Education at a Glance 2014 - Key Findings

1 Education at a Glance 2014

Qualification levels in Europe have risen markedly… …but don’t always translate into strong foundation skills 2

Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States A world of change – higher education 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 1995 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD) Tertiary-type A graduation rate (%) Cost per student Graduate supply

Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States A world of change – higher education 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 1995 United States 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD) Tertiary-type A graduation rate (%) Cost per student Graduate supply

Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States A world of change – higher education 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 2000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD) Tertiary-type A graduation rate United Kingdom

Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States A world of change – higher education 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 2001 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD) Tertiary-type A graduation rate

Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States A world of change – higher education 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 2011 Australia Poland 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD) Tertiary-type A graduation rate Iceland UK New Zealand

Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States A world of change – higher education 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 2011 US P 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD) Tertiary-type A graduation rate

Many more people are expected to graduate from academically-oriented tertiary education First-time graduation rates in tertiary-type A education (1995 and 2012) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Iceland New Zealand Poland Australia Denmark Finland Ireland Netherlands Japan Slovak Republic Slovenia Norway Portugal Latvia Israel Czech Republic Austria Sweden United States EU21 average OECD average Canada Germany Switzerland Spain Turkey Italy Chile Hungary Mexico Tertiary-type A (2012) Tertiary-type A (1995) % Chart A3.2 - A

Nearly 60% of young adults are expected to enter university programmes Entry rates into tertiary-type A education (2012) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Australia Latvia Iceland Poland New Zealand Norway Slovenia Denmark United States Russian Federation Korea United Kingdom Finland Netherlands Portugal Slovak Republic Sweden Israel Czech Republic Argentina Saudi Arabia OECD average EU21 average Ireland Hungary Germany Austria Spain Japan Chile Italy Switzerland Estonia France Turkey Greece Mexico Belgium Luxembourg Indonesia China % All students Excluding international students Chart C3.1

Women and men are differently represented in some fields of education Percentage of tertiary degrees awarded to women, by field of education (2012) Chart A.3 - Field Education Health and welfare Science Engineering, manufacturing and construction All fields 100 80 60 40 20 0 Poland Estonia Iceland Slovak Republic Slovenia Brazil Sweden Hungary Italy New Zealand Argentina Czech Republic Finland Norway Luxembourg Portugal Canada Denmark Israel OECD average United States Australia Spain Ireland Netherlands Chile France United Kingdom Austria Belgium Germany Mexico Switzerland Turkey Korea Japan

Women are more likely than men to earn a university degree, but less likely a doctorate Percentage of graduas teawarded to women by level of educatio() 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Latvia Greece Iceland Sweden Slovenia Estonia Slovak Republic Poland Luxembourg Czech Republic Finland Norway Brazil Brazil New Zealand Argentina Denmark Canada Hungary Australia OECD average Portugal Austria Spain Israel United States United Kingdom Ireland Netherlands Chart A3_G ender Chile France Belgium Switzerland Mexico Germany Korea Turkey Advanced research qualifications Tertiary-type A first degree

China has almost caught up with the US in terms of high-school completion Upper secondary graduation rates (2012) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Slovenia Iceland Germany Netherlands Hungary United Kingdom Ireland Japan Spain Finland Denmark Korea Norway Canada Israel Slovak Republic EU 21 average New Zealand Poland Chile Italy OECD average Czech Republic United States Sweden China Greece Luxembourg Austria Turkey Mexico Total <25 years old ≧25 years old Chart A2.1 %

In many countries those without an upper secondary education face an increasing unemployment risk Unemployment rates among 25-64 year-olds, by educational attainment (2005, 2010 and 2012) 50 40 30 20 10 0 Korea Mexico Brazil Norway Chile Australia Luxembourg New Zealand Netherlands Iceland Austria Switzerland Turkey Below upper secondary education Denmark Israel United Kingdom Canada Finland Belgium Russian Federation Italy Sweden Germany OECD average France Slovenia United States Portugal EU21 average Poland Estonia Hungary Latvia Ireland Greece Czech Republic Spain Slovak Republic 2012 2005 2010 Chart A5.2 - BS %

Qualifications don’t always translate into strong foundation skills 26

Literacy proficiency is determined by educational attainment but not in the same way across countries Mean literacy score, by educational attainment (2012) 320 300 280 260 240 220 200 Japan Netherlands Finland Sweden Australia Czech Republic Flanders (Belgium) Norway United States Average Poland Austria England/N. Ireland (UK) Slovak Republic France Germany Denmark Ireland Korea Canada Estonia Spain Italy Russian Federation Below upper secondary education Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education Tertiary education Chart A1.4

