LIGHTING DESIGN

BUILDING SCIENCE-II
Bachelor in Architecture
Second Year / Third Semester
Prepared by
Ar. Samiksha Adhikari
PURBANCHAL UNIVERSITY
Kantipur International College (KIC)
College of Engineering
Mahalaxmi - 8, Lubhu, Lalitpur, Nepal

Lecture 2
Architectural lighting

•Introduction of light
•Source of light

REVISION:Importance of Architectural Lighting
•Lighting can bring an emotional value to
architecture— it helps create an experience for those
who occupy the space.
Without lighting, where would architecture be? Would it
still have the same impact?
 No, it wouldn’t. Whether it’s day lighting or artificial
lighting, light draws attention to textures, colors, and
forms of a space, helping architecture achieve its true
purpose.

Importance of Architectural Lighting
To create a successful balance between lighting and
architecture, it’s important to remember three key
aspects of architectural lighting:
1. Aesthetic
2. Function
3. Efficiency

Aesthetic
•It is where designers and architects focus on the
emotional impact the balance of lighting and
architecture will have on occupants
•It’s where designers determine how they want people
to feel when they walk around a space
•This aspect is especially important for locate locations;
exterior lighting should draw the consumer in, and the
interior lighting should awe them as they walk through
the doors in addition to showing off product

Function
•This aspect cannot be overlooked. We want the lighting to
look a certain way, but we have to also make sure it serves
its most important purpose—to help us see
•Areas should be illuminated so occupants feel safe when
navigating a room or entire building
•They should be able to see the floor and walls around
them, which should create a feeling

Efficiency
•This aspect is very important in today’s age of
green building and sustainability movements
•It’s one thing to create a breathtaking lighting layout, but
it’s another to create a breathtaking layout that is also
incredibly energy efficient.
•This can be done by assuring the majority of the light is
reaching its target and there is less wasted light
•Reducing the amount of wasted light will make the
building more efficient

lighting
Church of light
By Tado Ando

 The building as an important
structure in the presence of
light.
By Louis I. kahn, the pioneer of
modern Architect
 Architecture is the skill , correct
and magnificent (impressive)
play of masses brought together
in light.
By Le- corbusier, the master of
international style.
Light
Interior view of the chapel
of Notre Dame du Haut,
Ronchamp, France
By: Le corbusier

History of architectural lighting
• From the earliest caves, daylight informed the lives of the
inhabitants, initially in the difference between night and day
• But dwellings became necessary, by means of openings or
windows letting in light
• The history of architecture is synonymous with the history of
the window and of day lighting from the initial crude
openings, letting in light and air, heat and cold, the window was
the vehicle for the introduction of daylight
• The window has developed over the centuries, but its purpose
of letting in daylight has remained its primary role

•At first various materials were used,
such as thin slabs of marble, sheets
of mica or oiled paper, but it was
not until the development of glass
for windows that substantial
progress could really be made
•Glass had been discovered as
early as 3000 BC in Egypt, and
was used for decorative objects
•It was left until the seventeenth
century for large panes of glass to be
developed in England and for larger
windows to be made possible

•Day Lighting & Artificial Lighting always been important
aspect of design buildings for over 8000 years of building
history.
•For many thousands of years a burning stick or fire would
have been used, so lighting has been a problem for buildings
for a long time.

•After invention of glass,
some difficulty in
daylight in buildings has
been solved.
•Some of building in previous
century burned down due to
inflammable building materials
(wood, straw, bamboo etc.) &
use of bare fire for interior
lighting. Crystal Palace, the site of the
Great Exhibition of 1851 in
London

The Crystal Palace is
probably one of the first
use of atriums, as well
as
being essentially the only
building that is just one
giant atrium

•The evolution of architectural lighting starts with the gas
lamp fixtures of the 19th century and then progressed to
the technological advances of electric lighting.
•Combination of electric and gas lamps were even used,
briefly, as the public transitioned from one technology to
another.
• Incandescent lamp reigned supreme
for more than 50 years until the
introduction of fluorescent lighting in
the 1930s, which quickly took over as
the principal illumination source for the
modern office and store.
Gas lamp light fixture

