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Introduction to the Human Body
Elizabeth Sidhartha, MSc.
elizabeth.sidhartha@i3l.ac.id
BM2103
Course Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, students should be able to:
• CLO-1 Use anatomical terminology to identify and describe
locations of major organs of each system covered.
• CLO-3 Describe the interdependency and interactions of the
systems.
Session Learning Outcomes
• Elaborate the chemical level of organization
• Identify the organization from the cellular to tissue level
• Understand and able to use anatomical terminology
Structure - Anatomy
• The study of the structure of organisms and their parts.
• The oldest and the most basic science in Medicine
• Macroscopic anatomy (or gross anatomy): Study of structures large
enough to be seen with the naked eye
• Microscopic anatomy: Study of structures on a microscopic scale
using optical instruments. It includes histology (study of tissues) and
embryology (study of embryos and their development)
physiology
Function - Physiology
• The scientific study of the body function
• It focuses on how biomolecules, cells, tissues, organs and organ
systems function. Human physiology tries to understand the
mechanical, physical and biochemical mechanisms that keep the
human body alive
• Mechanistic (HOW?) and Teleological approach (WHY?)
Today’s Outline
Structural Organization
of the Human Body
Anatomical
Terminology
Concept of
Homeostasis
Structural Organization
of the Human Body
Organelles have specific
functions within cells.
Cannot survive outside of
cells
Cells are the
smallest units
that have
characteristics
of life
Tissues are a group of
cells that perform a
specific function
Organs are contained
groups of tissues that
have specific vital
function in the body
Macromolecules are large
moieties that are built from
smaller molecular subunits
Atoms make up
every material thing
in the universe
Molecules are the smallest
fundamental unit that can take
part in chemical reactions
Systems are a group
of organs that
perform complex
tasks in the body
Organelles and Cells
• Organelle is a variety of tiny functioning units inside of cells that present in
a flexible membranes that enclose cytoplasm, a water-based cellular fluid,
• Cell is a basic unit of living things. Human is a multicellular organism.
• Several basic activities/functions of all cells:
• obtain nutrients and O2
• make usable energy
• eliminate wastes
• respond to environmental changes
• transport molecules
• reproduce
package and
transport protein
folding protein
cell membrane wall
power house
contain enzyme
contain genome
synthesis protein
cell comunication
Tissues
• A tissue is a group of many
similar cells (or a few related
types of cells) that work
together to perform a
specific function
• There are 4 main tissues in
the human body:
• Nervous tissue
• Muscle tissue
• Epithelial tissue
• Connective tissue
1. Nervous Tissue
• The most complex system in human body
formed by network of billion nerve
cells.
• Two types of cells:
• Neuron → Conduct electrical signal and responding
to stimuli
• Neuroglia (Glial cell) → provide support and
protection to neuron
2. Muscle Tissue
3. Epithelial Tissues
• Epithelial tissues cover surfaces exposed to the outside
• Also found associated with glands
• Attached by a basement membrane to connective tissue below
• Basement membrane: A binding material of epithelial tissue in contact with the dividing layer of cell.
Consists of glycoprotein and a meshwork of collagenous and reticular tissue of the underlying connective
tissue.
Epithelial Tissues
• Epithelial tissues are classified
based on:
• Shape of epithelial cells
• Number of layers of epithelial cells
Epithelial Tissues
• Structure and shape
of the epithelial
tissue relate to their
functions.
4. Connective Tissue
• Connective tissue cells support, protect, and give
shape to the body.
• Connective tissues are composed of cells + fibers
+ ground substance
• Protein fibers associated with connective tissue
are:
• Collagen (bendable)
• Elastin (stretchy)
• Reticular fibers (branched, thin collagenous fibers)
• Ground substance is an amorphous gel-like
substance, mostly composed of large
carbohydrates and proteins
Types of Connective Tissues
Less fibers, more cell
Supports structures it
surrounds
More fibers, less cells
Reinforces and binds
structures
• Loose connective tissue surrounds
internal organs, muscles, blood
vessels.
• Dense connective tissue are tendons,
ligaments, deeper layer of skin
• Elastic tissue surrounds hollow organs
that change shape/size regularly
• Reticular tissue is found in soft organs
e.g. liver, spleen
Cartilage is found in the nose,
vertebral disks, lining of joint
cavities
Organ and Organ System
• An organ is an anatomically distinct structure of the
body composed of two or more tissue types.
• Each organ performs one or more specific
physiological functions.
• An organ system is a group of organs that work
together to perform major functions or meet
physiological needs of the body.
• There are eleven distinct organ systems in the human
body.
• Many organs contribute to more than one system.
11 Human Body Organ Systems
Today’s Outline
Structural Organization
of the Human Body
Anatomical
Terminology
Concept of
Homeostasis
Body Positions
Anatomical Position
Body erect
Head, eyes, toes directed forward
Limbs at sides of body
Palms directed forwards
Human structure S1.pdf
Anatomical Directional Terms
Human structure S1.pdf
Today’s Outline
Structural Organization
of the Human Body
Anatomical
Terminology
Concept of
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
• Homeostasis is defined as maintaining a stable, constant internal
environment within an organism.
• As changes constantly occur in the external environment, organisms
must have control systems so they can detect these changes and
respond to them.
• Anything that must be maintained in the body within a normal range
must have a control system.
• For example, body temperature, blood pressure, and blood glucose
levels all have to be regulated.
Feedback Mechanism
Negative Feedback
• Adjustments to bring body back
to within acceptable range
Positive Feedback
• Emergency response to amplify
stimulus
Homeostatic Control System
Today’s Summary
Structural Organization of
the Human Body
Organelles, cells, tissues, organ, organ system
Tissue types: nervous, muscle, epithelial, connective
Anatomical Terminology
Body positions
Planes
Directional terms
Concept of Homeostasis
Feedback mechanism
Control system
Questions?