The shares of highly literate tertiary graduates are very different across countries Percentage of adults scoring at literacy proficiency Level 4/5, by educational attainment (2012) 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Japan Finland Netherlands Sweden Australia Norway Flanders (Belgium) England/N. Ireland (UK) United States Czech Republic Average Poland Canada Austria Germany Ireland France Denmark Estonia Slovak Republic Korea Russian Federation Spain Italy Below upper secondary education Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education Tertiary education % Chart A1.5

The rising tide has not lifted all boats… …and in some countries educational mobility is slowing down 33

Between 20% and 60% of adults are more educated than their parents Percentage of 25-64 year-old non-students whose educational attainment is higher than (upward mobility) or lower than (downward mobility) that of their parents 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Czech Republic Germany Austria United States Slovak Republic Italy Norway Denmark England/N. Ireland (UK) Spain Average Australia Japan Sweden Estonia Canada Netherlands Poland Ireland France Flanders (Belgium) Finland Korea Russian Federation Downward mobility Upward mobility % Chart A4.3 - Mob

In most countries, upward educational mobility tends to be lower in the younger generations Proportion of upward mobility across age groups 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 Average France Germany Italy Spain Sweden United States England/N. Ireland (UK) 55-64 45-54 35-44 25-34 Upward Mobility Age groups Graph Mobility A4

Across OECD countries, about one in two 15-19 year-olds not in education is not working Percentage of 15-19 year-olds not in education, by labour market status (2012) 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Mexico Turkey Japan Brazil Israel Chile New Zealand Australia Canada United Kingdom Norway Italy Iceland United States OECD average Spain Ireland Austria Portugal Switzerland Belgium Korea Estonia Denmark Sweden EU21 average France Finland Slovak Republic Netherlands Czech Republic Greece Hungary Germany Poland Slovenia Luxembourg NEET, unemployed NEET, inactive Not in education, employed Chart C5.3 %

Europe is now driving international student mobility… …the US accommodates a large but declining share of the market. 43

In 2012, more than 4.5 million students were enrolled in tertiary education outside their country of citizenship Chart C4.1 Evolution in the number of students enrolled outside their country of citizenship, by region of destination (2000 to 2012) Million students 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Worldwide OECD G20 countries Europe North America Oceania 25% of EU target 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

In 2012, more than one in two foreign students were enrolled in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom or the United States Distribution of foreign students in tertiary education, by country of destination (2012) United States¹ 16% United Kingdom¹ 13% Germany 6% Other OECD countries 8% Belgium 1% Korea 1% Netherlands 1% Switzerland 1% South Africa 2% New Zealand 2% Austria 2% Italy 2% China 2% Spain 2% Japan 3% Canada² 5% Australia¹,³ 6% France 6% Russian Federation 4% Other non-OECD countries 17% Chart C4.2

New players are emerging in the international education market Trends in international education market shares (2000, 2012). Percentage of all foreign tertiary students enrolled, by destination 25 20 15 10 5 0 United State United Kingdom Germany France Australia Canada Russian Federation Japan Spain China Italy Austria New Zealand South Africa Switzerland Netherlands Korea Belgium Other OECD Other G0 and non-OECD 2000 2012 Market share (%) OECD countries Other G20 and non-OECD countries 2000 2012 Chart C4.3

International students comprise around 8% of tertiary enrolments, on average Student mobility in tertiary education (2012) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Luxembourg Australia United Kingdom Switzerland New Zealand Austria Belgium Canada¹ Denmark Netherlands Sweden Ireland Iceland Finland Portugal Hungary Slovak Republic United States Japan Spain Estonia Slovenia Norway Poland Chile France Czech Republic South Africa¹ Greece Italy Saudi Arabia Russian Federation Korea Israel Turkey China Brazil International students Foreign students2 % OECD average Chart C4.4

More than half of foreign students in tertiary education come from Asia Distribution of foreign students in tertiary education, by region of origin (2012) Asia 53% Europe 23% Not specified 3% Oceania 1% North America 3% Latin America and the Caribbean 6% Africa 12% Chart C4.5