•Electric lamp presented a new opportunity for lighting
designers who shaped fixtures in variety of architectural
motifs – Classical, Colonial, Art Deco and Modern are
common names in light fixture catalogs, particularly those
marked for residential use.
Art Deco type light fixture Colonial type light fixture

•In 1879 A.D. Thomas Edison developed the incandescent
lamps & in around 1930, French scientist developed
fluorescent lamp

•In Early Age, Architects designed with total dependency
on artificial light and continued to increase the quantity
of light.
• At that time an idea that more light was better light.
•In 1973 energy crisis, there was not sufficient energy for
artificial lighting as well as heating & cooling
•Prior to it, commercial interiors were typically illuminated
with bright ceilings and fluorescent lamps

Photo source: David Falconer

•Then, the importance of day lighting as free source of
lighting was again realized and designers changed
their strategies
•Nowadays maximum use of glassed areas to provide
optimal day lighting is used but it causes overheating
in summer & cold interior in winter.
So optimum design is needed in lighting design i.e. Amount
of light VS Quality of light.

History of lighting in Nepal
• On 22 May 1911, a crowd had gathered on Kathmandu’s
central Tundikhel.
• Among the guests were the then British Resident, Lt.
Col. J. Manor Smith, and numerous high-ranking Ranas.
• King Prithivi Bir Bikram Shah and Prime Minister
Chandra Sumsher were also in attendance. Hundreds of
civil servants, some foreign guests, and ladies of the
Rana court had also been invited to witness the historic
event.
• At 6:30 p.m., king Prithivi turned a switch at the
Tundikhel substation and a light bulb up.
• For the first time, Nepal had electricity.

• The state-owned newspaper, Gorkhapatra, praised
the momentous event in an article entitled ‘Amazing
Light Chandra Batti’.
• India only had a single hydropower plant, in
Darjeeling. China was still without electricity.

• Kishor Narsingh Rana – project designer chose the
project location for a reservoir and a powerhouse at
Seti Devi (Pharping), a village around 17 kilometers
southwest of Kathmandu city.
• The place was ideal: there were two continuing springs in
the vicinity and the topography consisted of steep hills.

• The powerhouse was
named Chandra Jyoti
Griha in honor of the
incumbent ruler.
• In later years, it became more
popular as the Pharping
Hydro Power Station.
• One of the first buildings
to have glasses in windows
was the 55 window palace
in Bhaktapur

What is light?
Light can be defined in
several ways; light is usually
considered a sense of
visibility, a reflection off
of other objects, and light is
color.

Light
Light is a prime need of human being
Every activity of human life depends on
light
When the natural light is absent or not
sufficient we require artificial light
World is beautiful because of light and
eye can see this beautiful world with the help of light.

.
Architectural lighting
design concerns itself
primarily with the
illumination of buildings
Secondly, the design
aspect (design to improve
working condition)
Thirdly is the energy
efficiency issue to ensure the
light is not wasted
Architectural perspective of lighting

Form of electromagnetic
radiation and is the major medium
through which we discover the
beautiful world around us
The energy radiated from
luminary or non luminary body or
object that gives the visual link
between man and his environment
Introduction

Source of Light
Source of light differ in how they provide energy to the
charge particles such as electrons whose motion create light
1. If the energy comes from heat then such source is called
incandescent light source
2. If the energy comes from some other source such as
chemicals then the source is known as the luminescence
light source

1. Incandescent light source
E.g. sun, candle light, bulb etc in which
light produces from excessive heating
Light from an incandescent bulb comes
from excited or hot atoms in a thin wire
called as a filament which is heated by
passing an electric current through it
Sun is also an incandescent light source
It heats comes from nuclear reaction
deep below its surface

Incandescent lamps are light
sources which produce thermal
radiation from an electrically
heated filament

The color of
incandescent light source is
related to their
temperature
With more hotter
source, the color of light
is more bluish
And with less hotter
sources the color is
reddish.

