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Long-term Pension Investment Strategies under
Risk-based Regulation
Amsterdam, 7th April 2014
Dr. Gerhard Scheuenstuhl | Dr. Christian Schmitt
Agenda
1. Introduction and Overview
2. Methodology: Risk-based Solvency Regulation
3. Assessment: Impact on Strategic Asset Allocation
4. Impact of Design Components
 Modification on Security Level (SCR 95)
 Modification on Capital Charges (Tighter regulation)
 Economic-based view
2
3
Introduction and Overview
4
Project Background
OECD PROJECT on Long-term Investments by Institutional Investors
The increasingly short supply of long-term capital since the 2008 financial
crisis has profound implications for growth and financial stability.
The aim of this project is to facilitate long-term investment by institutional
investors such as pension funds, insurance companies, and sovereign
wealth funds, addressing both potential regulatory obstacles and market
failures.
Why is long-term investment important?
Patient capital allows investors to access illiquidity premia, lowers turnover,
encourages less pro-cyclical investment strategies and therefore higher net
investment rate of returns and greater financial stability.
Engaged capital encourages active voting policies, leading to better
corporate governance.
Productive capital provides support for infrastructure development, green
growth initiatives, SME finance etc., leading to sustainable growth.
Principle 4: Financial regulation, valuation and tax treatment
Source: G20/OECD HIGH-LEVEL PRINCIPLES OF LONG-TERM INVESTMENT FINANCING BY INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS
5
Objective of Research Study
Objective of
Research Study
Assess potential impacts on the investment behavior of long term pension investors resulting from
rules and regulations on the investment framework - such as accounting standards or solvency/
funding regulations currently discussed by supervising authorities (ref. EIOPA proposals and (draft)
technical specifications for QIS).
Research
Approach
 Consider a generic DB pension plan (typical pension obligations (w/ risk sharing), plan assets)
 Consider selected aspects of transnational regulations currently being discussed
(such as IORPS II, Solvency II, and IAS 19)
 Analyze in what ways and how these regulation impact directly or indirectly the pension plan,
such as methods for valuating long-term obligations and requirements on asset funding
 Assess the potential effects of pension investment management driven by regulatory changes
or design, regarding specifically:
- Strategic Asset Allocation and Risk Management decisions
- Pro-cyclical investment behavior, dynamics of portfolio adjustments
 No attempt to model all details of the solvency regulations and accounting standards
mentioned in the OECD report,
not meant to identify ways for regulatory arbitrage and
not meant to design new pension plans as a reaction on new risk based regulatory demands
Building Blocks of Research Study
6
Three modified frameworks
 Regulation with a relaxed security level
(SCR95 regulation)
 Tighter Regulation which would assign
higher capital charges to asset classes
which are privileged under the current
solvency design
 Economic-based view by applying internal
risk models to assess the appropriate capital
market parameters for correlations and
capital charges and allow a more
differentiated universe of asset classes
Technical Specifications for the Quantitative Impact Study on Institutions
for Occupational Retirement Provision (IORPs) issued by the European
Commission in October 2012 (cf. EIOPA(2012a)).
Impact on choice of Strategic Asset
Allocation
 Relative attractiveness of single asset
classes
 Effects of (limited) diversification
 Need to de-risk investment portfolios
 Impact on risk management activities
(matching portfolio)
 Impact on pro-cyclical investment behavior
over time (equity dampener, allowance for a
counter-cyclical premium (CCP))
Focus today
7
Methodology: Risk-based Solvency Regulation
8
Methodology: Pension Liabilities
 Basis for analyses:
— Methodology for valuation of long-term pension obligations and risk-based solvency/funding requirements as
described in the Technical Specifications for the QIS on IORPS (European Commission, October 2012)
 Liabilities: Consider a generic pension fund
— Career average plan with unconditional indexation, mixed portfolio of plan members
 Duration approx. 20 years
— Liability valuation based on risk-free interest rate curve
(including extrapolation to UFR, with/without CCP)
 Technical Provisions
— Sensitivities as prescribed by standard formula
 SCR (liabilities), Risk Margin
 Assumptions and valuation based on average long-term interest rate level (2.5% (3 months), 3.8% (10 years), 4.0%
(30 years)) and inflation level (2.0%)
— Sensitivity: Interest rate level year-end 2011
9
Methodology: Pension Assets
 Basis for analyses:
— Methodology for valuation of long-term pension obligations and risk-based solvency/funding requirements as
described in the Technical Specifications for the QIS on IORPS (European Commission, October 2012)
 Assets: Consider a generic set of asset classes
— Expected return assumptions derived from YE2001 assumptions
— Funding Level: market value of assets = 125% x Technical Provisions (incl. Risk Margin)
Asset Classes Abbrev. Expected
Return p.a.
IR Sensitivity
(IR Down)
Capital Charge
Fixed Income
Cash Cash 1.1% 0.0% 0.0%
Government Bonds EUR Gov 1.9% 7.5% 0.0%
Government Bonds EUR 10+ Gov10+ 2.4% 14.7% 0.0%
Covered Bonds EUR Cov 2.9% 4.5% 3.8%
Government Bonds EUR Inflation Linked GovInfl 1.9% 9.5% 0.0%
Corporate Bonds EUR Corp 2.8% 4.5% 5.9%
High Yield Global HY 4.3% 5.8% 30.0%
Emerging Market Bonds EM 4.2% 10.3% 8.7%
Equity & Alternatives
Equity Developed Global EQ 5.1% 39.0%
Equity Emerging Markets EQ EM 6.1% 49.0% / 15.0% (FX)
Hedge Funds / Commodities HF / Comm 3.6% 49.0%
Other Alternatives (Private Equity / Infrastructure) PE / Infra 9.1% 49.0%
Real Estate RE 3.8% 25.0%
10
Methodology: Risk-based Solvency Framework
 Generic risk-based solvency framework (based on Solvency II / IORP II standard formula)
Source: EIOPA (2012b), p. 73 Conceptual presentation of risk-based solvency regulation approach
?
To be
specified
For each relevant sub-module, a revaluation is made based on prescribed stress scenarios. The stress may have an impact on the market
value of assets (e.g. interest rates up/down, equity, property, spread, currency) and/or an impact on liabilities (e.g. interest rates up/down,
CCP, longevity, disability, expenses).
