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1
Operating
System
Concepts

Syllabus
2
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 上課時間: Friday 19:35-22:00
 教室:M 501
 教...

Contents
3
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
1. Introduction
2. Computer-System Struct...

4
Chapter 1. Introduction

Introduction
5
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 What is an Operating System?
 A ba...

Computer SystemComponents
 OS – a government/environment provider
Application Programs
Operating System
Hardware
User Use...

UserView
7
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 The user view of the computer varies by...

SystemView
8
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 A Resource Allocator
 CPU time, Memo...

SystemGoals
9
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Two Conflicting Goals:
 Convenient ...

UNIXArchitecture
terminal controller, terminals,
physical memory, device controller,
devices such as disks, memory, etc.
C...

MainframeSystems
11
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 The first used to tackle many
...

Mainframe–BatchSystems
 Batches sorted and submitted by
the operator
 Simple batch systems
 Off-line processing
~ Repla...

Mainframe–BatchSystems
c ard reader
 Spooling (Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On-
Line)
~ Replace sequential-access de...

Mainframe–
MultiprogrammedSystems
 Multiprogramming increases CPU
utilization by organizing jobs so
that the CPU always h...

Mainframe–Time-Sharing
Systems
 Time sharing (or
multitasking) is a logical
extension of
multiprogramming!
 Started in 1...

DesktopSystems
16
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 Personal Computers (PC’s)
 Appe...

Parallel Systems
• A Tandem fault-tolerance solution
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004....

Parallel Systems
18
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 Symmetric multiprocessing mode...

DistributedSystems
19
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 Definition: Loosely-Coupled ...

DistributedSystems
20
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 Distributed systems depend o...

DistributedSystems
21
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 Client-Server Systems
 Comp...

22
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ClusteredSystems
 Definition: Clustered computer...

Real-TimeSystems
23
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 Definition: A real-time system...

Real-TimeSystems
24
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 Soft real-time system: Missing...

Applications forReal-TimeSystems!
25
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26
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
Real-TimeSystems
 Applications
 Air traffic con...

27
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
HandheldSystems
 Handheld Systems
 E.g., Person...

28
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
FeatureMigration
 MULTIplexed Information and
Co...

ComputingEnvironments
 Embedded OS’s often have limited features.29
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan U...

Contents
1. Introduction
2. Computer-System Structures
3. Operating-System Structures
4. Processes
5. Threads
6. CPU Sched...

31
Chapter 2
Computer-SystemStructure

32
Computer-SystemStructure
 Objective: General knowledge of the
structure of a computer system.
printer
CPU
printer
cont...

Booting
33
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Bootstrap program:
 Initialize all asp...

Interrupt
 Hardware interrupt, e.g. services
requests of I/O devices
 Software interrupt, e.g. signals,
invalid memory a...

Interrupt HandlingProcedure
 Saving of the address of the interrupted
instruction: fixed locations or stacks
 Interrupt ...

36
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
Interrupt HandlingProcedure
 Interrupt Handling
...

37
I/OStructure
 Device controllers are responsible of moving
data between the peripheral devices and their
local buffer ...

I/OStructure
38
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 I/O operation
a. CPU sets up speci...

I/O Types
completion
39
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
wait till the
or
a. Synchron...

I/O Types
Device driver
Interrupt handler
Hardware
data transfer
Requesting process
Device driver
Interrupt handler
Hardwa...

I/O types
b. Asynchronous I/O
sync
*efficiency
wait till the
completion
wait mechanisms!!
41
* All rights reserved, Tei-We...

I/O Types
 A Device-Status Table Approach
card reader 1
status: idle
line printer 3
status: busy
disk unit 3
status: idle...

DMA
 Goal: Release CPU from handling excessive
interrupts!
 E.g. 9600-baud terminal
2-microsecond service / 1000 microse...

StorageStructure
 Access time: a
cycle
 Access time:
several cycles
 Access time: many
cycles
memory
Magnetic Disks
reg...