Education remained a priority during the crisis… 49

Between 2008 and 2011, only six countries cut public expenditure on educational institutions Impact of the economic crisis on public expenditure on education 130 125 120 115 110 105 100 95 90 85 80 United Kingdom Czech Republic New Zealand Change in public expenditure on educational institutions Change in Gross Domestic Product Change in expenditure on education institutions as a percentage of GDP Denmark Slovak Republic Brazil Finland Australia Ireland Netherlands Japan Switzerland Germany Slovenia Chile Canada Portugal Mexico Korea OECD average Austria Spain EU21 average Norway Belgium France Sweden Israel Iceland United States Russian Federation Poland Estonia Italy Hungary Index of change (2008=100) Chart B2.3 - T

Expenditure per primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary student increased by at least 10% in most countries Chart B1.5 - PS Relationship between annual expenditure per student in 2011 and change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2011 Primary, secondary, and post-secondary non-tertiary Switzerland Norway United States Austria Sweden Belgium Annual expenditure per student (2011, USD) France Australia United KingdomGermany Denmark CanadaIreland Netherlands Korea Iceland Japan Finland Italy Spain New Zealand Czech Republic Poland Portugal Israel Slovak Republic Estonia Hungary Chile R² = 0.2707 Mexico Brazil 20 000 19 000 18 000 17 000 16 000 15 000 14 000 13 000 12 000 11 000 10 000 9 000 8 000 7 000 6 000 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2011 (%) OECD average OECD average

Between 2005 and 2011, expenditure per tertiary student increased by 10%, on average Chart B1.5 - T Relationship between annual expenditure per student in 2011 and change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2011 United States Annual expenditure per student (2011, USD) Switzerland Tertiary education OECD average Denmark Sweden Norway Finland Netherlands Germany Japan Ireland Slovenia Belgium Austria France Spain Israel United Kingdom Brazil Italy Czech Republic Portugal Poland Korea Chile Hungary OECD average Mexico Slovak Republic Estonia Iceland Russian Federation New Zealand R² = 0.079 27 000 26 000 25 000 24 000 23 000 22 000 21 000 20 000 19 000 18 000 17 000 16 000 15 000 14 000 13 000 12 000 11 000 10 000 9 000 8 000 7 000 6 000 5 000 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2011 (%)

In 2011, OECD countries spent an average of 1.6% of their GDP on tertiary education Chart B2.2 - T Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP (2011). From public and private sources, by level of education and source of funds 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Finland Denmark Norway Canada Sweden Estonia Austria Switzerland Belgium Netherlands France EU21 average Argentina Ireland Czech Republic Slovenia Germany Iceland Spain Poland New Zealand Latvia Portugal Hungary United States Brazil Israel Mexico United Kingdom Russian Federation Colombia Slovak Republic Chile Italy Korea Australia Japan % of GDP Tertiary education Public expenditure on education institutions Private expenditure on education institutions OECD average (total expenditure)

Few European countries have sustainable financing for tertiary education 60

The share of private expenditure on tertiary institutions increased from 25% in 2000 to 31% in 2011 Share of private expenditure on tertiary educational institutions (2000, 2008 and 2011) % 2011 2008 2000 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Chile Korea United Kingdom Japan United States Australia Israel Canada Russian Federation Italy Mexico Portugal OECD average Netherlands Poland Slovak Republic Spain EU21 average Estonia Ireland France Czech Republic Germany Slovenia Chart B3.3 - T Austria Sweden Belgium Iceland Denmark Finland Norway

Nearly 22% of public spending on tertiary education is devoted to supporting students, households and other private entities Public support for tertiary education (2011) 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 United Kingdom United States Chart B5.3. Public subsidies for education in tertiary Slovenia Denmark Italy Chile Slovak Republic Austria Germany Portugal New Zealand Belgium Latvia Finland Australia OECD average Netherlands Ireland Hungary Poland Norway Israel Sweden Spain France Switzerland Canada Mexico Brazil Turkey Korea Estonia Indonesia Czech Republic Argentina Japan Iceland % of total public expenditure on tertiary education Student loans Transfers and payments to other private entities Scholarships/ other grants to households Chart B5.3

The net public return on investment for a man in tertiary education is over USD 100 000, while the net private return is over USD 180 000 Net private and public returns associated with a man attaining tertiary education (2010) 500 000 450 000 400 000 350 000 300 000 250 000 200 000 150 000 100 000 50 000 0 Turkey Denmark Spain Estonia Sweden New Zealand Greece Korea Japan Canada Slovak Republic Poland Norway Israel Czech Republic France Australia Finland OECD average Portugal EU21 average Austria United Kingdom Netherlands Italy Belgium Slovenia Germany United States Hungary Ireland Equivalent USD Private net returns Public net returns Chart A7.1