11
Assessment: Impact on Strategic Asset Allocation
12
Results
Base Case Regulation - Optimization of Growth Portfolio (75% hedged)
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516
RE
Comm
PE
HF
EQ EM
EQ Dev
EM Bonds
HY Bonds
Corp
GovInfl
Covered
Gov10+
Gov
Cash
Matching P.
Cash
GovInfl
Gov10+
Covered
Gov
Corp
HYEM
EQ Dev
EQ EM
HF
COMM
PE
Inf
RE
0.00%
1.00%
2.00%
3.00%
4.00%
5.00%
6.00%
0.00% 5.00% 10.00% 15.00% 20.00% 25.00% 30.00% 35.00% 40.00%
ExpectedReturnp.a.
SCR / Technical Provisions
0.00%
1.00%
2.00%
3.00%
4.00%
5.00%
6.00%
0.00% 5.00% 10.00% 15.00% 20.00% 25.00% 30.00% 35.00% 40.00%
ExpectedReturnp.a.
SCR / Technical Provisions
0.00%
1.00%
2.00%
3.00%
4.00%
5.00%
6.00%
0.00% 5.00% 10.00% 15.00% 20.00% 25.00% 30.00% 35.00% 40.00%
ExpectedReturnp.a.
SCR / Technical Provisions
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
RE
Comm
PE
HF
EQ EM
EQ Dev
EM Bonds
HY Bonds
Corp
GovInfl
Covered
Gov10+
Gov
Cash
Matching P.
Composition of efficient portfolios
(restricted/unrestricted)
Funding Level 125%; MP = 75% of TP
13
Results
Base Case Regulation - Optimization of Growth Portfolio (75% hedged)
 To assess the relative attractiveness of the individual asset classes we
assume that
— 60% of the available assets (125% FL) are invested in the matching
portfolio ( Hedge Ratio = 75%)
— 40% are invested in one single asset class / in optimized growth
portfolio.
 Composition of portfolios: Only a few asset classes relevant
 Analysis of diversification effects
— significant effect (more than 25% for portfolios with lower expected
return); decreasing if expected return increases
 High proportion of Private Equity may not be realistic (due to illiquidity)
— Consider constraint: Private Equity ≤ 2.5% of total assets (= 12.5% of
growth portfolio)
— Effects of constraint regarding Private Equity:
 No change for portfolios with low expected return; Private Equity
replaced by Equity Emerging Markets; flattening of efficient
frontier: lower expected return / higher SCR
Funding Level 125%; MP = 75% of TP
unrestricted restricted
Composition of efficient portfolios
(restricted/unrestricted)
14
Results
Base Case Regulation - Optimization of Growth Portfolio (100% hedged)
Funding Level 125%; MP = 100% of TP
Composition of efficient portfolios
(restricted/unrestricted)
 Matching Portfolio (MP) = 100% of TP
 Funding Level = 125% of TP  Growth Portfolio = 20% of assets
 Similar effects of constraint regarding Private Equity
— No change for portfolios with low expected return; Private
— Equity replaced by Equity Emerging Markets; flattening of efficient
frontier: lower expected return / higher SCR
 Composition of portfolios
— Portfolios now include additional asset classes
— Covered Bonds
— Government Bonds
— Long-term Government Bonds less relevant
— Still high relevance of Emerging Market Bonds
— Relevance of Private Equity unchanged (proportion increasing to
almost 100%)
 Analysis of diversification effects
— Higher diversification effect (more than 30% for portfolios with lower
expected return); decreasing if expected return increases
restrictedunrestricted
15
Impact of Design Components
 Modification of Security Level (SCR 95)
 Modification of Capital Charges (Tighter regulation)
 Economic-based view
Modification of Security Level (SCR 95)
Reduce Confidence Level from 99.5% to 95%
 Approximation of SCR for lower confidence level (cf. EIOPA): The adjustment is performed by assuming a normal distribution of
basic Own Funds. With the quantiles of the standardized normal distribution qN(0,1),99.5 ≈ 2.576 and qN(0,1),95 ≈ 1.645 we get
SCR95.0% ≈ 64% x SCR99.5%
 This linear transformation of the SCR implies that the optimized portfolios show no structural changes under this low regulation setting
16
Efficient frontier; SCR95 regulation vs. base case
regulation; hedge ratio 75%
 But the admissible portfolios (for fixed Own Funds) will change and
we see an increase in expected return of max. admissible portfolios
for given OF since the efficient frontier(s) move to the left
 Additionally we see an increase in Own Funds, since the Risk Margin
decreases due to the reduction in confidence level and therefore we
see a reduction in the Technical Provisions (TP); e.g. the FL
increases from 125% to 130.8% for our starting portfolio and OF from
25% to 30.8%
 For a first analysis we neglect the increase in Own Funds (which
extends the range of admissible portfolios) and only take a look at the
return difference for the same SCR
 In the unrestricted optimization the difference (green arrows 1 and
2) is between 80 and 95 basis points
 When putting a constraint on Private Equity the difference (green
arrows 3 and 4) is between 25 and 35 basis points
 When taking the change in Own Funds into account this difference is
even higher
Impact of a lower confidence level
1
2
3
4
Red: SCR95 Regulation Blue: Base Case regulation
Modification on Capital Charges (Tighter Regulation)
Increase Risk Charges
 In the current setting there is no SCR charge applied to EEA Government Bonds
 Furthermore, for EM Bonds and Covered Bonds lower SCR charges are applied than for Corporate Bonds with
comparable rating
Approach for Tighter Regulation:
 Instead of increasing the confidence level (which implies increasing the SCR charges for all asset classes by a
constant factor):
— Set higher SCR charges for selected asset classes
— For EM Bonds and Covered Bonds the same SCR charges are applied as for Corporate Bonds with
comparable rating
17
— For EEA Bonds half of
the SCR charges of
Corporate Bonds with
comparable rating are
applied
 All other SCR charges and
correlations remain
unchanged.