Memory
 Processor can have direct access!
 Intermediate storage for data in the
registers of device controllers
 Memory...

Magneticdisks
 Transfer Rate
 Random-
Access Time
 Seek time
in x ms
 Rotational
latency in y
ms
 60~200
times/sec
sp...

MagneticDisks
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Disks
 Fixed-head disks:
 More r/w...

48
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
StorageHierarchy
register
Main Memory
Electronic ...

StorageHierarchy
49
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Caching
 Information is copie...

StorageHierarchy
 Coherency and Consistency
 Among several storage levels (vertical)
 Multitasking vs unitasking
 Amon...

HardwareProtection
instructions that may cause harm
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
...

HardwareProtection
52
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 System Calls – trap to OS fo...

HardwareProtection
 Memory Protection
 Goal: Prevent a user program from
modifying the code or data structures
of either...

HardwareProtection
54
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 CPU Protection
 Goal
 Prev...

NetworkStructure
55
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 Local-Area Network (LAN)
 Cha...

NetworkStructure
56
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 Wide-Area Network (WAN)
 Emer...

NetworkStructure–WAN
gateway
gateway
T
T
A
A
R
R
N
N
E
E
T
T
H
H
I
I
N
N
E
E
T
T
IInnttrraanneett
A
A
A
IIn
n
ttrraan
n
ee...

NetworkStructure–WAN
forwarding packets to proper subnets.
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University,...

NetworkStructure–WAN
59
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Connections between networ...

NetworkLayersinLinux
PPP SLIP Ethernet
Internet Protocol (IP)
Network Layer ARP
TCP UDP
INET sockets
BSD sockets
Kernel
Ap...

TCP/IP
140.123.100, 140.123. 101, and 140.123.103
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
61...

TCP/IP
62
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 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
 Re...

TCP/IP
63
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 Mapping of Ethernet physical addresses
a...

TCP/IP
TCP header + Data
IP header Data
Ethernet header Data
An Ethernet
frame
• Each IP packet has an indicator of which ...

Contents
1. Introduction
2. Computer-System Structures
3. Operating-System Structures
4. Processes
5. Threads
6. CPU Sched...

66
Chapter 3
Operating-System
Structures

Operating-SystemStructures
67
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 Goals: Provide a way...

SystemComponents
– Process
Management
68
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 Process M...

SystemComponents
– Process
Management
69
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 Services
...

SystemComponents–
Main- MemoryManagement
70
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 Memory...

SystemComponents–File
Management
71
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 Goal:
 A unif...

SystemComponents–File
Management
72
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 Services
 Fil...

SystemComponents–
I/O SystemManagement
73
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 Goal:
 ...

SystemComponents–
Secondary-StorageManagement
74
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 G...

SystemComponents
– Networking
75
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 Issues
 Resource...

SystemComponents
– ProtectionSystem
76
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 Goal
 Reso...

SystemComponents–
Command-Interpreter system
 Command Interpreter
 Interface between the user and the
operating system
...

Operation-SystemServices
78
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 Program Execution
 Lo...

Operation-SystemServices
79
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 Error Detection
 Poss...

Operation-SystemServices
80
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 System calls
 Interfa...

use parameters
from table x
Operation-SystemServices
 How a system call
occurs?
 Types and
information
 Parameter Passi...

Operation-SystemServices
82
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 System Calls
 Process...

Operation-SystemServices
83
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 Process & Job Control
...

Operation-SystemServices
84
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 Process & Job Control ...

Operation-SystemServices
85
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 Examples: MS-DOS & UNI...

Operation-SystemServices
86
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 File Management
 Crea...

Operation-SystemServices
87
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 Device management
 Re...

Operation-SystemServices
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Information maintenance
...

89
Operation-SystemServices
 Shared Memory
 Max Speed & Comm Convenience
 Message Passing
 No Access Conflict & Easy I...

SystemPrograms
90
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Goal:
 Provide a convenient env...

SystemPrograms–
CommandInterpreter
 Two approaches:
 Contain codes to execute commands
 Fast but the interpreter tends ...

