help to PT. Ford Motor
Indonesia (FMI) that has allocated People defecate on this river.
fund for environmental preservation.
FMI provided a grant that dis-
bursed in stages started from May and thus lead us to a healthy Yog- is probably worse, many basic sanita-
2004. The amount of the grant is Rp 41 yakarta and further healthy tion facilities are unusable anymore
million. Up until February 2005, the Indonesia", said Heny Kushayati, a and don't meet health and environ-
total amount of disbursed fund has PPK (family educational program) mental standards.
reached Rp 20,7 million. Because of activist and the wife of Atok Approximately, 73% of urban
this additional grant, the loan platform Triyudianta. households have on-site sanitation but
was increased up to Rp 1,5 million for most of their septic tank facilities are
each household. Indonesia Condition not working properly. Besides, urban
In May 2004, 11 new latrines were The Umbulmartani case is an illus- sewerage systems are not adequate
built and another 15 latrines built until tration of urban and rural basic sanita- and there are not enough domestic
February 2005. The interest that colle- tion condition in Indonesia - it is not waste treatment plants. This condition
cted from the borrowers was also used entirely representative though. By the leads to environmental degradation,
for nutrition improvement program end of 2002, the proportion of nation- particularly ground water and river
for under fiver year old children. This al population that have access to basic pollution.
was done through additional food pro- sanitation (equipped with latrine pit
gram in Posyandu (integrated health and septic tank) is 63,5%. In rural area Global Condition
service post). the proportion is 52,5% while the In September 2000, the world
"If healthy latrine program and urban proportion is 77,5%. These leaders declared Millennium Deve-
nutrition improvement program are numbers regardless the quality of the lopment Goals (MDGs), a set of tar-
sustainable, our dream to achieve a facilities, thus they don't reflect the gets to improve health and prosperity
healthy Umbulmartani can be realized actual condition. The actual condition of the world population. On the fol-
4 Percik July 2005

7. MAIN REPORT
lowing two years, United Nation held a been spent for wastewater treatment
World Summit on Sustainable each year. While there is still addition-
Development in Johannesburg, em- al US$ 56 million required for MDGs
phasized MDGs as a global commit- Diarrhoea to be reached.
ment and added specific target for Population growth is much higher
sanitation and hygiene. in the world than basic sanitation development
By the year 200, 2,4 billion people rate. There is a sanitation backlog.
across the globe don't have adequate 1,8 million of people have died Therefore, a new approach to acceler-
access to sanitation. Around 81 % of of diarrhoea and cholera. 90% ate basic sanitation development must
them are live in rural area. More than be implemented to meet growing
of them are children under five
1,1 billion people don't have sustain- demand.
able access to safe drinking water and years old, mostly live in devel- Classic financial schemes such as
86% of them are live in rural area. oping countries. subsidy and grant to widen sanitation
Inadequate access to safe drinking 88% of diarrhoea cases were service coverage are not suitable any-
water and sanitation causes a variety caused by un-safe drinking more with current condition. Beside
of diseases including diarrhea. More water and poor sanitation limited financial capacity of the gov-
than 250 million people suffer water- ernment, subsidy scheme is facing
Provision of safe drinking water
borne disease every year and 10 mil- three major problems: (i) the design
lion of die from it. Sanitation condition can decrease death caused by for subsidy is difficult, because it
in rural is worse than in urban. diarrhoea up to 21%. requires detailed information for
Approximately, 970 million people live Improved sanitation can assessing community's ability and will-
in slums and urban population is decrease death caused by diar- ingness to pay, finding best-suited
growing rapidly. rhoea up to 37,5%. delivery mechanism, defining social
By the year 2015, the global popu- and health benefits; (ii) there are too
Hand washing practice can
lation is predicted to reach 7 billion. many obstacles for subsidy delivery;
Most of them will live in developing decrease diarrhoea cases up to (iii) Subsidy-based system is tend to be
countries. This growth will increase 35%. unsustainable. However, subsidy sys-
the number of people without ade- Water quality improvement can tem is part of government responsibil-
quate access to basic sanitation to 3,4 decrease diarrhoea episodes up ity, thus it cannot be completely elimi-
billion. World Health Organization to 45%. nated from sanitation sector develop-
(WHO) estimates that every year there ment. It can only be minimized.
are 150 million more people who are Some breakthroughs to develop
need access to sanitation With regard to this condition and alternative financing for basic sanita-
Will the target be achieved? This is limited financial capability of the gov- tion have been made. Micro finance is
both a question and a challenge. Sani- ernment and community, MDGs tar- one of them. This approach considered
tation development is not an easy task. gets can only be achieved by the year to be a reliable tool for poverty eradi-
There are several major problems such 2025. Without a strong political will cation and has gained international
as financial unavailability, cultural and commitment, those targets will recognition. This recognition is reflect-
obstacles and public unawareness. never be achieved. The main challenge ed in the 53rd decree of UN General
Open defecation is a common practice for Indonesia is how to achieve the tar- Assembly 1998 that proclaims the year
for certain communities in poor coun- get with existing financial capacity. 2005 as International Micro Finance
tries. There are also people that don't Year. The decree then followed by the
build sanitation facility because of Micro-finance Launching International Year of
financial problems. While some others Financial challenge has overshad- Micro-credit 2005, by UN Secretary
think that sanitation issue is govern- owed sanitation development globally. General in New York, 18 November
ment's responsibility not theirs. Up until now, US$ 14 million have 2004.
Percik July 2005 5