Tighter Regulation (all assets in one asset class)
Grey: Middle Regulation
Orange: High Regulation
SCR Charges
Tighter
Regulation
Base
Case
Cash 0.0% 0.0%
Govt Bonds 3.2% 0.0%
Govt Bonds 10+ 5.0% 0.0%
Covered Bonds 4.6% 3.8%
Govt Bonds Infl 3.5% 0.0%
Corporate Bonds 5.9% 5.9%
High Yield Global 30.0% 30.0%
EM Bonds 16.1% 8.7%
Equity Developed 39.0% 39.0%
Equity EM 49.0% 49.0%
Hedge Funds 49.0% 49.0%
Private EQ / Infras. 49.0% 49.0%
Commodities 49.0% 49.0%
Real Estate 25.0% 25.0%
Modification on Capital Charges (Tighter Regulation)
Optimization of Growth Portfolio with Hedge Ratio 75%
18
Base Case Regulation
Tighter Regulation
Efficient Frontiers
 The basic composition of the optimized portfolios does not change
 For the unrestricted optimization we see more long-term Government
bonds and more private equity and less EM bonds
 For the restricted optimization EM bonds and Equity EM are partially
replaced by Equity Developed
 Due to the higher SCR charge for selected asset classes the optimized
portfolios show a higher SCR (exception: 100% PE or 100% Equity),
 Under the tighter Regulation the expected return for the same SCR is up
to 37 basis points lower than under the base case regulation.
unrestricted restricted
unrestricted restricted
Blue: Middle
Regulation
Orange: High
Regulation
Modification on Capital Charges (Tighter Regulation)
Optimization of Growth Portfolio with Hedge Ratio 100%
19
Middle Regulation
High Regulation
Efficient Frontiers
 The basic composition of the optimized portfolios does not change.
 For the unrestricted optimization we see more long-term Government
bonds, more covered bonds and more private equity and less
Government Bonds and EM bonds
 For the restricted optimization EM bonds and Equity EM are partially
replaced by Equity Developed
 Due to the higher SCR charge for selected asset classes the optimized
portfolios show a higher SCR (exception: 100% PE or 100% Equity).
 Under the tighter Regulation the expected return for the same SCR is up
to 12 basis points lower than under the base case regulation.
unrestricted restricted
unrestricted restricted
Blue: Middle
Regulation
Orange: High
Regulation
Calibration based on an Economic-based View
 When looking at the current approach from an economic-based view it is striking that all alternative
asset classes are allocated to „Other Equity“
 Therefore no allowance is made for diversification between alternatives and equity, fixed income and
real estate
 From an ALM standpoint this is very simplifying and reduces the set of available asset classes
significantly
 Extension:
— Introduction of Hedge Funds, Private Equity and Commodities as additional asset classes
with specific characteristics.
 Implementation Approach:
— Extension of Correlation Matrix for Equity/Alternatives
— Reviewing and (if required) adjusting Correlation Matrix for Market Risk
— Reviewing and (if required) adjusting the SCR charges
20
Economic-based view: Approach
 Motivation: Parsimonious Approach
 The resulting correlations are based on the analysis of correlations
of historical data with rolling windows for different frequencies
 We use conservative estimates for rolling 12 month correlations,
even though the historical long-term correlations are lower
21
CorrMkt Global EQ EM EQ PE HF Comm
Global EQ 1 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75
EM EQ 0.9 1 1 1 1
PE / Infra 0.9 0.9 1 1 1
HF 0.8 0.85 0.8 1 1
Comm 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.8 1
Extended correlation matrix based on current approach
Adjusted correlations used for economic based view
 Based on the analysis of correlations of historical data with rolling
windows for different frequencies for the CorrMkt matrix we reduced
selected correlations for Equities/Alternatives (while keeping the
rest unchanged)
— EQ/Alternatives and IR risk: from 0.50 to 0.25
— EQ/Alternatives and property risk: from 0.75 to 0.50
— EQ/Alternatives and Spread risk: from 0.75 to 0.50
CorrMkt IR EQ / Alt. Property Spread Currency CCP
IR 1 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.00
EQ / Alt. 0.25 1 0.75 0.75 0.25 0.00
Property 0.50 1 0.50 0.25 0.00
Spread 0.50 1 0.25 0.00
Currency 1 0.00
CCP 1
Adjusted correlations used for economic based view
Extension of Correlation Matrix Adjustment of Correlation Matrix
Economic-based view: Calibration SCR Charges
 From an ALM standpoint it is striking that on the one hand no SCR charges are applied to EEA Government Bonds and on
the other hand the same SCR charges are used for EM Equity, Private Equity, Hedge Funds and Commodities
 Fixed Income
— For an adequate treatment we put higher SCR charges on selected fixed income asset classes
— For EM Bonds and Covered Bonds the same SCR charges are applied as for Corporate Bonds with comparable
rating.
— For EEA Bonds half of the SCR charges of Corporate Bonds with comparable rating are applied
— This approach is identical to “High Regulation”
22
SCR Charges
Economic
View
Base Case
Regulation
Cash 0.0% 0.0%
Govt Bonds 3.2% 0.0%
Govt Bonds 10+ 5.0% 0.0%
Covered Bonds 4.6% 3.8%
Govt Bonds Infl 3.5% 0.0%
Corporate Bonds 5.9% 5.9%
High Yield Global 30.0% 30.0%
EM Bonds 16.1% 8.7%
Equity Developed 39.0% 39.0%
Equity EM 49.0% 49.0%
Hedge Funds 13.0% 49.0%
Private EQ / Infras. 49.0% 49.0%
Commodities 49.0% 49.0%
Real Estate 15.0% 25.0%
 Hedge Funds
— Based on forward looking simulations by the risklab Economic Scenario
Generator (ESG) and analysis of historical Data the SCR charge for
Hedge Funds is set to 13% (instead of 49%)
— This is based on the assumption that we look at a well-diversified
portfolio of Hedge Funds (not single Hedge Funds, which are riskier).
This is also reflected in the low return expectation (which is even lower
than Real Estate)
 Real Estate
— For Real Estate an SCR charge of 15% (instead of 25%) is applied
Economic-based view: Results
23
 The impact on the overall SCR then investing all assets in one asset class is depending on the asset class
— For the fixed income classes with a higher SCR charge the overall SCR increases
— For Hedge Funds and Real Estate the overall SCR is significant lower mainly due to the lower SCR charge
— For PE, EQ developed, EQ EM and Commodities the lower overall SCR is a result of the higher
diversification effect.