SystemPrograms–
CommandInterpreter
92
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 Implement co...

SystemStructure–MS-DOS
 MS-DOS Layer Structure
Application program
Resident system program
MS-DOS device drivers
ROM BIOS...

SystemStructure–UNIX
terminal controller, terminals,
physical memory, device controller,
devices such as disks, memory, et...

SystemStructure
 A Layered Approach – A Myth
Advantage: Modularity ~ Debugging &
Verification
Difficulty: Appropriate lay...

SystemStructure
96
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 A Layer Definition Example:
L5 ...

SystemStructure–OS/2
* Some layers of NT were from user space to kernel space in NT4.0
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo,...

SystemStructure
– Microkernels
98
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 The concept of m...

99
SystemStructure
– Microkernels
kernel
OS/2
Applications OS/2
Server
 Examples
 Microkernels: True64UNIX (Mach
kernel)...

100
Virtual Machine
 Virtual Machines: provide an interface that is
identical to the underlying bare hardware
interface
p...

Virtual Machine
101
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Implementation Issues:
 Emula...

Virtual Machine
virtual
user
mode
virtual
monitor
mode
monitor
mode
processes processes processes
kernel 1 kernel 2 kernel...

Virtual Machine
103
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 Disadvantages:
 Slow!
 Execu...

Virtual Machine
104
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 Advantages:
 Complete Protect...

Virtual Machine–Java
 Sun Microsystems in late 1995
 Java Language and API Library
 Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
 Class ...

Virtual Machine–Java
 JVM
 Garbage collection
 Reclaim unused objects
 Implementation being specific for
different sys...

SystemDesign
&
Implementation
 Design Goals & Specifications:
 User Goals, e.g., ease of use
 System Goals, e.g., relia...

SystemDesign
&
Implementation
* Tracing for bottleneck identification, exploring of excellent algorithms,1
e0
tc
8.
* All ...

SystemGeneration
 SYSGEN (System Generation)
 Ask and probe for information concerning the
specific configuration of a h...

Contents
1. Introduction
2. Computer-System Structures
3. Operating-System Structures
4. Processes
5. Threads
6. CPU Sched...

111
Chapter4 Processes

Processes
112
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 Objective:
 Process Concept & Defin...

Processes
113
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 Example: Special Processes in Unix
...

Processes
114
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 Process
 A Basic Unit of Work from ...

Processes
 Process State
new
ready
waiting
terminated
running
admitted
115
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Processes
116
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 Process Control Block (PCB)
 Proces...

Processes
pointer
process state
pc
register
 PCB: The repository for any information
that may vary from process to proces...

Processes
118
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 Process Control Block (PCB) – An Uni...

Processes
 Example: 4.3BSD
text
structure
proc[i]
entry
page
table Code Segment
Data Segment
PC
heap
user stack
argv, arg...

Processes
 Example: 4.4BSD
proc[i]
entry
process grp
…
file descriptors
VM space region lists
page
table Code Segment
Dat...

ProcessScheduling
 The goal of multiprogramming
 Maximize CPU/resource utilization!
 The goal of time sharing
 Allow e...

ProcessScheduling–
A QueueingDiagram
ready queue
122
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ProcessScheduling
– Schedulers
 Long-Term (/Job) Scheduler
 Goal: Select a good mix of I/O-bound and
CPU-bound process
...

ProcessScheduling
– Schedulers
124
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 Short-Term (/CP...

ProcessScheduling
– Context Switches
125
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 Context S...

OperationsonProcesses
 Process Creation & Termination
 Restrictions on resource usage
 Passing of Information
 Concurr...

OperationsonProcesses
127
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 Process Duplication
 A ...

OperationsonProcesses
128
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 Example:
…
if ( pid = fo...

OperationsonProcesses
129
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 Termination of Child Pro...

CooperatingProcesses
130
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 Cooperating processes can...

CooperatingProcesses
 A Consumer-Producer Example:
 Bounded buffer or unbounded buffer
 Supported by inter-process
comm...