8. MAIN REPORT
SOURCE: RHEIDDA P
This event is designed to endorse
sustainable micro finance and micro
enterprise empowerment program to
eradicate poverty. UN Secretary
General called upon all world leaders,
financial institutions, and donor intu-
itions to use all their expertise in micro
credit to help poor communities.
In the event, all key speakers
agreed that micro-finance is the most
successful innovation in social and
economic development and have a sig-
nificant contribution to achieve
Millennium Development Goals. To
achieve the goal, there are several nec-
essary factors that have been identified
such as micro-credit promotion,
micro-finance training and capacity
building, private sector involvement
and regulation improvement that will
enable micro-finance development.
President Susilo Bambang Yudho-
yono has proclaimed Indonesia Micro-
finance Year 2005, on 26th February
Open latrine, many villagers own this type of latrine.
2005. This will bring accommodative
atmosphere for microfinace institu-
tions as key players in small-scale Nafadji proved that credit provision were facilitated with micro-credit have
enterprise development. for sanitation could decrease preva- satisfying repayment records.
Financing sanitation for the poor lence of waterborne disease and Several common rules of micro-
is not as easy as water financing. improve drinking water quality. finance for water and sanitation as fol-
While water serve as basic need and However, the use of micro-finance lows:
can be utilized for income generat- for sanitation provision remains a fair- Local demand research to assess
ing activities, sanitation will not ly new idea. There are lessons that can appropriate financial and accoun-
bring a direct result. Many litera- be learned from those successful proj- ting system and thorough under-
tures for water and sanitation ects. standing of the borrower and inter-
financing give more focus on water mediary capabilities.
sector. Key for Successful Implemen- Interest rate -- if any -- must be
Using micro-finance to support sa- tation based on the cost of fund, adminis-
nitation has had impressive results. Financing service for the poor is tration and labor costs, loan loss
Several models have practiced in not a priority for formal banking insti- allowances, margin for inflation
Lesotho, Honduras, Ghana, South tutions. Their access to such service is and a return on capital. Cost reco-
Africa, India and Pakistan. In low. This condition has hindered them very is central to the financing
Indonesia, Yayasan Dian Desa has to improve their life into a more pro- mechanisms as in this way a sus-
implemented sanitation microfinan- ductive and efficient one. Whereas tainable financial system is
cing in Yogyakarta since 1993. An ini- there are some facts that low-income achieved.
tiative by WaterAid and a local NGO in communities in Asia and Africa who The aim of micro-finance organiza-
6 Percik July 2005

9. MAIN REPORT
tion needs to be clearly defined. sive. The most successful micro- approach.
Where credit is just a sideline to finance product is that of BRI's What if the person doesn't need the
other activities there is a danger KUPEDES which was targeted for var- facility? If that is the case, necessary
that financial rules won't be so ious purposes. efforts to create demand must be
strictly enforced. Cost recovery in sanitation project taken. Public campaign to promote
Loan administration and collection is possible and credit is one of many hygiene and pressure from other mem-
system need to be simple. ways that can be used to achieve the ber of the community are some exam-
It is necessary to link financial goal. The scheme is quite flexible and ples. Well--managed credit service can
option to develop sanitation facility for can be combined with subsidy, grant or also motivate the community to utilize
low-income community with produc- ownership contribution. Credit pro- the loan for sanitation improvement.
tive activities to ensure repayment sus- gram is suitable as part of sanitation Credit providers must consider
tainability. Inline with sanitation cred- strategy that based on demand driven available options of sanitation facility
it, they provided with another credit
for income generating activities such
as grocery store, farming, transporta-
tion service etc. Sanitation micro-finance program will be
A revolving fund scheme was tried successful if the delivery and monitoring
to facilitate latrine construction in the mechanism is well designed. Borrower's ability
1990s. it was aimed to decrease non-
performing loan cases. The loan was
to repay and awareness of their sanitation
given to groups of 5 - 9 persons. The demand are the perquisites.
group then took the responsibility of
every loan made by members. The SOURCE: RHEIDDA P
group served as bridging fund provider
and pressure group for the borrowing
members. Collected repayment used to
facilitate other members or groups. In
some cases, where all members already
have sanitation facility, the loan used
for another purpose. However, this
scheme is deemed to be a failure by
some micro-finance practitioners.
Sanitation micro-finance program
will be successful if the delivery and
monitoring mechanism is well
designed. Borrower's ability to repay
and awareness of their sanitation
demand are the perquisites. It is
important for the borrower to under-
stand the demand. Otherwise, there is
a great risk that the loan will be mis-
used.
From the loan provider side, the
product must be targeted for a wide
range of purposes since the service cost
for single targeted loan is too expen- Although they are poor, the villagers able to construct proper latrines.
Percik July 2005 7