100% of portfolio in one asset class; base case regulation vs.
economic-based view
Efficient frontier; base case regulation vs. economic-based view;
hedge ratio 75%
Economic-based view: Results
Optimization of Growth Portfolio with Hedge Ratio 75%
24
Base Case Regulation
Economic-based View
Efficient Frontiers
 The basic composition of the optimized portfolios does not
change
 For the unrestricted optimization we see more long-term
Government bonds and more private equity and less EM bonds
 For low-SCR portfolios Real Estate is part of the optimized
asset allocation
— Please note: As shown in the report in May, Real Estate is
not part of the optimized portfolio in the current setting
(base case regulation), only when decreasing the SCR for
Real Estate to 15%
Blue: Middle
Regulation
Green: ALM View
unrestricted restricted
unrestricted restricted
Economic-based view: Results
Optimization of Growth Portfolio with Hedge Ratio 75%
 The effect on the SCR is twofold:
— Due to the higher SCR charge for selected fixed income asset classes the SCR for the
optimized portfolio with a lower return expectation is higher, since these exhibit a high fixed
income allocation
— With increasing return expectation (constrained and unconstrained) the share of equities and
alternatives increases and as these asset classes now show a higher diversification the overall
SCR decreases
 It is interesting to note that the efficient portfolios mainly consist of long-term Government Bonds,
EM Bonds, and Private Equity (and Equity EM when PE is restricted)
 As the following results will show, this might be the result of incompletely hedged liabilities
25
Economic-based view: Results
Optimization of Growth Portfolio with Hedge Ratio 100%
26
Middle Regulation Efficient Frontiers
ALM View  As seen before, the SCR under the Economic-based view is higher
for low- and mid-return portfolios. Additionally the overall SCR for
high-return portfolios decreases under the Economic-based view
 When the Liabilities are fully hedged,(i.e. Matching Portfolio = 100%
of Technical Provisions) the portfolio composition along the
efficient frontier changes dramatically/significantly
 Almost all assets classes (except Commodities and HY bonds)
are included in one or another portfolio along the efficient frontier.
Besides Corporate Bonds also Hedge Funds (and Real Estate) are
now part of the optimized asset allocations
Blue: Middle
Regulation
Green: ALM View
unrestricted restricted
unrestricted restricted
27
Summary
Tentative Conclusions
 Regulation in form of risk based solvency charges affects asset allocation decisions of LTI
— For some asset classes, the capital charges applied in the standard formula do not appear in line with the volatility or
downside risk measures of the respective asset classes. This triggers different investment behavior under an economic
view compared to the regulatory view
— The standard formula provides an incentive to heavily invest in a matching portfolio for the liabilities: The SCR for
market risk is negligible for an optimized portfolio of interest rate (and inflation) swaps
— Tighter regulation demands the de-risking of investment portfolios and thus induces the exclusion of portfolios with
higher expected returns. The opposite applies for lower regulation
— Sensitivity analyses illustrate the dependency on underlying assumptions
— The rules under discussion however could rather stifle than encourage true “long-term” investment
 Specifications of the required amount of Solvency Capital have a significant impact on the relative attractiveness of asset
classes
— Emerging Market Bonds appear attractive compared to other fixed income classes
— The significant SCR charges for equity and alternatives (including high yield bonds) imply (compared to traditional
asset portfolios) a need to de-risk pension investment portfolios - and with that to invest in less return-generating asset
classes
— Private Equity (and also Infrastructure) appears attractive compared to other equity classes
— Real Estate and Hedge Funds appear unattractive due to high SCR charges
28
Tentative Conclusions
 Different design versions of the risk-based solvency regulation (compared to the current status of the EIOPA proposal)
have partially significant effects on the portfolio composition:
— A regulation based on a lower confidence level (SCR95 regulation) is equivalent with a linear transformation of the
SCR. This implies that the optimized portfolios show no structural changes under this more relaxed regulation setting
since all calculated SCR values are multiplied by the same factor
— A tighter regulation with higher capital charges to asset classes which are privileged under the current solvency
design implies higher SCR and possibly the need for de-risking of the portfolio
— Under an economic-based view using internal risk models to assess the appropriate capital market parameters for
capital charges and correlations for a more differentiated universe of asset classes (and consider the specific
correlation characteristics of Hedge Funds, Private Equity and Commodities) , the SCR for the optimized portfolios with
a lower return expectation was comparably higher. When moving along the efficient frontier with increasing return
expectation the overall SCR decreases compared to the base case regulation (constrained and unconstrained)
providing an incentive for more highly diversified portfolios
 Diversification plays an important role for the choice of asset allocation
— Alternatives are summarized under „other equity“. From an ALM standpoint this simplifies the investment universe
greatly and reduces the set of available asset classes significantly
— When allowing for the diversification effects of alternative asset classes (even under very conservative
assumptions, as described under the economic-based view) we get broadly diversified portfolios also including
Hedge Funds and Real Estate
29
30
Disclaimer
Investing involves risk. The value of an investment and the income from it may fall as well as rise and investors may not get back the full amount invested.
The volatility of fund unit prices may be increased or even strongly increased. Past performance is not a reliable indicator of future results. If the currency in which the past performance is
displayed differs from the currency of the country in which the investor resides, then the investor should be aware that due to the exchange rate fluctuations the performance shown may be
higher or lower if converted into the investor’s local currency.
Back-testings and hypothetical or simulated performance data has many inherent limitations only some of which are described as follows:
It is designed with the benefit of hindsight, based on historical data, and does not reflect the impact that certain economic and market factors might have had on the decision-making process,
if a client’s portfolio had actually been managed. No back-testings, hypothetical or simulated performance can completely account for the impact of financial risk in actual performance.
It does not reflect actual transactions and cannot accurately account for the ability to withstand losses.
The information is based, in part, on hypothetical assumptions made for modeling purposes that may not be realized in the actual management of portfolios.
No representation or warranty is made as to the reasonableness of the assumptions made or that all assumptions used in achieving the returns have been stated or fully considered.
Assumption changes may have a material impact on the model returns presented. The back-testing of performance differs from actual portfolio performance because the investment strategy
may be adjusted at any time, for any reason.