CooperatingProcesses
132
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Producer:
while (1) {
/* pr...

CooperatingProcesses
133
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Consumer:
while (1) {
while...

InterprocessCommunication
134
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 Why Inter-Process Co...

InterprocessCommunication
135
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 IPC
 Shared Memory
...

InterprocessCommunication
136
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 Classification of Co...

InterprocessCommunication –
137
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Direct Communication...

InterprocessCommunication –
Direct Communication
138
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004....

InterprocessCommunication –
Indirect Communication
 Two processes can communicate only
if the process share a mailbox (or...

InterprocessCommunication –
Indirect Communication
 Issues:
a. Who is the recipient of a message?
b. Owners vs Users
 Pr...

InterprocessCommunication –
Synchronization
141
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 Bl...

InterprocessCommunication –
Buffering
142
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 The Capa...

InterprocessCommunication –
143
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Buffering
 Special ...

InterprocessCommunication –
ExceptionConditions
144
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...

InterprocessCommunication –
ExceptionConditions
messages & resend them as necessary!
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, N...

Example- Mach
146
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 Mach – A message-based OS from
t...

Example- Mach
* One task can either own or receive from a mailbox.
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Example- Mach
148
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 msg_receive
 To receive from a ...

Example- Mach
149
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 port_allocate
 create a mailbox...

150
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Example–Windows2000
 Local Procedure Call (LPC)...

Example–Windows2000
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Three Types of Message Passing...

Communicationin
Client- Server Systems
 Socket
 An endpoint for communication
identified by an IP address
concatenated w...

Communicationin
Client- Server Systems
153
client.close();
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University,...

Communicationin
Client- Server Systems
 Locate the proper port and marshall paramet1e5r4s.
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei...

Communicationin
Client- Server Systems
 Matchmaker – a rendezvous mechanism
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National ...

Communicationin
Client- Server Systems
Client Messages Server
Call kernel
to send RPC
msg to
Procedure X
Kernel sends
msg ...

Communicationin
Client- Server Systems
157
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 An Exam...

Communicationin
Client- Server Systems
158
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 Remote ...

Communicationin
Client- Server Systems
159
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 Paramet...

Contents
1. Introduction
2. Computer-System Structures
3. Operating-System Structures
4. Processes
5. Threads
6. CPU Sched...

161
Chapter 5Threads

Threads
162
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Objectives:
 Concepts and issues asso...

Threads
 Motivation
 A web browser
 Data retrieval
 Text/image displaying
 A word processor
 Displaying
 Keystroke ...

Threads
164
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Benefits
 Responsiveness
 Resource S...

User-Level Threads
 User-level threads
are implemented by
a thread library at
the user level.
 Examples:
 POSIX Pthread...

Kernel-Level Threads
 Advantage
 Blocking of a thread will not block its entire task.
 Disadvantage
 Context switching...

MultithreadingModels
 Many-to-One Model
 Many user-level threads to one
kernel thread
 Advantage:
 Efficiency
 Disadv...

MultithreadingModels
 One-to-One Model
 One user-level thread to one kernel
thread
 Advantage: One system call blocks
o...

MultithreadingModels
 Many-to-Many Model
 Many user-level threads to many
kernel threads
 Advantage:
 A combination of...

ThreadingIssues
170
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 Fork and Exec System Calls
 F...

171
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ThreadingIssues
 Thread Cancellation
 Target t...

172
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ThreadingIssues
 Signal Handling
 Signal
 Syn...

ThreadingIssues
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Delivery of a Signal
 To the thre...

ThreadingIssues
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Thread Pools
 Motivations
 Dynam...

175
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Pthreads
 Pthreads (IEEE 1003.1c)
 API Specifi...

Pthreads
}
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
176
#include <pthread.h>
main(int argc, c...

Solaris 2
 Implementation
of Pthread API
in addition to
supporting
thread creation
and
management.
kernel threadsuser-lev...

Solaris 2
178
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 Many-to-Many Model
 Each process ha...