10. MAIN REPORT
SOURCE: ANDRE K
types for households. Low-income
households have various preferences.
Some households prefer to have the
cheapest simple latrine that suitable
with their budget while some others
prefer to build the complete one.
Availability of resources for sanita-
tion facility is also an important thing to
be considered. All materials that needed
for the construction must be available in
local markets. This will include a variety
of latrine types and models. Among
other things, available technology
options must be easily adoptable by
households. Thus micro-finance is not a
single independent entity but it need to
be supported by other elements.
Credit mechanism can be managed
to minimize sanitation investment
costs. With credit facility, the client will
be able to purchase sanitation facility
materials in bulk so the supplier can
give discounts.
Existing informal intermediaries are
very useful to minimize service costs
because they already familiar with
client's character.
Timescale
Sanitation development for low--in- Every person want to have a clean and healthy latrine.
come communities must have a realistic
timescale. The program will come into
failure if it only focused to widen service Financial institution can also pro- financial resource -- is not a reason to
coverage in a short period of time with- vide support to increase bargaining neglect the sector. There are many
out supported by efforts to build com- position of low-income households in alternatives to improve sanitation con-
munity's commitment to repay and order to ensure that their rights and the dition. It takes patience and determina-
revolve the loan. quality of sanitation facility are fulfilled tion.
Relationship between credit by the contractors. Any kind of fund that provided for
provider and client cannot be built sanitation development will not bring
overnight. It is a result of long-term Conclusion good result if there isn't behavioral cha-
relationship. This credit relationship Sanitation development is impor- nge toward sanitation within the com-
should not be managed as one-off trans- tant not only because it benefits the munity. It is worth to consider mixing
action that only targeted for single pur- owner but also it benefits the wider sanitation credit with another profitable
pose. Trust and confidence are part of community as a whole. Good sanitation credit types such as micro-enterprise
credit quality development. These can can significantly decrease the spreading credit and water service credit so that a
only be achieved through long-term of bad hygiene related diseases. cross subsidy mechanism can be deve-
relationship. A limited resource -- especially loped. (MJ)
8 Percik July 2005

11. M AIN REPORT
Lesson Learned from Micro-Credit Projects
Across the World SOURCE: WWW.QTAWWA.ORG
Every country has
its own method in
sanitation development.
Its experiences are valuable
to be learned by another
countries. The following are
some lessons from
micro-credit projects in
several countries.
Lesotho
T he Lesotho project was initiated in
1980 as part of a wider urban deve-
lopment scheme. The program provided
credit to households for investment in
VIP latrines. The program was motivated
by the household need for extended pay-
ment. In order to receive credit, house-
holds had to first dig a pit and provide a One of latrines in Honduras.
deposit of 30 - 40 per cent of the total cost.
Loans were typically in the range US$ 50 -
300. Although the money came from the education; Honduras
Lesotho government, the Lesotho Bank Integration of the project into existing
administered the loan since they had a bet- government structures; and The Co-operative Housing Foun-
ter record on loan defaulters. Strong coordination in policy and dation (CHF) program is a national stra-
In 1990, 600 loans had been ap- planning between different depart- tegy to provide loans for housing
proved in response to 4.500 enquiries, ments promoting improved sanita- improvements in Tegucigalpa the capital
252 latrines had been built and 81 per tion of Honduras. As of 1993, the shelter pro-
cent of individuals had paid up. Close to Looking at the credit scheme itself, gram had disbursed around US$4 million
1000 VIP latrines were actually built in repayment with interest was supposed dollars to Honduran NGOs for on-lend-
the target area revealing that 80 per cent to ensure that households accepted full ing to some 4000 households. Sanitation
had actually been built through private responsibility for sanitation. However, was identified as a niche in this market
initiatives highlights the success of pro- administration costs for the loan were and a UNICEF grant of US$350,000 was
motion program and the availability of an high compared to their size and addi- provided to establish a revolving fund for
affordable and acceptable sanitation op- tional costs like the promotion and sanitation improvements.
tion. A report written for the UNDP in management of the scheme were not The goal of the CHF program was to
1994 identified several keys to the success charged to the borrower putting a ques- develop NGO capacity so that they would
of the project: tion mark over its long-term sustain- be able to develop their own credit lines
Affordable and acceptable latrine ability. from other government departments and
design; This case study reveals the need for eventually the private banking sector.
Minimal direct grants or subsidies to clear aims and objectives. The project This meant that they first had to establish
householders; was successful at promoting sanitation a track record of making and recovering
A comprehensive program of VIP but it did not create a sustainable micro- loans successfully.
latrine promotion, health and hygiene finance institution. Loan agreements were made directly
Percik July 2005 9

12. M AIN REPORT
SOURCE: COMMONORGARDEN.BLOGS.COM
were sometimes paid off early to be re-
placed by larger longer-term agreements
for more substantial housing improve-
ments.
Provision of reliable technical advice
and help in negotiating construction con-
tracts was a key factor in attracting bor-
rowers with plans to upgrade their sanita-
tion facilities. Low income households
often did not have information necessary
to make an informed decision about sa-
nitation provision. A prime function of
the loan officer was to monitor construc-
tion quality for the customer and use the
ability to refuse disbursement to keep
contractors in line.
A large subsidy is built into the loan
program i.e. the technical support pro-
vided by the CHF but there is also provi-
sion in the financial planning for CHF to
get sufficiently close-to-market rate from
NGOs to preserve the value of the fund's
asset base. When the NGO's take over the
CHF function, the cost of expert staff will
A public toilet in India.
be much lower.
with the NGO. No collateral was required India
although the backgrounds of borrowers
were closely investigated. Co-signers
The success of this Sulabh is an Indian NGO employing
were used to guarantee payments. Typi- scheme can be related to 20,000 people which was set up to
cally the loan would have a duration of 3 the wide range of options market low-cost twin pit latrines in
years and be paid off in monthly install- in terms of the type of urban slum areas. 500,000 households
ments. The average rate of interest was 15 have gained access to credit through
per cent which was low compared with
improvement made, the both formal and informal mechanisms,
alternative sources of informal finance loan term and the quality the latter making use of agents who
through money lenders or retail credit. of the improvement market loans and collect from pur-
The NGO's achieved a very high recovery offered by lenders. chasers on flexible terms.
rate 95 per cent in the early years. Some SULABH sets targets collection
even developed alternative credit lines as rates for these collectors, but doesn't
planned. The prospects for integration burden them with formal book-keep-
with the formal sector therefore seem avoided the 'one size fits all' approach. It ing. Although SULABH has received
very encouraging. was discovered that household were often grants, the extent of the latrine pro-
The success of this scheme can be prepared to chose the high cost option if gram indicates that it is financially
related to the wide range of options in the incremental increase in property viable and reaches the poor. The non-
terms of the type of improvement made, value was considered to be high. transparency of loan terms may reflect
the loan term and the quality of the im- The flexibility of loan terms meant the use of truly informal systems based
provement offered by lenders. Borrowers that borrower and lender could test the on price discrimination and minimal
could tailor their lending package to their loan system at lower risk to them both. record keeping.
individual needs and hence the initiative Smaller shorter-term loans for sanitation (MJ)
10 Percik July 2005