Investors should not assume that they will experience a performance similar to the back-testings, hypothetical or simulated performance shown. Material differences between back-testings,
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Long-term Pension Investment Strategies under Risk-based Regulation - Gerhard Scheuenstuhl & Christian Schmitt - OECD-Risklab-APG Workshop on pension fund regulation and long-term investment

  • 1. Long-term Pension Investment Strategies under Risk-based Regulation Amsterdam, 7th April 2014 Dr. Gerhard Scheuenstuhl | Dr. Christian Schmitt
  • 2. Agenda 1. Introduction and Overview 2. Methodology: Risk-based Solvency Regulation 3. Assessment: Impact on Strategic Asset Allocation 4. Impact of Design Components  Modification on Security Level (SCR 95)  Modification on Capital Charges (Tighter regulation)  Economic-based view 2
  • 4. 4 Project Background OECD PROJECT on Long-term Investments by Institutional Investors The increasingly short supply of long-term capital since the 2008 financial crisis has profound implications for growth and financial stability. The aim of this project is to facilitate long-term investment by institutional investors such as pension funds, insurance companies, and sovereign wealth funds, addressing both potential regulatory obstacles and market failures. Why is long-term investment important? Patient capital allows investors to access illiquidity premia, lowers turnover, encourages less pro-cyclical investment strategies and therefore higher net investment rate of returns and greater financial stability. Engaged capital encourages active voting policies, leading to better corporate governance. Productive capital provides support for infrastructure development, green growth initiatives, SME finance etc., leading to sustainable growth. Principle 4: Financial regulation, valuation and tax treatment Source: G20/OECD HIGH-LEVEL PRINCIPLES OF LONG-TERM INVESTMENT FINANCING BY INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS
  • 5. 5 Objective of Research Study Objective of Research Study Assess potential impacts on the investment behavior of long term pension investors resulting from rules and regulations on the investment framework - such as accounting standards or solvency/ funding regulations currently discussed by supervising authorities (ref. EIOPA proposals and (draft) technical specifications for QIS). Research Approach  Consider a generic DB pension plan (typical pension obligations (w/ risk sharing), plan assets)  Consider selected aspects of transnational regulations currently being discussed (such as IORPS II, Solvency II, and IAS 19)  Analyze in what ways and how these regulation impact directly or indirectly the pension plan, such as methods for valuating long-term obligations and requirements on asset funding  Assess the potential effects of pension investment management driven by regulatory changes or design, regarding specifically: - Strategic Asset Allocation and Risk Management decisions - Pro-cyclical investment behavior, dynamics of portfolio adjustments  No attempt to model all details of the solvency regulations and accounting standards mentioned in the OECD report, not meant to identify ways for regulatory arbitrage and not meant to design new pension plans as a reaction on new risk based regulatory demands
  • 6. Building Blocks of Research Study 6 Three modified frameworks  Regulation with a relaxed security level (SCR95 regulation)  Tighter Regulation which would assign higher capital charges to asset classes which are privileged under the current solvency design  Economic-based view by applying internal risk models to assess the appropriate capital market parameters for correlations and capital charges and allow a more differentiated universe of asset classes Technical Specifications for the Quantitative Impact Study on Institutions for Occupational Retirement Provision (IORPs) issued by the European Commission in October 2012 (cf. EIOPA(2012a)). Impact on choice of Strategic Asset Allocation  Relative attractiveness of single asset classes  Effects of (limited) diversification  Need to de-risk investment portfolios  Impact on risk management activities (matching portfolio)  Impact on pro-cyclical investment behavior over time (equity dampener, allowance for a counter-cyclical premium (CCP)) Focus today
  • 8. 8 Methodology: Pension Liabilities  Basis for analyses: — Methodology for valuation of long-term pension obligations and risk-based solvency/funding requirements as described in the Technical Specifications for the QIS on IORPS (European Commission, October 2012)  Liabilities: Consider a generic pension fund — Career average plan with unconditional indexation, mixed portfolio of plan members  Duration approx. 20 years — Liability valuation based on risk-free interest rate curve (including extrapolation to UFR, with/without CCP)  Technical Provisions — Sensitivities as prescribed by standard formula  SCR (liabilities), Risk Margin  Assumptions and valuation based on average long-term interest rate level (2.5% (3 months), 3.8% (10 years), 4.0% (30 years)) and inflation level (2.0%) — Sensitivity: Interest rate level year-end 2011
  • 9. 9 Methodology: Pension Assets  Basis for analyses: — Methodology for valuation of long-term pension obligations and risk-based solvency/funding requirements as described in the Technical Specifications for the QIS on IORPS (European Commission, October 2012)  Assets: Consider a generic set of asset classes — Expected return assumptions derived from YE2001 assumptions — Funding Level: market value of assets = 125% x Technical Provisions (incl. Risk Margin) Asset Classes Abbrev. Expected Return p.a. IR Sensitivity (IR Down) Capital Charge Fixed Income Cash Cash 1.1% 0.0% 0.0% Government Bonds EUR Gov 1.9% 7.5% 0.0% Government Bonds EUR 10+ Gov10+ 2.4% 14.7% 0.0% Covered Bonds EUR Cov 2.9% 4.5% 3.8% Government Bonds EUR Inflation Linked GovInfl 1.9% 9.5% 0.0% Corporate Bonds EUR Corp 2.8% 4.5% 5.9% High Yield Global HY 4.3% 5.8% 30.0% Emerging Market Bonds EM 4.2% 10.3% 8.7% Equity & Alternatives Equity Developed Global EQ 5.1% 39.0% Equity Emerging Markets EQ EM 6.1% 49.0% / 15.0% (FX) Hedge Funds / Commodities HF / Comm 3.6% 49.0% Other Alternatives (Private Equity / Infrastructure) PE / Infra 9.1% 49.0% Real Estate RE 3.8% 25.0%
  • 10. 10 Methodology: Risk-based Solvency Framework  Generic risk-based solvency framework (based on Solvency II / IORP II standard formula) Source: EIOPA (2012b), p. 73 Conceptual presentation of risk-based solvency regulation approach ? To be specified For each relevant sub-module, a revaluation is made based on prescribed stress scenarios. The stress may have an impact on the market value of assets (e.g. interest rates up/down, equity, property, spread, currency) and/or an impact on liabilities (e.g. interest rates up/down, CCP, longevity, disability, expenses).