Friendly reminder: tap out, fill RLE Survey.

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Human structure S1.pdf

  • 1. Introduction to the Human Body Elizabeth Sidhartha, MSc. elizabeth.sidhartha@i3l.ac.id BM2103
  • 2. Course Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this course, students should be able to: • CLO-1 Use anatomical terminology to identify and describe locations of major organs of each system covered. • CLO-3 Describe the interdependency and interactions of the systems. Session Learning Outcomes • Elaborate the chemical level of organization • Identify the organization from the cellular to tissue level • Understand and able to use anatomical terminology
  • 3. Structure - Anatomy • The study of the structure of organisms and their parts. • The oldest and the most basic science in Medicine • Macroscopic anatomy (or gross anatomy): Study of structures large enough to be seen with the naked eye • Microscopic anatomy: Study of structures on a microscopic scale using optical instruments. It includes histology (study of tissues) and embryology (study of embryos and their development) physiology
  • 4. Function - Physiology • The scientific study of the body function • It focuses on how biomolecules, cells, tissues, organs and organ systems function. Human physiology tries to understand the mechanical, physical and biochemical mechanisms that keep the human body alive • Mechanistic (HOW?) and Teleological approach (WHY?)
  • 5. Today’s Outline Structural Organization of the Human Body Anatomical Terminology Concept of Homeostasis
  • 6. Structural Organization of the Human Body Organelles have specific functions within cells. Cannot survive outside of cells Cells are the smallest units that have characteristics of life Tissues are a group of cells that perform a specific function Organs are contained groups of tissues that have specific vital function in the body Macromolecules are large moieties that are built from smaller molecular subunits Atoms make up every material thing in the universe Molecules are the smallest fundamental unit that can take part in chemical reactions Systems are a group of organs that perform complex tasks in the body
  • 7. Organelles and Cells • Organelle is a variety of tiny functioning units inside of cells that present in a flexible membranes that enclose cytoplasm, a water-based cellular fluid, • Cell is a basic unit of living things. Human is a multicellular organism. • Several basic activities/functions of all cells: • obtain nutrients and O2 • make usable energy • eliminate wastes • respond to environmental changes • transport molecules • reproduce package and transport protein folding protein cell membrane wall power house contain enzyme contain genome synthesis protein cell comunication
  • 8. Tissues • A tissue is a group of many similar cells (or a few related types of cells) that work together to perform a specific function • There are 4 main tissues in the human body: • Nervous tissue • Muscle tissue • Epithelial tissue • Connective tissue
  • 9. 1. Nervous Tissue • The most complex system in human body formed by network of billion nerve cells. • Two types of cells: • Neuron → Conduct electrical signal and responding to stimuli • Neuroglia (Glial cell) → provide support and protection to neuron
  • 11. 3. Epithelial Tissues • Epithelial tissues cover surfaces exposed to the outside • Also found associated with glands • Attached by a basement membrane to connective tissue below • Basement membrane: A binding material of epithelial tissue in contact with the dividing layer of cell. Consists of glycoprotein and a meshwork of collagenous and reticular tissue of the underlying connective tissue.
  • 12. Epithelial Tissues • Epithelial tissues are classified based on: • Shape of epithelial cells • Number of layers of epithelial cells
  • 13. Epithelial Tissues • Structure and shape of the epithelial tissue relate to their functions.
  • 14. 4. Connective Tissue • Connective tissue cells support, protect, and give shape to the body. • Connective tissues are composed of cells + fibers + ground substance • Protein fibers associated with connective tissue are: • Collagen (bendable) • Elastin (stretchy) • Reticular fibers (branched, thin collagenous fibers) • Ground substance is an amorphous gel-like substance, mostly composed of large carbohydrates and proteins
  • 15. Types of Connective Tissues Less fibers, more cell Supports structures it surrounds More fibers, less cells Reinforces and binds structures
  • 16. • Loose connective tissue surrounds internal organs, muscles, blood vessels. • Dense connective tissue are tendons, ligaments, deeper layer of skin • Elastic tissue surrounds hollow organs that change shape/size regularly • Reticular tissue is found in soft organs e.g. liver, spleen Cartilage is found in the nose, vertebral disks, lining of joint cavities
  • 17. Organ and Organ System • An organ is an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types. • Each organ performs one or more specific physiological functions. • An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body. • There are eleven distinct organ systems in the human body. • Many organs contribute to more than one system.
  • 18. 11 Human Body Organ Systems
  • 19. Today’s Outline Structural Organization of the Human Body Anatomical Terminology Concept of Homeostasis
  • 20. Body Positions Anatomical Position Body erect Head, eyes, toes directed forward Limbs at sides of body Palms directed forwards
  • 24. Today’s Outline Structural Organization of the Human Body Anatomical Terminology Concept of Homeostasis
  • 25. Homeostasis • Homeostasis is defined as maintaining a stable, constant internal environment within an organism. • As changes constantly occur in the external environment, organisms must have control systems so they can detect these changes and respond to them. • Anything that must be maintained in the body within a normal range must have a control system. • For example, body temperature, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels all have to be regulated.
  • 26. Feedback Mechanism Negative Feedback • Adjustments to bring body back to within acceptable range Positive Feedback • Emergency response to amplify stimulus
  • 28. Today’s Summary Structural Organization of the Human Body Organelles, cells, tissues, organ, organ system Tissue types: nervous, muscle, epithelial, connective Anatomical Terminology Body positions Planes Directional terms Concept of Homeostasis Feedback mechanism Control system
  • 29. Questions? Friendly reminder: tap out, fill RLE Survey.