13. M AIN REPORT
Experiences from Family Latrine
Credit in Yogyakarta
U
rban Yogyakarta is consisted of
Reasons why the community don't have family latrine
Yogyakarta Municipality plus
several villages in Sleman Reasons Yogyakarta Sleman Bantul
District and Bantul District. For a glance, Financial difficulties 17 57 38
the city seems quite beautiful. Almost all There is no space available 37 10 8
people own good quality sanitation facili- Not settle enough yet 23 4 5
ties. Nevertheless, there are many house- Satisfied enough with current condition 11 15 35
holds that don't have family latrine. They Others 12 14 14
defecate on rivers, rice fields and
drainage channels during dawn and dusk. tor. This is for people who don't have
Based on a study, there are 79% of anymore space in their house for sa-
To solve limited fund
households in Urban Yogyakarta that nitation facility.
have family latrine and 21% of them Well-planned and consistent cam-
problems, there is a need
(approximately 31.500 households) don't paign for hygiene. to develop a program to
have any sanitation facility (5,34% defe- revolve soft loan within
cate in river; 3,09% defecate in public toi- Sanitation Revolving Fund the community.
lets built by government, private-owned Program The program must be
public toilets and in their neighbor's toi- To solve limited fund problems, there designed to suit with local
lets ; 14,53% defecate in river, ponds, is a need to develop a program to revolve community condition.
backyards, etc). soft loan within the community. The pro-
If every person generates 0,2 kg of gram must be designed to suit with local
feces per day, there will be 31,5 tons of community condition. To tap fund from There are 150 households that partici-
feces discharged everyday directly to the formal financial institution for the pro- pated in the project, originated from
environment by the community as a gram is very complicated and difficult. Potorono, Tegalmanding and Condong-
whole or roughly 945 tons of feces per Sanitation is categorized as consumption catur. The amount of each loan was rang-
month (equal to 250 trucks fully loaded activity while loans are only available for ing from Rp 350.000 - Rp 400.000 per
with feces). productive activities. There is also a com- latrine. Within 2 years, the result was
Several reasons why people don't mon assumption that the poor are unwill- satisfying enough :
build family latrine: ing to repay their loans. However, there is There are only 4,8% of non-perfor-
Main reasons: a fact that proves otherwise. A NGO, ming loans, 87% of total loans were
Financial difficulties Yayasan Dian Desa (Dian Desa repaid as scheduled and a small pro-
There is no space available Foundation), using a small amount of portions of loans were rescheduled.
Other reasons: fund from SDC, conducted a pilot project The maintenance of built facilities
Not settle enough yet. in 1995 - 1996. The program covered fol- were far better than those of public
Satisfied enough with current lowing activities: facilities that built by government's
condition Soft loan provision, with 8% interest loan.
etc. per month and 30 months repayment Some reasons that motivate the com-
period. munity to build latrines as follows:
To solve this problem, there are three Free of charge technical assistance for Economic reasons ((possibility of to
programs that can be developed: the community. open hostels, food stalls, etc.)
Revolving fund for sanitation facility Design for underground construction. Higher social status.
provision. This program directed for The design provided by Yayasan Dian Other
those who have financial difficulties Desa to ensure the quality of the con- There were various obstacles and dif-
but already have available space for struction. The design for upper gro- ficulties during the project execution. But
construction. und construction wsa fully customi- was better to start something than doing
Public toilets operated by private sec- zed to satisfy household's preference. nothing. (Prianti Utami/MJ)
Percik July 2005 11