  • 11. 11 Assessment: Impact on Strategic Asset Allocation
  • 12. 12 Results Base Case Regulation - Optimization of Growth Portfolio (75% hedged) 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0% 90.0% 100.0% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516 RE Comm PE HF EQ EM EQ Dev EM Bonds HY Bonds Corp GovInfl Covered Gov10+ Gov Cash Matching P. Cash GovInfl Gov10+ Covered Gov Corp HYEM EQ Dev EQ EM HF COMM PE Inf RE 0.00% 1.00% 2.00% 3.00% 4.00% 5.00% 6.00% 0.00% 5.00% 10.00% 15.00% 20.00% 25.00% 30.00% 35.00% 40.00% ExpectedReturnp.a. SCR / Technical Provisions 0.00% 1.00% 2.00% 3.00% 4.00% 5.00% 6.00% 0.00% 5.00% 10.00% 15.00% 20.00% 25.00% 30.00% 35.00% 40.00% ExpectedReturnp.a. SCR / Technical Provisions 0.00% 1.00% 2.00% 3.00% 4.00% 5.00% 6.00% 0.00% 5.00% 10.00% 15.00% 20.00% 25.00% 30.00% 35.00% 40.00% ExpectedReturnp.a. SCR / Technical Provisions 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0% 90.0% 100.0% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 RE Comm PE HF EQ EM EQ Dev EM Bonds HY Bonds Corp GovInfl Covered Gov10+ Gov Cash Matching P. Composition of efficient portfolios (restricted/unrestricted) Funding Level 125%; MP = 75% of TP
  • 13. 13 Results Base Case Regulation - Optimization of Growth Portfolio (75% hedged)  To assess the relative attractiveness of the individual asset classes we assume that — 60% of the available assets (125% FL) are invested in the matching portfolio ( Hedge Ratio = 75%) — 40% are invested in one single asset class / in optimized growth portfolio.  Composition of portfolios: Only a few asset classes relevant  Analysis of diversification effects — significant effect (more than 25% for portfolios with lower expected return); decreasing if expected return increases  High proportion of Private Equity may not be realistic (due to illiquidity) — Consider constraint: Private Equity ≤ 2.5% of total assets (= 12.5% of growth portfolio) — Effects of constraint regarding Private Equity:  No change for portfolios with low expected return; Private Equity replaced by Equity Emerging Markets; flattening of efficient frontier: lower expected return / higher SCR Funding Level 125%; MP = 75% of TP unrestricted restricted Composition of efficient portfolios (restricted/unrestricted)
  • 14. 14 Results Base Case Regulation - Optimization of Growth Portfolio (100% hedged) Funding Level 125%; MP = 100% of TP Composition of efficient portfolios (restricted/unrestricted)  Matching Portfolio (MP) = 100% of TP  Funding Level = 125% of TP  Growth Portfolio = 20% of assets  Similar effects of constraint regarding Private Equity — No change for portfolios with low expected return; Private — Equity replaced by Equity Emerging Markets; flattening of efficient frontier: lower expected return / higher SCR  Composition of portfolios — Portfolios now include additional asset classes — Covered Bonds — Government Bonds — Long-term Government Bonds less relevant — Still high relevance of Emerging Market Bonds — Relevance of Private Equity unchanged (proportion increasing to almost 100%)  Analysis of diversification effects — Higher diversification effect (more than 30% for portfolios with lower expected return); decreasing if expected return increases restrictedunrestricted
  • 15. 15 Impact of Design Components  Modification of Security Level (SCR 95)  Modification of Capital Charges (Tighter regulation)  Economic-based view
  • 16. Modification of Security Level (SCR 95) Reduce Confidence Level from 99.5% to 95%  Approximation of SCR for lower confidence level (cf. EIOPA): The adjustment is performed by assuming a normal distribution of basic Own Funds. With the quantiles of the standardized normal distribution qN(0,1),99.5 ≈ 2.576 and qN(0,1),95 ≈ 1.645 we get SCR95.0% ≈ 64% x SCR99.5%  This linear transformation of the SCR implies that the optimized portfolios show no structural changes under this low regulation setting 16 Efficient frontier; SCR95 regulation vs. base case regulation; hedge ratio 75%  But the admissible portfolios (for fixed Own Funds) will change and we see an increase in expected return of max. admissible portfolios for given OF since the efficient frontier(s) move to the left  Additionally we see an increase in Own Funds, since the Risk Margin decreases due to the reduction in confidence level and therefore we see a reduction in the Technical Provisions (TP); e.g. the FL increases from 125% to 130.8% for our starting portfolio and OF from 25% to 30.8%  For a first analysis we neglect the increase in Own Funds (which extends the range of admissible portfolios) and only take a look at the return difference for the same SCR  In the unrestricted optimization the difference (green arrows 1 and 2) is between 80 and 95 basis points  When putting a constraint on Private Equity the difference (green arrows 3 and 4) is between 25 and 35 basis points  When taking the change in Own Funds into account this difference is even higher Impact of a lower confidence level 1 2 3 4 Red: SCR95 Regulation Blue: Base Case regulation
  • 17. Modification on Capital Charges (Tighter Regulation) Increase Risk Charges  In the current setting there is no SCR charge applied to EEA Government Bonds  Furthermore, for EM Bonds and Covered Bonds lower SCR charges are applied than for Corporate Bonds with comparable rating Approach for Tighter Regulation:  Instead of increasing the confidence level (which implies increasing the SCR charges for all asset classes by a constant factor): — Set higher SCR charges for selected asset classes — For EM Bonds and Covered Bonds the same SCR charges are applied as for Corporate Bonds with comparable rating 17 — For EEA Bonds half of the SCR charges of Corporate Bonds with comparable rating are applied  All other SCR charges and correlations remain unchanged. Tighter Regulation (all assets in one asset class) Grey: Middle Regulation Orange: High Regulation SCR Charges Tighter Regulation Base Case Cash 0.0% 0.0% Govt Bonds 3.2% 0.0% Govt Bonds 10+ 5.0% 0.0% Covered Bonds 4.6% 3.8% Govt Bonds Infl 3.5% 0.0% Corporate Bonds 5.9% 5.9% High Yield Global 30.0% 30.0% EM Bonds 16.1% 8.7% Equity Developed 39.0% 39.0% Equity EM 49.0% 49.0% Hedge Funds 49.0% 49.0% Private EQ / Infras. 49.0% 49.0% Commodities 49.0% 49.0% Real Estate 25.0% 25.0%
  • 18. Modification on Capital Charges (Tighter Regulation) Optimization of Growth Portfolio with Hedge Ratio 75% 18 Base Case Regulation Tighter Regulation Efficient Frontiers  The basic composition of the optimized portfolios does not change  For the unrestricted optimization we see more long-term Government bonds and more private equity and less EM bonds  For the restricted optimization EM bonds and Equity EM are partially replaced by Equity Developed  Due to the higher SCR charge for selected asset classes the optimized portfolios show a higher SCR (exception: 100% PE or 100% Equity),  Under the tighter Regulation the expected return for the same SCR is up to 37 basis points lower than under the base case regulation. unrestricted restricted unrestricted restricted Blue: Middle Regulation Orange: High Regulation
  • 19. Modification on Capital Charges (Tighter Regulation) Optimization of Growth Portfolio with Hedge Ratio 100% 19 Middle Regulation High Regulation Efficient Frontiers  The basic composition of the optimized portfolios does not change.  For the unrestricted optimization we see more long-term Government bonds, more covered bonds and more private equity and less Government Bonds and EM bonds  For the restricted optimization EM bonds and Equity EM are partially replaced by Equity Developed  Due to the higher SCR charge for selected asset classes the optimized portfolios show a higher SCR (exception: 100% PE or 100% Equity).  Under the tighter Regulation the expected return for the same SCR is up to 12 basis points lower than under the base case regulation. unrestricted restricted unrestricted restricted Blue: Middle Regulation Orange: High Regulation