2. Luminescence
E.g. Tube light, HID(high-intensity
discharge),sodium vapour etc.
A luminescence light source absorbs
energy in some other than heat energy
such as chemical reaction etc
such a source a cooler than incandescent
source
And the color is not related to its
temperature

A fluorescent tube light is a luminescence
source which makes use of chemical
compound called phosphors.
So florescent tube light are filled with
mercury vapour and it’s inside surface is
coated with phosphors.
As electricity passes through electrodes
to the tube it excite the mercury atom of
the mercury vapor and emits light in various
colors such as blue, green, violet etc.
HID(high intensity discharge lamp)
2. Luminescence

Luminous and Non-Luminous Objects
Luminous Objects : That gives their own light are called
Luminous Objects
Sun
Bulb
Stars

Non – Luminous Objects:
The object that glows with the help of luminous object are called
Non – Luminous Objects
Moon
Table

Anything that gives out light is called a light source.
We see objects when they reflect light rays into our eyes.
In general, source of light are taken in two groups.
1. Natural source light / Day light
2. Artificial source light
Source of Light

Natural Source of Light
The light that is found in nature is known as natural light
e.g. of natural lights are follows
Sun
Moon
Stars

Daylight
.
• Sun is the source of
energy
• Openings are important
• In absence of direct
sunlight, skylight can be
used
• Direct light and skylight
are used for different
functions

 For the century the design of
building to admit day light has
been fundamental to
architecture
 In any building the window or
ventilation is a only one of the
most important and expressive
visual element of a building to
admit day light inside the building
but with the invention of
relatively cheap energy &
efficient light i.e. electricity.
Daylight

 The option of artificial light can be
consider as an alternative option to
the day light.
 With the help of this, deep plan
building has become possible
 Although the electricity or artificial
light has provided mankind a great
facility in place of natural day light
 But it is always efficient and energy
saving to provide or admit day light
inside the building.
Artificial light

Day light uses
 communication
 Aesthetics
 Physiological (normal function of living thing) response
 Health
 Energy and cost
 To perform work
 Indicate the time

Day light is mainly for two reason
1.Luminance efficiency is high
2.Free and not limited

 Not available for 24 hours
 Sky varies its brightness, in addition illumination level of the
room area close to window will normally be higher than
normal
Disadvantage of day light

2. Artificial light
. .
• Electrical energy is
used as a main source
of artificial lights
• Incandescent lamps,
Fluorescent lamps, Arc
lamps, discharge
lamps, etc. are used.

. .
Artificial lighting is required
where there is absence of
natural light and if the
natural light is not sufficient
i.e. it is provided for the
supplement of day light.
So that the people can
perform the specific task at
any time comfortably
without any obstructions.

. .
Lightning designed is important
for architectural, interior and
decoration
The consideration to be taken are
economical use of electric energy,
safety, environmental aspect and
health
Electricity is playing important
role in modern day to day life

Types of Lamps
• There are three basic types:
• Incandescent
• Fluorescent
• Special lamps
i. High-intensity discharge
• Including: Mercury Vapor,
Metal Halide, High Pressure
Sodium and Low Pressure
sodium
ii. Light Emitting Diode (LED)
LED technology is still relatively
new
iii. Laser light
CFL
High-Pressure
Sodium
Low-Pressure Sodium

Incandescent Lamps
• Incandescent lamp, any of
various devices that
produce light by heating a
suitable material to a high
temperature. When
any solid or gas is heated,
commonly by combustion or
resistance to an electric current, it
gives off light of a color (spectral
balance) characteristic of the
material.

Fluorescent Lamps
• A fluorescent lamp, or fluorescent
tube, is a low-pressure mercury-
vapor gas-discharge lamp that
uses fluorescence to produce visible
light. An electric current in the gas
excites mercury vapor, which produces
short-wave ultraviolet light that then
causes a phosphor coating on the
inside of the lamp to glow.

Special lamps
i. High-intensity discharge
• Including: Mercury Vapor, Metal Halide,
High Pressure Sodium and Low Pressure
sodium
ii. Light Emitting Diode (LED)
LED technology is still relatively
new
iii. Laser light

Prepare a presentation
1. Incandescent electrical light
2. Fluorescent electrical light
3. High-intensity discharge light

Laser
A laser is a special kind of
light source that produce very
regular waves permitting the
light to be very focus
Laser have many application
in medicine, scientific
resources, military technology
and other communication
They provide a very focused
powerful and controllable
energy source that can be used
to perform delicate (damage)
and detail task

Laser light can be used to drilled holes in
diamonds and to make micro electronics
materials.
Laser are also useful for space communication
And such light can travel long distance without
loosing its strength.

LIGHTING DESIGN

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