14. I NSIGHT
Healthy Latrine
and Strong Posyandu
I
n rural area, latrine provision is then Posyandus. One of possible ways
By: Momon Hermansyah*
still a problem and cannot entire- is revolving fund program that de-
ly solved. High population growth signed together with the community to
and low income complicate the pro- ensure its sustainability.
blem. Beside, there are reasons why Additional activities in Posyandu
most of the community members don't include: Efforts and Results
own a family latrine: Water and sanitation construction Revolving credit for latrine con-
Unawareness. They think that all promotion struction in Yogyakarta pioneered by
sanitation matters are bared upon Children and infant development Yayasan Dian Desa. They conducted a
the government. monitoring pilot project in 1993. the project pro-
Cultural. For some people that live Communicable diseases abatement vided loan for the community to con-
near riverbanks or irrigation chan- And other rural community health struct latrine. The loan repaid within 12
nel, it is convenient enough for efforts months with 1% monthly interest.
them to defecate on the river or irri- Within 4 years there were 400 latrines
gation channel or even on their own constructed in Potorono, Umbulmar-
backyard. Although they have to Community's inability to tani and Condongcatur.
walk as far as 500 to 1.000 meters build latrine and poor In 2002, [e] Foundation worked
from their house. together with Coordination Body for
performance of Posyan-
Financial inability. To provide some Health Promotion and PKK (family
money to construct a latrine is not du will result in nega- health education) of Umbulmartani
easy. They don't get used to save tive impacts. Thus, it is village to develop community based
money and their income is only necessary to find some development concept that combined
enough for daily needs. with community action plan concept.
ways to empower the
Health service for children is also a The cooperation was aimed to em-
problem. Most of local women institu- community and streng- power the community to construct
tion such as Posyandu (integrated then Posyandus. their own latrine and to strengthen the
health service post) are not optimally Posyandu.
functioning. Nevertheless, Posyandu Because of positive impact resulted
roles are: from the program, in 2003 Ford Motor
Improving and maintaining com- It is a shame that most of these Conservation and Environment Grant
munity health. activities and services are not available provided additional fund to enlarge the
Improving social cohesion within anymore in Posyandus. Some services, coverage of the program.
the community. due to limited supporting facility and The main feature of the program
As a place to exchange information. fund, only available for weight mea- was simple. Credit was provide for
surement and vitamins provision for latrine construction with 24 months of
Services that provided in Posyandu children. repayment period. The interest is 1,5%
are: Community's inability to build la- per month that divided for three dif-
Nutrition improvement trine and poor performance of Posyan- ferent allocations:
Family planning du will result in negative impacts. 0,7% allocated to support Posyandu
Diarrhoea and upper trachea infec- Thus, it is necessary to find some ways 0,3% allocated for administration
tion prevention to empower the community and streng- cost,
12 Percik July 2005

15. I NSIGHT
and 0,5% allocated to Latrine Construction and Posyandu Strengthening
increase the capital for the Concept
revolving loan.
Lessons learned
Some lessons learned from [e] Foundation
Revolving
the program: PKK fund
transparent partnership with the
Star-up Village Chief
among all parties that in-
money select eligible
volved in the program.
Direct involvement of wo- debtors and
administering
men through local institution
credits
in neighbourhood health im-
provement. 1. Latrine
Lower investment cost for construction
latrine construction. Monitoring & and develop-
evaluation ment
Repayment
Conclusion 2. Strengthening
To achieve those positive Posyandu
results, trust and respect must with subsidy
be given to the poor. It is based from repayment
on perspective that the poor interest
aren't " the have not" but rather
they are "the have little". Their
little potentials as individuals
target
can be united and used as an
group
effective tool to solve their own
problems.
At the point where communi-
ty able to solve their problems
and develop synergic and sus-
tainable way of life, community
participation in development is
achieved. The government does-
PARTNER FIRST BUILT LATRINE AMOUNT OF SUBSIDY
n't need to interfere any kind
INSTITUTION BATCH UNTIL 2004 FOR POSYANDU
matters that can be handle by
the community themselves. This BKPK 12 units of 41 units of latrines 51 Posyandus that received Rp
is the real principle of develop- [e]Foundation latrines were built, 50.000 each. The fund was used
ment. The question is "are we Rp 1.250.000,- and another 29 units to buy new equipments and for
Umbulmartani's
of latrines were still Additional Food Program
willing and brave enough to do PKK each
under construction
it?".
*) Head of quality control division of
Assosiasi Konsultan Pembangunan Ford Motor 15 units of 28 units of latrines 10 Posyandus that received Rp
Permukiman Indonesia Cab. DIY dan Company latrines were built, 75.000 each. The fund was used to
Staf pada Badan Koordinasi Promosi [e]Foundation Rp 1.500.000,- and another 11 units buy new equipments and for
Kesehatan - Dinas Kesehatan DIY
Umbulmartani's each of latrines were still Additional Food Program
PKK under construction
Percik July 2005 13

16. I NSIGHT
Solid Waste management
through Eco-cycle Society
T
here are many ways of Based on eco-cycle philoso-
solid waste manage-
By: Yuni Erni Agustin phy, SYSAV built various regio-
ment. All of them ha- nal solid waste facilities, which
ve their own unique charac- are:
teristics. There is a model of Produk Waste to Energy Plant at
Product
solid waste management that Malmo
worth to try in Indonesia. Around 25 ton solid waste con-
This model is used in south- verted into heat every hour.
ern Sweden. The plant connected to heat
The model was developed generator plant in Malmo and
by SYSAV, a company owned Bahan
Raw Residu
Residue Burlov, generates 600 GWh
by 9 municipalities in south- Baku heat every year.
ern Sweden. The company
material
serves 500.000 citizens. Eve- Integrated landfill Spillepeng's
ry municipality is responsible at Malmo
for collecting solid waste The facility equipped with sep-
from households and indus- arator, composteHousehold
tries, while SYSAV is respon- Solid Waste Recycle Centre
sible for further handling and There are 9 recycle centres,
disposal of collected solid one in each municipality. The
waste. Natural
Sumberdaya Final
Pembuangan recycle centre only take recy-
The model is called Eco- resources
Alam disposal
Akhir clable solid waste such as
Cycle Society, a concept of paper, bottles, electronics,
regional closed-loop solid households tools and haz-
waste management. The mo- ardous household waste (bat-
del is intended to conserve teries, neon lamps, etc)
energy and materials within
the community. The philosophy is to Lund Transfer Station
reduce solid waste generation by reuse, The model was developed by The station built to achieve efficient
recycling and recovery activities. SYSAV, a company owned by solid waste transport from the
At the picture above, can be 9 municipalities in southern source to the final disposal or han-
described that generated solid waste Sweden. The company serves dling sites.
can be: 500.000 citizens. The model should be implemented
reused as the same original product in Indonesia. Even more, regarding the
(i.e.; reused bottles) WJEMP (Western Java Environmental
recycled as raw materials for biologically stabilized through Management Project), an aid from
another products (i.e.: paper composting process or digestion World Bank, which one of its program
waste) and feed back to nature. is to form Jabodetabek Waste Mana-
used as fuel to reduce un-renew- disposed safety for long term envi- gement Corporation (JWMC).
able fossil fuel consumption ronmental protection.
14 Percik July 2005