  • 20. Calibration based on an Economic-based View  When looking at the current approach from an economic-based view it is striking that all alternative asset classes are allocated to „Other Equity“  Therefore no allowance is made for diversification between alternatives and equity, fixed income and real estate  From an ALM standpoint this is very simplifying and reduces the set of available asset classes significantly  Extension: — Introduction of Hedge Funds, Private Equity and Commodities as additional asset classes with specific characteristics.  Implementation Approach: — Extension of Correlation Matrix for Equity/Alternatives — Reviewing and (if required) adjusting Correlation Matrix for Market Risk — Reviewing and (if required) adjusting the SCR charges 20
  • 21. Economic-based view: Approach  Motivation: Parsimonious Approach  The resulting correlations are based on the analysis of correlations of historical data with rolling windows for different frequencies  We use conservative estimates for rolling 12 month correlations, even though the historical long-term correlations are lower 21 CorrMkt Global EQ EM EQ PE HF Comm Global EQ 1 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 EM EQ 0.9 1 1 1 1 PE / Infra 0.9 0.9 1 1 1 HF 0.8 0.85 0.8 1 1 Comm 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.8 1 Extended correlation matrix based on current approach Adjusted correlations used for economic based view  Based on the analysis of correlations of historical data with rolling windows for different frequencies for the CorrMkt matrix we reduced selected correlations for Equities/Alternatives (while keeping the rest unchanged) — EQ/Alternatives and IR risk: from 0.50 to 0.25 — EQ/Alternatives and property risk: from 0.75 to 0.50 — EQ/Alternatives and Spread risk: from 0.75 to 0.50 CorrMkt IR EQ / Alt. Property Spread Currency CCP IR 1 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.00 EQ / Alt. 0.25 1 0.75 0.75 0.25 0.00 Property 0.50 1 0.50 0.25 0.00 Spread 0.50 1 0.25 0.00 Currency 1 0.00 CCP 1 Adjusted correlations used for economic based view Extension of Correlation Matrix Adjustment of Correlation Matrix
  • 22. Economic-based view: Calibration SCR Charges  From an ALM standpoint it is striking that on the one hand no SCR charges are applied to EEA Government Bonds and on the other hand the same SCR charges are used for EM Equity, Private Equity, Hedge Funds and Commodities  Fixed Income — For an adequate treatment we put higher SCR charges on selected fixed income asset classes — For EM Bonds and Covered Bonds the same SCR charges are applied as for Corporate Bonds with comparable rating. — For EEA Bonds half of the SCR charges of Corporate Bonds with comparable rating are applied — This approach is identical to “High Regulation” 22 SCR Charges Economic View Base Case Regulation Cash 0.0% 0.0% Govt Bonds 3.2% 0.0% Govt Bonds 10+ 5.0% 0.0% Covered Bonds 4.6% 3.8% Govt Bonds Infl 3.5% 0.0% Corporate Bonds 5.9% 5.9% High Yield Global 30.0% 30.0% EM Bonds 16.1% 8.7% Equity Developed 39.0% 39.0% Equity EM 49.0% 49.0% Hedge Funds 13.0% 49.0% Private EQ / Infras. 49.0% 49.0% Commodities 49.0% 49.0% Real Estate 15.0% 25.0%  Hedge Funds — Based on forward looking simulations by the risklab Economic Scenario Generator (ESG) and analysis of historical Data the SCR charge for Hedge Funds is set to 13% (instead of 49%) — This is based on the assumption that we look at a well-diversified portfolio of Hedge Funds (not single Hedge Funds, which are riskier). This is also reflected in the low return expectation (which is even lower than Real Estate)  Real Estate — For Real Estate an SCR charge of 15% (instead of 25%) is applied
  • 23. Economic-based view: Results 23  The impact on the overall SCR then investing all assets in one asset class is depending on the asset class — For the fixed income classes with a higher SCR charge the overall SCR increases — For Hedge Funds and Real Estate the overall SCR is significant lower mainly due to the lower SCR charge — For PE, EQ developed, EQ EM and Commodities the lower overall SCR is a result of the higher diversification effect. 100% of portfolio in one asset class; base case regulation vs. economic-based view Efficient frontier; base case regulation vs. economic-based view; hedge ratio 75%
  • 24. Economic-based view: Results Optimization of Growth Portfolio with Hedge Ratio 75% 24 Base Case Regulation Economic-based View Efficient Frontiers  The basic composition of the optimized portfolios does not change  For the unrestricted optimization we see more long-term Government bonds and more private equity and less EM bonds  For low-SCR portfolios Real Estate is part of the optimized asset allocation — Please note: As shown in the report in May, Real Estate is not part of the optimized portfolio in the current setting (base case regulation), only when decreasing the SCR for Real Estate to 15% Blue: Middle Regulation Green: ALM View unrestricted restricted unrestricted restricted
  • 25. Economic-based view: Results Optimization of Growth Portfolio with Hedge Ratio 75%  The effect on the SCR is twofold: — Due to the higher SCR charge for selected fixed income asset classes the SCR for the optimized portfolio with a lower return expectation is higher, since these exhibit a high fixed income allocation — With increasing return expectation (constrained and unconstrained) the share of equities and alternatives increases and as these asset classes now show a higher diversification the overall SCR decreases  It is interesting to note that the efficient portfolios mainly consist of long-term Government Bonds, EM Bonds, and Private Equity (and Equity EM when PE is restricted)  As the following results will show, this might be the result of incompletely hedged liabilities 25
  • 26. Economic-based view: Results Optimization of Growth Portfolio with Hedge Ratio 100% 26 Middle Regulation Efficient Frontiers ALM View  As seen before, the SCR under the Economic-based view is higher for low- and mid-return portfolios. Additionally the overall SCR for high-return portfolios decreases under the Economic-based view  When the Liabilities are fully hedged,(i.e. Matching Portfolio = 100% of Technical Provisions) the portfolio composition along the efficient frontier changes dramatically/significantly  Almost all assets classes (except Commodities and HY bonds) are included in one or another portfolio along the efficient frontier. Besides Corporate Bonds also Hedge Funds (and Real Estate) are now part of the optimized asset allocations Blue: Middle Regulation Green: ALM View unrestricted restricted unrestricted restricted