179
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
Solaris 2
 Processor Allocation:
 Multiprogram...

Solaris2
 Data Structures
 A User-Level Thread
 A Thread ID, a register set (including
PC, SP), stack, and priority – i...

Windows2000
181
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 Win32 API
 One-to-One Model
 Fib...

Windows2000
 Data Structures
 ETHREAD (executive thread block)
 A ptr to the process,a ptr to KTHREAD,
the address of t...

Linux
183
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Threads introduced in Version 2.2
 clon...

Java
184
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Thread Support at the Language Level
 Ma...

Java
185
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
class Summation extends Thread
{ public Sum...

Contents
1. Introduction
2. Computer-System Structures
3. Operating-System Structures
4. Processes
5. Threads
6. CPU Sched...

187
Chapter6 CPUScheduling

CPUScheduling
188
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Objective:
 Basic Scheduling Co...

CPUScheduling
 Process Execution
 CPU-bound programs tend to have a
few very long CPU bursts.
 IO-bound programs tend t...

CPUScheduling
 The distribution can help in selecting
an appropriate CPU-scheduling
algorithms
120
100
60
20
Burst Durati...

CPUScheduling
Ready Running
Waiting
 CPU Scheduler – The Selection of
Process for Execution
 A short-term scheduler
New ...

CPUScheduling
192
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Nonpreemptive Scheduling
 A run...

CPUScheduling
193
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Preemptive Scheduling
 Beside t...

CPUScheduling
 Dispatcher
 Functionality:
 Switching context
 Switching to user mode
 Restarting a user program
 Dis...

SchedulingCriteria
195
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Why?
 Different scheduling...

SchedulingCriteria
196
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 How to Measure the Performa...

SchedulingAlgorithms
197
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 First-Come, First-Served ...

First-Come,First-
Served Scheduling
(FCFS)
 The process which requests the
CPU first is allocated the CPU
 Properties:
...

First-Come,First-
Served Scheduling
(FCFS)
burst times !
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2...

 Example: Convoy
Effect
 One CPU-bound
process + many
I/O-bound
processes
First-Come,First-
Served Scheduling
(FCFS) CPU...

Shortest-Job-FirstScheduling
(SJF)
201
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Non-Preempt...

Shortest-Job-FirstScheduling
(SJF)
202
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Nonpreempti...

203
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
Shortest-Job-FirstScheduling
(SJF)
 Preemptive ...

* Context switching cost ~ modeling & analys2is04
Shortest-Job-FirstScheduling
(SJF)
 Preemptive or Non-preemptive?
 Cri...

PriorityScheduling
205
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 CPU is assigned to the proc...

PriorityScheduling
206
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
Process CPU Burst Time Priori...

PriorityScheduling
207
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Priority Assignment
 Inter...

PriorityScheduling
208
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Preemptive or Non-Preemptiv...

PriorityScheduling
209
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Major Problem
 Indefinite ...

Round-RobinScheduling(RR)
 RR is similar to FCFS except that
preemption is added to switch between
processes.
ready runni...

Round-RobinScheduling(RR)
211
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
Process
P1
P2
P3
CPU B...

212
Round-RobinScheduling(RR)
0
time quantum
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
10
0 6 ...

Round-RobinScheduling(RR)
 Turnaround Time
0 10 20 30
10 20 30
30
process (10ms)
P1
P2
P3
0
213
* All rights reserved, Te...

Multilevel QueueScheduling
 Partition the ready queue into
several separate queues =>
Processes can be classified into
di...

Multilevel QueueScheduling
215
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Intra-queue schedul...

Multilevel Feedback
Queue Scheduling
216
*Inter-queue scheduling: Fixed-priority preemptive?!
* All rights reserved, Tei-W...

Multilevel Feedback
Queue Scheduling
 Example
quantum = 8
quantum = 16
FCFS
*Idea: Separate processes with different CPU-...

Multiple-ProcessorScheduling
218
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 CPU scheduling in...