17. I NSIGHT
Community Participation to Support
Water Supply and Environmental
Sanitation of a Settlement Area
D
uring the New Order regime the- Service Priority
re were many public facilities By: Erik Armundito*) Not all of the localities had the pleas-
built all over the country. From Winner Third Place ure of project subsidized water supply
water supply facility, MCK (bathing, Article Writing Competition and environmental sanitation facility. It
washing and latrine facility), hand pump, is limited to certain areas. It is therefore
rural road, garbage bin, and so on. But at they drink is water that does not meet the necessary to determine the priority of
present most of those facilities are not qualification of drinking water. Similarly service delivery for a project subsidy. The
functioning. Even, the facilities built by with other hygiene facility they use daily. steps to be taken consist of:
Directorate General of Cipta Karya, espe- It is, therefore, necessary to motivate Design a set of objective criteria to
cially those for water supply and sanita- and push the community to actively par- determine the priority community.
tion services are nicknamed "Cipta Karya ticipate in every project offered to them. What must always be borne in mind is
Monument" because they are standing They will assume a responsibility because the availability of reliable data and
there alone and out of function. A lot of they belong to it. This makes the role of a information about the area and com-
money has been spent. Most of it came facilitator very important. A facilitator munity condition so that the criteria
from foreign loan. Similar case happens acts as liaison between the project could be applied objectively and accu-
with physical construction projects im- provider with the community. The faci- rately.
plemented by NGOs. Project or program litator interprets the objective and pur- Coordinate with the government and
failure is caused by inappropriateness pose of the project provider to the com- NGOs for site or community selection.
(unsuitable technology) and lack of com- munity and conversely between the com- This is intended to avoid overlapping
munity participation. munity aspiration to the project provider. of projects in a given area.
In the future water supply and eviron- Recruitment and training of facilita-
mental sanitation development projects tor to help in community education
must take into consideration the active Community participation and participatory processes. The faci-
participation of the community will not grow by itself, litator recruitment should also take
because the community into consideration the track record or
Community Participation has never had any expe- experience of the candidates.
Community paricipatio is defined as Priority should be given to the most
involvement of the respective in the plan-
rience in planning a needy greedy area. There must be a
ning, construction and project operation. project. Most of the definitive criteria, for instance the poor
This includes community imvolvement times there is a lack of families, rural areas or other prioritized
in: awareness in the part of group. Example:
Determining project objective; the community itself. Unproductive area where income
Accumulation of resources; source is wanting;
Benefit of the project; Areas where facility needs improve-
Assessments whether the project has We will also see how sucessful the ment;
achieved its objective(s); development and operation of AG Tank Areas with endemic diseases;
Sustainable project management ba- in Malang that was tinitiated by Agus Areas where water is scarce and lack
sed on the community resources. Gunarto. One man initiator is what is of health service facility;
Community participation will not needed to persuade the whole community Areas with poor hygiene behaviour.
grow by itself, because the community to participate in developing an environ- For areas with middle and rich fami-
has never had any experience in planning mental sanitation facility of a settlemeent lies the awarenes to hygiene and environ-
a project. Most of the times there is a lack area. Because it is fully supported by the mental sanitation is generally more fa-
of awareness in the part of the communi- local community the AG tank is still func- vourable. For water supply and environ-
ty itself. They never realize that what tioning up to the present. mental sanitation they won't hesitate to
Percik July 2005 15

18. I NSIGHT
SOURCE: RHEIDDA P
spend some money to build a private or
public facility. They have left behind all
the habit that is detrimental to health.
Promoting Participation
If the performance of water supply
and environmental sanitation in a settle-
ment area is unsatisfactory, mistargeted
or non-sustaining, we have to find out the
root causes. There are several possible
reasons that must be taken into conside-
ration, they are (i) difference in opinion
between the community and the project
planner pertaining to the particular facili-
ty; (ii) the focus is set on subsidy rather
than sustainable benefit; (iii) lack of sup-
port assistance to the community, espe-
cially after the construction.
It is necessary to identify the factors
that may trigger an active participation.
In general, demand and urgency may
stimulate active community participation
in subsidy based projects. Take for
instance demand for water supply. Water
ia a basic need for human to live and it
must be available every day. The commu-
nity demands access to drinking water
supply and this will generate an aware- the future? It is therefore, important to or a new management team. In here a
ness to help in any way possible to have a make sure about the project sustainabili- common responsibility will be nurtured.
water supply facility developed. ty. Are we going to end with physical After the formation of the management
Similarly with environmental sanita- facility or do we want it to be used sus- organization the community must also be
tion. For instance, with the outbreak of tainably and serves as an example to other involved in contribution for O&M cost.
contagious disease because of poor habit, places? The awareness and responsibility that has
the community demand for sanitation After project construction and the de- been growing will make the contribution
facility is growing significantly. These are tails for reporting and publication are collection easier.
the conditions that must be taken into completed the facility is usually transfer- Before the physical construction is
consideration by project provider when red directly to the community for opera- completed the community should be
planning a project for the community. tion. Problems will soon arise pertaining given the knowledge on how to operate
to the use and management as to what the machinery such as hand pump, eletric
Sustainability of Project and Faci- institution is to do the job, amount O&M pump, septic tank, latrine, etc. The com-
lity cost, how to operate the equipment, up to munity will later on operate those things
A hamlet or a vllage has managed to the requirement for spare parts. by themselves.
build an improved sanitation facility. From the beginning the community The role of facilitator in determining
Water supply for drinking, washing, ba- should be involved in organizing the res- the priority is to help in filling the gap
thing and sanitation as well as impro- ponsible institution or organization to run between the community and the project
vement of their dwelling. But what about the facility. Whether it is the village ad- management. His job is to bring the com-
their use. Whether they satisfy the peo- ministration, youth group, the local munity into the direction of the project
ple? Can they manage it sustainably to neighbourhood level administration (RT), planning because the success will signifi-
16 Percik July 2005