93 Good progress in raising early childhood participation Several EU countries have surpassed 2020 targets

Some 70% of 3-year-olds are enrolled in early childhood education Enrolment rates at age 3 in early childhood education (2005 and 2012) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Belgium France Denmark Iceland Spain Norway United Kingdom Sweden Italy Germany Estonia New Zealand Israel Korea Slovenia Netherlands Latvia EU21 average Portugal Japan Hungary Luxembourg OECD average Russian Federation Austria Slovak Republic Czech Republic Poland Finland Chile Ireland Mexico United States Argentina Brazil Australia Colombia Indonesia Turkey Switzerland % 2012 2005 Chart C2.1

The ratio of pupils to teaching staff also indicates the level of resources devoted to pre-primary education Ratio of pupils to teaching staff in early childhood education (2012). Public and private institutions, calculation based on full-time equivalents 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Israel Indonesia Mexico Chile France Turkey United Kingdom Brazil Poland Belgium Portugal Korea Netherlands Japan OECD average Austria Czech Republic EU21 average Spain Slovak Republic Germany United States Italy Luxembourg Hungary Finland Slovenia Estonia New Zealand Sweden Iceland Student to teaching staff ratio Chart C2.4

Countries spend their money differently on schools… …and many high-performing school systems prioritise the quality of teachers over the size of classes. 96

The salary cost of teachers per student varies widely across countries and depends on salary, class size, and teaching time Chart B7.4 Contribution of various factors to salary cost of teachers per student, in upper secondary education (2012) in USD 3 200 2 200 1 200 200 - 800 -1 800 -2 800 -3 800 Belgium (Fl.) Germany Austria Spain Portugal Australia Norway Canada France Ireland Netherlands United States Korea Italy Finland England Slovenia Israel Poland Czech Republic Turkey Hungary Chile Slovak Republic Estonia USD Contribution of teachers' salary Contribution of instruction time Contribution of teaching time Contribution of estimated class size difference with OECD average

Students in OECD countries receive an average of 7 475 compulsory hours of instruction during their primary and lower secondary education Compulsory instruction time in general education (2014) 0 2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 000 Hungary 8 Latvia 9 China1 9 Poland 9 Turkey 8 Slovenia 9 Finland 9 Korea 9 Austria 8 Estonia 9 Belgium (Fl.) 8 Sweden 9 Slovak Republic 9 Czech Republic 9 Belgium (Fr.) 8 Greece 9 Germany 9 EU21 average 9 Japan 9 Italy 8 OECD average 9 Portugal 9 Iceland 10 Norway 10 England 9 Denmark 10 Luxembourg 9 Canada 9 France 9 Ireland 9 Mexico 9 Chile 8 Netherlands7 9 Israel 9 United States 9 Spain 10 Colombia1 9 Australia 10 Primary education Lower secondary education Duration of primary and lower secondary education, in years Chart D1.1 Total number of compulsory instruction hours

Only in 7 countries were relative salaries for teachers higher than those of comparably educated workers Teachers' salaries relative to earnings for tertiary-educated workers aged 25-64 (2012 or latest available year). Lower secondary teachers' salaries, in public institutions 1.5 1 0.5 0 Korea Spain Luxembourg Portugal Turkey New Zealand Canada Finland Germany England Australia Greece Denmark OECD average Belgium (Fl.) France EU21 average Israel Estonia Poland Scotland Sweden Belgium (Fr.) Netherlands Ireland Slovenia Chile Norway United States Italy Austria Czech Republic Hungary Slovak Republic Ratio Chart D3.1

Between 2009 and 2012, teachers’ salaries fell, for the first time since 2000, by around 5% at all levels of education OECD average, for countries with available data for all reference years, of the index of change between 2005 and 2012 (2005 = 100, constant p rices), for teachers with 15 years of experience and minimum training. 107 106 105 104 103 102 101 100 99 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Primary education Lower secondary education Upper secondary education Chart Box D.3.2 Equivalent USD converted using PPPs

107 107 Thank you Find out more about our work at www.oecd.org/eag/eag2014 – The publication – The methodologies – The complete database Email: Andreas.Schleicher@OECD.org Twitter: SchleicherEDU and remember: Without data, you are just another person with an opinion

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