  • 28. Tentative Conclusions  Regulation in form of risk based solvency charges affects asset allocation decisions of LTI — For some asset classes, the capital charges applied in the standard formula do not appear in line with the volatility or downside risk measures of the respective asset classes. This triggers different investment behavior under an economic view compared to the regulatory view — The standard formula provides an incentive to heavily invest in a matching portfolio for the liabilities: The SCR for market risk is negligible for an optimized portfolio of interest rate (and inflation) swaps — Tighter regulation demands the de-risking of investment portfolios and thus induces the exclusion of portfolios with higher expected returns. The opposite applies for lower regulation — Sensitivity analyses illustrate the dependency on underlying assumptions — The rules under discussion however could rather stifle than encourage true “long-term” investment  Specifications of the required amount of Solvency Capital have a significant impact on the relative attractiveness of asset classes — Emerging Market Bonds appear attractive compared to other fixed income classes — The significant SCR charges for equity and alternatives (including high yield bonds) imply (compared to traditional asset portfolios) a need to de-risk pension investment portfolios - and with that to invest in less return-generating asset classes — Private Equity (and also Infrastructure) appears attractive compared to other equity classes — Real Estate and Hedge Funds appear unattractive due to high SCR charges 28
  • 29. Tentative Conclusions  Different design versions of the risk-based solvency regulation (compared to the current status of the EIOPA proposal) have partially significant effects on the portfolio composition: — A regulation based on a lower confidence level (SCR95 regulation) is equivalent with a linear transformation of the SCR. This implies that the optimized portfolios show no structural changes under this more relaxed regulation setting since all calculated SCR values are multiplied by the same factor — A tighter regulation with higher capital charges to asset classes which are privileged under the current solvency design implies higher SCR and possibly the need for de-risking of the portfolio — Under an economic-based view using internal risk models to assess the appropriate capital market parameters for capital charges and correlations for a more differentiated universe of asset classes (and consider the specific correlation characteristics of Hedge Funds, Private Equity and Commodities) , the SCR for the optimized portfolios with a lower return expectation was comparably higher. When moving along the efficient frontier with increasing return expectation the overall SCR decreases compared to the base case regulation (constrained and unconstrained) providing an incentive for more highly diversified portfolios  Diversification plays an important role for the choice of asset allocation — Alternatives are summarized under „other equity“. From an ALM standpoint this simplifies the investment universe greatly and reduces the set of available asset classes significantly — When allowing for the diversification effects of alternative asset classes (even under very conservative assumptions, as described under the economic-based view) we get broadly diversified portfolios also including Hedge Funds and Real Estate 29
  • 30. 30 Disclaimer Investing involves risk. The value of an investment and the income from it may fall as well as rise and investors may not get back the full amount invested. The volatility of fund unit prices may be increased or even strongly increased. Past performance is not a reliable indicator of future results. If the currency in which the past performance is displayed differs from the currency of the country in which the investor resides, then the investor should be aware that due to the exchange rate fluctuations the performance shown may be higher or lower if converted into the investor’s local currency. Back-testings and hypothetical or simulated performance data has many inherent limitations only some of which are described as follows: It is designed with the benefit of hindsight, based on historical data, and does not reflect the impact that certain economic and market factors might have had on the decision-making process, if a client’s portfolio had actually been managed. No back-testings, hypothetical or simulated performance can completely account for the impact of financial risk in actual performance. It does not reflect actual transactions and cannot accurately account for the ability to withstand losses. The information is based, in part, on hypothetical assumptions made for modeling purposes that may not be realized in the actual management of portfolios. No representation or warranty is made as to the reasonableness of the assumptions made or that all assumptions used in achieving the returns have been stated or fully considered. Assumption changes may have a material impact on the model returns presented. The back-testing of performance differs from actual portfolio performance because the investment strategy may be adjusted at any time, for any reason. Investors should not assume that they will experience a performance similar to the back-testings, hypothetical or simulated performance shown. Material differences between back-testings, hypothetical or simulated performance results and actual results subsequently achieved by any investment strategy are possible. This is for information only and not to be construed as a solicitation or an invitation to make an offer, to conclude a contract, or to buy or sell any securities. The products or securities described herein may not be available for sale in all jurisdictions or to certain categories of investors. This is for distribution only as permitted by applicable law and in particular not available to residents and/or nationals of the USA. The investment opportunities described herein are not guaranteed. The views and opinions expressed herein, which are subject to change without notice, are those of the issuer and/or its affiliated companies at the time of publication. The data used is derived from various sources, and assumed to be correct and reliable, but it has not been independently verified; its accuracy or completeness is not guaranteed and no liability is assumed for any direct or consequential losses arising from its use, unless caused by gross negligence or willful misconduct. The conditions of any underlying offer or contract that may have been, or will be, made or concluded, shall prevail. Contact the issuer electronically or via mail at the address indicated below for a free copy of the sales prospectus, the incorporation documents, the latest annual and semi-annual financial reports and the key investor information document in English. Please read these documents - which are solely binding - carefully before investing. This is a marketing communication. Issued by risklab GmbH, www.risklab.com, a wholly owned subsidiary of Allianz Global Investors Holding GmbH. risklab GmbH is a limited liability company, incorporated in Germany, with its registered office at Seidlstrasse 24-24a, D-80335 Munich, authorized and regulated by Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht (www.bafin.de). The duplication, publication, or transmission of the contents, irrespective of the form, is not permitted. The risklab brand name is used according to the trademark license agreement between risklab GmbH, Seidlstrasse 24-24a D-80335 Munich, Germany (licensee) and Algorithmics Trademarks LLC, having its principal place of business at 1209 Orange St., Wilmington, Delaware, USA and Algorithmics Incorporated, having its principal place of business at 185 Spadina Ave., Toronto, Ontario, Canada (licensor). risklab is not affiliated with RMS® or RISKLINK®. The following names are registered trademarks of risklab GmbH: risklab Dynamic Surplus Return Management™, risklab Variance Premium Trading Index™, risklab Commodity Variance Premium Trading Index™, risklab Variance Premium Trading Stable Index™, risklab Commodities 4 Seasons Index™, risklab Commodities 4 Seasons Long Short Index™.