19. I NSIGHT
cantly depend on the effectiveness of ronmental sanitation project assistance its members to actively participate in
partner's job. must be supported by the locally existing project assistance.
For machineries that are used contin- organization. Whereas for organization that oppo-
uously will naturally breakdown and The possible linkage between the ses the project (i) opposes the project by
spare parts must be made available. The organization to the project is as an active organizing contradiction in meeting
facility to get the spare parts must be partner and collaborator in the project forum and debates that could hamper the
taken into consideration. implementation, both in terms of finan- project implementation; and (ii) provoke
cing and in moral support. On the con- the community to deny the project assis-
Selection of Facilitator trary, the organization may also act as the tance. The attitude to be taken towards
Project planners usually speak with main opponent. the opposing organization should be to
the community through the local leaders Therefore, before starting with a pro- accommodate the aspiration they bring
who is considered as representing the ject it is necessary to make a preliminary forward. An honest opposition can be
community. Male and female facilitators assesment on the existing organizations useful to test the proposal. Such a denial
could work with female and male indivi- within the project site and its vicinity. may serve a strong instrument to identify
duals or in group depending on the type With a better knowledge of the organiza- the weakness in planning, approach as
of job that brings him or her to a planning tions a big potential for project imple- well as implementation.
process. mentation is in hand. If an organization opposes a plan it
Selection of a facilitator can be done What could be expected from the doesn't always mean it is entirely against
through an open advertisement like an partner organizations may be (i) take pre- the project. It may be that there were in
employment opportunity in a newspaper, liminary activity for local committee the past similar projects that were misori-
or through a direct individual recruit- ented and unsustained. The resources
ment process. Or through a recommen- generated from within the community
dation from the local community leader, were spent in vain. This should be con-
government or NGO. A facilitator may be sidered as a valuable input to improve the
recruited from the local community
If an organization opposes existing weakness. It is up to the project
members or from the neighbouring areas. a plan it doesn't always provider to make approaches to the
The most important thing is that he or mean it is entirely against opposing organizations in order to con-
she must know the area, and is acceptable vince the value of the incoming project
the project. It may be
by the community. In areas where the and will not repeat the mistakes made by
community is deeply religious the facili- that there were in the the earlier projects.
tator can be hired from religious leader, past similar projects that
religious teacher, or a mosque youth were misoriented and Conclusion
activist. For a community who is fanati- From the above discussion one could
unsustained
cal to a certain political party the facilita- conclude that the success of a regional
tor can be hired from party functionaries. level project subsidy, particularly water
For other areas with specific dominant supply and environmental sanitation in
tendecy the facilitator whill have to be settlement areas, is grossly determined
adjusted with it. by the active participation and support of
A facilitator must be able to become a (interviewing, project promotion, fun- the local community. Also by the specific
good listener within the community and draising, etc); (ii) fundraising for publici- issues that become the characteristic of a
motivate the community to express their ty, consultancy, etc.; (iii) permission for given locality or community. Although
opinion. A long experience and nice cha- using its organization name as sponsor, the project is intended for the communi-
racter will be quite beneficial in making joining one or more program for the pro- ty, its sustainable use and management
water supply and environmental sanita- ject; (iv) preparing a definite and clear also demands the respective community
tion development project especially in notice about the project in meetings or participation. There is a need for coordi-
settlement area a success. leaflets and distribution of education nation between the sudsidy provder, the
materials as means for membership edu- government, the village level govern-
List of Organization Potentials cation; (v) conducting discussion in a ment, the community and the existing
The success of water supply and envi- meeting about the project; (vi) organizing organization therein.
Percik July 2005 17

