Launch of the Environmental Performance Review of Turkey 2019 in Istanbul on 19 February 2019. http://oe.cd/epr-turkey

1. OECD ENVIRONMENTAL
PERFORMANCE REVIEW OF
TURKEY
Opening remarks
Rodolfo Lacy
OECD Environment Director
Istanbul, 19 February 2019

2. Progress in decoupling environmental
pressures from economic growth

3. SOURCE: Kerem Yücel 2015, Afşin-Elbistan coal power plant
FOSSIL FUELS
represent
88%
of Turkey’s
energy mix

4. The energy mix is dominated by fossil fuels
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Renewables Natural gas Coal OilMtoe
Total primary energy supply by source
Source: IEA (2018), World Energy Statistics and Balances (database); OECD (2018), "Environmental Performance Indicators", OECD Environment Statistics (database);
OECD (2018), "Mortality and welfare cost from exposure to air pollution", OECD Environment Statistics (database); OECD (2018), "Municipal waste, generation and
treatment", OECD Environment Statistics (database); OECD (2018), "Forest resources", OECD Environment Statistics (database).

5. SOURCE: REUTERS,/Umit Bektas. BOTAS Ceyhan port pipelines.
Turkey is
highly
dependent
on imported oil
and natural gas

6. Evidence of climate change impacts calls for
more adaptation efforts
Note: This figure shows observed heat and cold waves and not calculated ones (cf. TSMS (2018) for calculated heat and cold waves).
Source: TSMS (2018), State of the Climate in Turkey in 2017, Turkish State Meteorological Service, Ankara.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Number of extreme weather events

7. PHOTO: Turkey, Mersin City flood, 2016
Extreme weather
events have
increased more than
6 times
in this century

8. Turkey is a
top world
performer
in installed capacity
of renewable energy
sources
SOURCE: WAGNER SOLAR,
solar plant close to Gaziantep,
southern Turkey.

9. Installed capacity of renewable energy
sources is growing
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Geothermal Solar (PV and CSP) Wind Hydro Share in total capacity (right axis)
GW

10. 10Note: Top twenty OECD countries.
Source: OECD (2018), OECD Environment Statistics (database).
United States
Japan
Germany
Canada
Korea
Mexico
Australia
Turkey
United Kingdom
France
Italy
Poland
Spain Netherlands
Czech Republic
Belgium
Chile
Greece
Israel
Austria
-40% -30% -20% -10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Change in total GHG emissions (excluding LULUCF) 2005-2016

11. Rising mortality and welfare costs of air pollution
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
Turkey Turkey OECD OECD
2005 2016 2005 2016
Mortality from exposure to outdoor and ozone (left axis)
DALYs from exposure to outdoor and ozone (right axis)
Welfare cost of premature deaths from exposure to outdoor and ozone (right axis)
PM2.5
PM2.5
PM2.5
Note: mortality is expressed in per million inhabitants; DALYs is expressed in per thousand inhabitants; welfare cost is expressed as
percentage of GDP equivalent.
Source: OECD (2018), "Mortality and Welfare Cost from Exposure to Air Pollution", OECD Environment Statistics (database).

12. SOURCE: Yuriy Buriak, polluted air over the center of Ankara
Air pollution causes
almost
29 200
deaths/y

13. PHOTO: AFP, Istanbul recycling center, 2018.
CIRCULAR
ECONOMY
is a
sustainable option
that started in
Turkey with
Zero Waste
initiatives

14. Better alignment with EU waste directives, but
most municipal waste is still landfilled
Waste treatment, 2016
9.8%
90.2%
35.5%
20.3%1.9%
42.1%
Material recovery
(recycling +
composting)
Incineration with
energy recovery
Incineration without
energy recovery
Landfill
OECD
Turkey
Note: total treatment excludes lake, sea and river disposal, and burning of waste in open areas.
Source: OECD (2018), "Waste: Municipal Waste", OECD Environment Statistics (database); OECD (2018), “Aggregate National Accounts,
SNA 2008 (or SNA 1993): Gross domestic product”, OECD National Accounts Statistics (database).

15. PHOTO: ARBIOGAZ, Aksehir Wastewater
treatment plant Konya, Turkey
Wastewater
treatment facilities
are still one of the
basic environmental
infrastructures to
expand and improve
in Turkey

16. Access to wastewater treatment
has increased but remains low
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Other/not connected
Independent treatment
Connected to a wastewater treatment plant with primary treatment only
Connected to a wastewater treatment plant with secondary and/or tertiary treatment
Note: 2016 or latest available year. Data for Turkey refer to 2014.
Source: OECD (2018), "Water: Wastewater treatment", OECD Environment Statistics (database).

17. Share of environmentally related taxes is
among the highest in the OECD
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
2016 (or latest available) 2005
Environmentally related tax revenues as percentage of GDP
Source: OECD (2018), "Environmental policy: Environmental policy instruments", OECD Environment Statistics (database).

18. SOURCE: REUTERS, Sogustu National Park
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