Multiple-ProcessorScheduling
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Load Sharing – Load B...

Real-TimeScheduling
220
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Definition
 Real-time mea...

Real-TimeScheduling
 Dispatch Latency
1. Preemption of the running process
2. Releasing resources needed by the higher
pr...

Real-TimeScheduling
222
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Minimization of Dispatch L...

Time
223
Real-TimeScheduling
 Priority Inversion:
 A higher-priority processes must wait for
the execution of a lower-pr...

Time224
Real-TimeScheduling
 Priority Inheritance
 The blocked process inherits the
priority of the process that causes
...

225
Real-TimeScheduling
 Earliest Deadline First Scheduling
(EDF)
 Processes with closer deadlines have
higher prioritie...

2
22
6
0
Real-TimeScheduling–EDF
process CPU Burst time Deadline Initial Arrival Time
P1 4 20 0
P2 5 15 1
P3 6 16 2
Averag...

227
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
AGeneralArchitecture ofRTOS’s
 Objectives in th...

228
AGeneral Architecture
Bottom
Half
Top
Half
processes
User
Space
OS
hardware
Timer expires to
• Expire the running
proc...

AGeneral Architecture
 2-Step Interrupt Services
 Immediate Interrupt Service
 Interrupt priorities > process prioritie...

AGeneral Architecture
230
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Scheduler
 A central pa...

AGeneral Architecture
231
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Memory Management
 No p...

AlgorithmEvaluation
232
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 A General Procedure
 Sele...

DeterministicModeling
knowledge to be useful!
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
233
 ...

DeterministicModeling
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
process CPU Burst time
10
29
3
7
12
61
P
3
P4 P1 P5 P2
FCFC
0 10 39 42 49 61
Average ...

QueueingModels
235
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Motivation:
 Workloads vary, a...

QueueingModels
236
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Model a computer system as a ne...

n = # of processes in the queue
 = arrival rate
 = average waiting time in the queue
 If n =14 &  =7 processes/sec, th...

238
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
Simulation
 Motivation:
 Get a more accurate e...

Simulation
239
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Properties:
 Accurate results can ...

Implementation
240
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Motivation:
 Get more accurate...

Implementation
241
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Difficulties:
 Cost in coding ...

ProcessSchedulingModel
242
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Process Local Schedulin...

ProcessSchedulingModel
– Solaris 2
 Priority-Based Process Scheduling
 Real-Time
 System
 Kernel-service processes
 T...

ProcessSchedulingModel
– Solaris 2
 Prefer windowing process
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan Universi...

ProcessSchedulingModel
– Solaris 2
245
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 The selecte...

ProcessSchedulingModel
– Windows2000
246
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Priority-...

ProcessSchedulingModel
– Windows2000
quantum)
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
247
 ...

248
ProcessSchedulingModel –
Windows2000
Real-
time
High Above
normal
Normal Below
normal
Idle
priority
Time-
critical
31 ...

ProcessSchedulingModel
– Linux
249
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 Three Classes (...

ProcessSchedulingModel
– Linux
250
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 A Time-Sharing ...

Contents
1. Introduction
2. Computer-System Structures
3. Operating-System Structures
4. Processes
5. Threads
6. CPU Sched...

252
Chapter 7
Process Synchronization

253
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
ProcessSynchronization
 Why Synchronization?
 ...

ProcessSynchronization
 A Consumer-Producer Example
 Consumer:
while (1) {
while (counter == 0)
;
nextc = buffer[out];
o...

ProcessSynchronization
 counter++ vs counter—
r1 = counter
r1 = r1 + 1
counter = r1
r2 = counter
r2 = r2 - 1
counter = r2...

ProcessSynchronization
256
* All rights reserved, Tei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, 2004.
 A Race Condition:
 A s...

ProcessSynchronization
permission request
exit notification
 A General Structure for the Critical-
Section Problem
do {
e...

 Three Requirements
1. Mutual Exclusion
a. Only one process can be in its critical section.
2. Progress
a. Only processes...

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