20. I NSIGHT
Hygiene is an Investment
W
e may often hear a slogan hat capacity. We may say that City A is clean-
reads "Hygiene is an By : Sandhi Eko Bramono, er that City B. The question is how much
Investment." The statement S.T., MEnvEngSc.*) is communty contribution in order to
contains a persuasion to the community reach the same level of hygiene quality? A
to always keep the environment hygienic, ideal situation. The number garbage bins different level of contribution, followed
and the connotation of which is mostly must be adjusted, frequency of collection with limited government budget to pro-
related to waste material dumping. But so and transport is reduced in accordance vide subsidy, as well as community will-
far, there is no clear formula, what kind of with community payment capacity, waste ingness to accept a certain level of hygiene
hygiene quality is to be achieved in order material collection and transport will quality as a service from the government,
to stimulate an investment initiative, how have to be adjusted with the availability of is a relative characteristic from city to city.
big is the investment value in terms of cartmen and trucks that the community A possible simplification is assuming that
currency that may be generated as a result can pay, up to the quality of cleanliness of each city has the same level of contribu-
of a hygiene parameter, or conversely how river that could be maintained at a level tion capacity both from the government
big is the real social investment building commensurate with community payment and the community, and the community
up within the society as a consequence of has an equal taste in producing hygiene
hygiene? quality.
This confusion and This confusion and difficulty can be
Parameter of Hygiene Quality overcome through creating an ideal situa-
difficulty can be over-
It may not be quite clear and easily tion of a good waste material system and
comprehensible, what kind of hygiene come through creating formulation of hygiene quality classifica-
quality is expected to be satisfied in an an ideal situation of a tion of a city based on its community con-
urban environmental management. The good waste material tribution capacity. In this manner, we
number of available domestic waste bas- will not blame anyone if City A is more
system and formulation
kets, number of roadside garbage bins, hygienic than City B. This is because the
frequency collection and transport of of hygiene quality clas- paying capacity of city B community is
waste material, capacity of collection and sification of a city lower than that of city A. On the other
transport all of the waste material pro- based on its community hand the community of city B does not
duced, up to cleanliness of a river that have to be jealous with hygiene quality of
contribution capacity.
flows past an area are measureable city A because the community of city B is
parameters to quantify hygiene level. comfortable with the hygiene condition of
However, each area or city, has a limi- SOURCE: WORKING GROUP
tation in its waste material management
capacity to support the intended hygiene
level. The main limitation must be based
on availabiliy of fund for its waste materi-
al management system. How far is the
capacity of the community and willing-
ness to pay waste management fee at a
level of the intended hygiene quality, it is
the duty of the government to formulate
the quantifiable level of hygiene as the
community desire. This can be done
through a calculation based on an ideal
situation, the size of investment needed to
reach the intended waste material man-
agement. The availability of fund is the
yardstick to measure the level of hygiene
quality to be achieved, in terms of the
18 Percik July 2005

21. I NSIGHT
its city. Thus, the hygiene quality classifi- unscrupoulous dumping of wastes, such
cation of a city should be determined as it as the case in the Integratated Waste
will become the standard criterion. On Material Disposal Site at Bojong in
The entry of outside
the other hand the central government Jakarta and the Lewigajah Disposal Site
must also determine the standard mini- investment that may in Bandung, will never happen again.
mum cost for waste material manage- propel the economic This means that the community does not
ment system for every city in Indonesia, gear of one particular have to pay for a social cost arising from
one which sets a minimum hygiene qual- unrest or disaster caused by waste mate-
area or a city, is also
ity standard of a sanitary and hygienic rial.
community and environment. determined by the
level of its environ- Limitation of Investment
Investment Entry mental hygiene The size of fund to be made available
On the other hand, the entry of out- by the community and the government to
side investment that may propel the eco- subsidize a waste material management
nomic gear of one particular area or a system depends on three factors, namely
city, is also determined by the level of its community contribution capacity, go-
environmental hygiene. A strategically vernment subsidy, and the willingness of
located city having a sufficiently good air- ning somewhere else. This will eventual- the community to obtain the intended
and seaport, convenient access to trans- ly eases the community burden as the hygiene quality. The government must
port facility, and availability of good serv- waste material producers in paying con- determine the minimum standard cost
ice delivery system, can be adversely tribution, and reduces the amount of for waste material management that mi-
affected by the level of its hygiene condi- waste material management subsidy by nimizes the negative effect of the hygiene
tion. As a consequence of poor waste the regional government. quality of the community and its environ-
material management, it is not impossi- ment. Ech regional government must
ble, that a city with such a favourable Social Investment have determined the intended hygiene
facility is less attractive to the eyes of The hygiene level of a city would cer- quality for its respective area, taking into
investors. tainly affect the health and quality of consideration the above mentioned fac-
On the contrary, a city with good environment of the surrounding commu- tors.
waste material management system, a nity. The government must be able to cal- Therefore, the central government
well maintained and clean waterway, well culate the extent of social investment must determine the limit of minimun cost
collected and daily transported of the within the community as a result of an and hygiene quality to be applied in the
entire waste material produced, not loca- acceptable waste material management regions. The basic and simplest mile-
ted in a strategic located, without a suffi- system. As an example, with an accept- stone is how much is the investment cost
ciently good sea- nor airport, and lack of able waste material management system and O&M cost of waste material manage-
excellent service delivery system, may there will a reduced epidemy from flies ment system that is being planned that is
also discourage investor to come in. and rats contaminated diseases, a reduc- capable of providing a minimum stan-
In this case, it is necessary to make a tion in infection on the upper respiratory dard hygiene quality of the sanitary and
detailed cost analysis to determine the tract, increasing of recreational facilities, hygienic community and the environ-
level of investment and O&M costs of a more business from within the communi- ment. In so doing, the slogan that reads
waste material management system to ty, and even lessons learned and aware- "Hygiene is an Investment" can be formu-
guarantee that investor would put up his ness of the luxury and importance of lated and spelled out in a comprehensible
capital there. Each city does not need the hygienic environment. These conditions and quantifiable manner.
same cost because each has its specific represent parameters that are quantifi-
characteristics. It does not to expect that able in terms of currency unit. Money
*)
Graduate from School of Civil and
the hygiene quality of city C is equal to that was used to pay for health care
Environmental Engineering, UNSW, Australia.
that of city D. With a specific cost and because of illness caused by unscropolous Member of InSWA (Indonesian Solid
difference between the two cities, a city dumping of waste material, will be substi- Waste Association) and member of IATPI,
currently UNDP Technical Consultant
must be able to provide investment tuted as a cost to buy more nutritious
for Waste Management in Maluku and
expected to happen in it, and not happe- foodstuff. Social friction caused by North Maluku Recovery Programme.
Percik July 2005 19