The document discusses hybrid seed production techniques for red gram. It describes using male sterile lines as female parents that are crossed with male parents that produce pollen. The key steps involve emasculation of the female parent's flowers before pollination with pollen from the male parent. New high yielding hybrids and varieties have been developed by ICRISAT and IIPR that provide 30-40% greater yields than traditional varieties through genome sequencing and other innovations.
5. INTRODUCTION
It contains:
• Protein: 22.3%
• Fat: 1.7%
It is a protein-rich staple food
It is a perennial legume crop
It is a second important pulse crop in the country
It is a drought resistant crop
It is rich in lysine, riboflavin, thiamine, niacin and iron
6. It also plays an important role in sustaining soil
fertility by improving physical properties of soil
Wild relatives like Mansi occur in tropical deciduous
woodlands
Red gram crop is used as food crop and
forage/cover crop
It is the primary accompaniment to rice/roti
8. LAND PREPARATION
Plough the land to get fine tilth. Since it is a deep
rooted crop, deep ploughing is necessary
Then form 1.5 feet ridges and furrows
9. FERTILIZERS
Apply fertilizers basally before sowing
Rainfed:12.5kg N:25kg p2o5:12.5kg k2o
Irrigated:25kg N:50kg p2o5:25kg k2o
Apply FYM @ 10-12 tonnes/ha at time of last ploughing
10. SELECTION OF LAND
Red sandy loam soils, well drained black soils are
suitable
Saline, saline-alkaline soils prone for inundation
during crop period is not suitable
Neutral pH
Deep loam soil
Higher organic matter will lead to production of
vigorous seed
11. SEED TREATMENT
During germination the fungus present in the soil
effect the germination percent by causing seed
decay
To control this, treat the seed with capton/thiram 2
gm/kg seed
Rhizobial seed treatment
12. SEED RATE
The seeding rate of Pigeon pea depends on the
desired plant density for a genotype, cropping
system, germination rate and mass of the seed
Early maturing varieties - 20 to 25 kg/hectare
Medium/Late maturing varieties – 15 to 20
kg/hectare
13. SOWING AND SPACING
Sowing time and method:
Early maturing varieties: First fortnight of June
Medium/Late maturing varieties: Second fortnight
of June
• Line sowing by seed-drill or desi plough
• By dibbling on the ridge and bed
Spacing:
Early maturing varieties: 45 - 60 * 10 - 15 cm
Medium/Late maturing varieties: 60 - 75 * 15 - 20
cm
14. ROGUING
Done at flowering, pod formation stage, prior to harvest
Remove the male fertile plants by examining the color of
the anther in the female rows at the time of first flower
formation
One day before flower opening, the plants with
translucent white anther alone are retained in the female
rows
The above operation should be completed in 7 – 10 days
time by daily visit to the field. Incase of male parent,
remove immature pods set in the plant from time to time
to induce continuous flowering to ensure pollen
availability for a longer period
16. ANTHESIS AND FLOWERING
Anthesis: Flowers start opening early in the morning
in the summer and by noon during winter, continuous
opening throughout the day. The length of time flower
remains open is influenced by the weather
Flowering: Individual flower consists of calyx with 5
sepals and corolla with a standard petal, 2 wings,
petals and a keel petal
17. There are 10 stamens : 9 fused in a column and 1 free
1 stigma is covered of central stamen in column
18. FLOWERING MORPHOLOGY
Petioles are short, slender, grouped and subtended
by small stipules
Terminal leaflets are on longer stalk and are longer
than laterals, leaflets are 5 – 10 cms long
Inflorescence is small, racemes mostly axillary and
sometimes terminal 4 – 12 cms long
Flowers are yellow, sometimes tinged red or purple
19.
20. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
Male sterile
Female parent Male line
Male Sterile Line: In some Red gram varieties, the anthers are
unable to produce pollen grains. These are called Male Sterile
Lines. These lines are used as female parent in hybrid seed
production.
Male Line: At the time of hybrid seed production, the male
sterile female parent is crossed with another variety having
usual pollen grains. The variety which is having pollen grains is
23. POLLEN COLLECTION AND POLLINATION:
• Collect pollen from the male parent during early
morning
• Pollinate on the stigma of emasculated flower
• Bag the pollinated flower to prevent out crossing
24. PEST AND DISEASES
Plant Protection
• PESTS
• Pod borer
• Blister beetle
• DISEASE
• Downy mildew
• Sterility mosaic virus
• Root rot
25. DISEASE:
WILT: Dark purpel bands appear on the stem surface extending upwards
From the base
Main stem of such plants is split open ,intensive blackening of the xylem can be
seen
In humid weather, a pinkish mycelium growth is commonly observed at the basal
portions of the wilted plants
CONTROL MEASURES: Seed treatment with Trichoderma viride @10g/kg of
seed
Soil application –trichoderma viride -2.5kg/ha+50kg of well decomposed FYM
26. Sterility mosaic disease : It is caused by mosaic virus and spread from plant
to plant under field conditions through Eriophyid mite
Leaves become small and cluster near branch tips and reduce in size
It is seen in vegetative growth and pre-flowers stage
CONTROL MEASURES: Spray Fenazaquin 10EC @1ml/lit of water on 45
and 60 DAS
Rogue out the infected plants in the early stages of growth
:Phytophthara blight : symptoms are circular or irregular water soaked
lesions on leaves
The lesions on the stem and branches increases rapidly, gridles, cracks and
dries the stem
Infected stem and branches break easily in the wind
CONTROL MEASURES: Seed treated with metalaxyl 35WS @ 3g/kg of seed
27. PESTS:
POD BORERS: The larvae, after hatching, feed on tender leaves and twings
but a pod formation they punctuer pods and feed on developing grains
CONTROL MEASURES: Spray indoxacarb 15.8%sc @333ml/ha
TUR POD FLY: stripes can be seen on the surface of the effected grains, while
the attacked pods are somewhat twisted or deformed
CONTROL MEASURES: Pest can be controlled by spraying monocrotophos
36 SL 1 liter in 800-1000 liters of water per hacter
PLUME MOTH: The larvae damaged seeds as well cause flowers, buds, pods
to drop
CONTROL MEASURES: Apply the neem oil 2%
POD-SUCKING BUGS: Damaged seeds become shriveled and develop dark
patches
CONTROL MEASURES: Soil application of carbofuron 3G @15kg/ha at
sowing
28. HARVESTING AND THRESHING
With two-third to three-fourth pods at maturity judged
by changing their color to brown is the best
harvesting time
Plants are usually cut with a sickle with in 75 cms
above the ground
Harvested plants should be left in the field for sun
drying for 3 – 6 days depending on season
Threshing is done either by beating the pods with
stick or using Pullman thresher
29. The proportion of seed to pods is generally 50 – 60%
The clean seeds should be sun dried for 3 – 4 days
to bring their moisture content at 9 – 10% to safely
store in appropriate bins
YIELD:
Irrigated: 25 – 30 Q/Hectare
Rainfed: 15 – 20 Q/Hectare
31. SEED STANDARDS
The Percentage of maximum Physical purity of
certified and foundation seed should be 98%. With
maximum germination capacity of 75%. The
maximum moisture content should be 9%. The
presence of other crop variety should be 10/kg for
foundation and that of certified seed should be 20/kg
of seed
32. NEW HYBRIDS AND VARIETIES
HYBRIDS: ICRISAT has developed ICPH 2740 and ICPH 2671
These hybrids having 30% more yield potential than other hybrids
Maturity duration is 180 days
Seed yield is 1500-1600 kg/ha
VARIETIES: LRG52 named Amaravathi after new capital of Andhra
Pradesh
Its yield potential is 2 tonnes/ha under rainfed conditions and 3 tonnes
under irrigated conditions
Moderately tolerant to Helicoverpa, Maruca, pod fly, Fusarium wilt and
sterility mosaic diseases
It reaches maturity in 150 days.
33. RECENT WORKS:
The productivity of pigeon pea has low over the last few decades
ICRISAT and IIPR are working on number of innovative ideas such as
Genome sequencing , development of CGMS hybrids with 30 to 40%
yields advantage over traditional varieties , development of photo
insensitive super early maturing lines , introgression of cleistogamous
flower structure to maintain genetic purity of elite lines , use of obcordate
leaf shape as NEP to assess genetic purity of hybrid parental lines and
development of disease resistant hybrids and elite breeding lines.