Robots and Nanobots
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This document summarizes various applications of engineering and nanotechnology in medicine. It describes how robots and nanobots could be used for surgery, monitoring patients, and targeted drug delivery. Surgical robots like the da Vinci system are already used for minimally invasive procedures. Research is underway to develop molecular motors, synthetic nanobots, and other nanodevices that could repair DNA, guide stem cells, or deliver drugs. While challenges remain, the document outlines a future where nanotechnology enables novel diagnostic tools, medical treatments at the cellular level, and even self-replicating nanobots.
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Robots and Nanobots
- 1. Engineering Assisted Surgery™ Robots and Nanobots Ninian Peckitt FRCS FFD RCS FDS RCS FACCS Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon / Facial Plastic Surgeon BR Medical Suites Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, UAE Al Zahra Hospital Dubai UAE Adjunct Associate Professor of Engineering Assisted Surgery Massey School of Engineering and Advanced Technology New Zealand
- 2. Engineering Assisted Surgery™ the application of engineering and industrial technology in the delivery of healthcare
- 3. Engineering Assisted Surgery™ Customised Implants Ninian Peckitt
- 5. Medical Robotics the use of intelligent machine technologies ………………..in clinical and surgical medicine
- 6. Medical Robotics • Patient monitoring and stabilization • Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) • Remote surgery (telesurgery) • Patient rehabilitation • Medical training • Nano-Robots (Nanobots) Robotic Exoskeleton (REX) RP 7 Robotic Doctor Touch Health Rex Biotics Auckland N.Z £200k
- 7. Smart Pills Proteus Smart Pill http://www.proteus.com • Sensors signal and relay vital-stat information after ingestion • Monitors Compliance / Therapeutic progress • Signal triggered by Pill’s minerals mixing with gastric fluids • Band-Aid style Microelectronic receiver is placed on the skin. date–stamps information tracks compliance /sleep patterns / posture / falls / heart / respiratory rates
- 8. Heart Monitoring Avivo Heart Monitoring Device http://www.corventis.com • Wireless Blue Tooth technology • Disposable Band-Aid sensor • Cell phone–sized receiver • Posture / Activity / Fluid status/ Heart /Respiratory Rates
- 9. daVinci Surgical System http://davincisurgery.com • Intuitive Surgical - Debut 1999 joystick-controlled • three robotic hands (for a camera and instruments) • precise “keyhole” incisions • perform complex surgeries via optics and imaging • Million-dollar-plus price tag
- 10. Freehand Laparoscopic Camera Controller (Prosurgics Ltd) • Automated device with steady hands for Minimally Invasive Surgery • Holding lights / cameras / telescopes • The surgeon wears a sensor • Much like a climber’s headlamp • Controls the robotic arm head movements and a foot pedal • Cost $20,000 http://www.freehandsurgeon.com
- 11. Robotic Jaw School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Massey University, New Zealand • forces /movements in the chewing food • complete picture of motion • applications across medicine / food technology Torrance JD, Hutchings SC, Brolund JE, Huang L, Xu WL Int. J. of Intelligent Systems Technologies and Applications 2010 Vol 8 No 1/2/3/4 pp288-302
- 12. Nanobots • Nanobot biomedical applications likely in 10 years • Molecular-scale electronics, sensors and motors are expected to enable microscopic robots with dimensions comparable to bacteria • Recent developments in biomolecular computing demonstrate feasibility of processing logic tasks by bio-computers
- 13. Nanobots • Building Biosensors and Nano-Kinetic Devices Studies for Operation and Locomotion of Nanobots are now advanced • Classical objections to the feasibility of nanotechnology now resolved: -quantum mechanics - thermal motions - friction • Complex integrated high performance nanosystems can be analysed / simulated to pave the way for use of nanorobots in biomedical engineering
- 14. Nanobots and Cell Surgery
- 15. Nanomanufacturing Creation of materials and products through: 1. Direct Molecular Assembly (DMA) 2. Indirect Crystalline Assembly (ICA) creation of conditions that foster the growth of nanoscale crystals that are then combined into macroscale materials and products 3. Massive Parallelism Assembly (MPA) the creation of many nanomachines /nanobots synergy to assemble atoms and molecules Into macroscale materials and products.
- 16. Making Nano Robots Nanobots and Nanobotic Control Devices • Biochips for medical applications • DNA based Micro-Robots • Bacteria / Biologically integrated devices controlled by Electromagnetic Fields • Voice-Controlled / Mind-Controlled Robots – Neuronal impulses to trigger actions – Robotic Arm could very well function as a real human arm.
- 17. Molecular Nanobots Rice University Houston Texas Fullerene • Any molecule composed entirely of carbon, in hollow - Sphere (buckyballs) e.g. Buckminsterfullerene (C60) - Ellipsoid - Cylindrical (carbon nanotubes / buckytubes)
- 18. Synthetic Molecular Motors • Molecular Machines capable of rotation under energy input • Peptide that induces motion • Non-Peptide Synthetic motors
- 19. Synthetic Motors Basic Requirements • Repetitive 360° motion • Consumption of Energy • Unidirectional Motion Wormdrive
- 20. Chemically driven rotary molecular motors Kelly et al http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v401/n6749/full/401150a0.html • 3-bladed triptycene rotor • Plus a helicene (symmetric molecule) • Unidirectional 120° rotation • Powered by Chemical Energy
- 21. • stereoselective ring opening of a racemic biaryl lactone • Feringa’s design - molecule with 360° rotation Chemically driven rotary molecular motors Feringa
- 22. Light-driven rotary molecular motors Feringa Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 504-513 • Their 360° molecular motor system • bis-helicene connected by an alkene double bond • displaying axial chirality and 2 stereocenters • unidirectional rotation - 4 reaction steps
- 23. Feringa Principle Nanocar • The Feringa principle incorporated in a prototype nanocar • Helicene-derived engine • oligo (phenylene ethynylene) chassis / 4 carborane wheels • is expected to move on a solid surface • scanning tunneling microscopy monitoring • Motor does not perform with fullerene wheels because they quench the photochemistry of the motor moiety
- 24. Electron tunneling driven rotary molecular motors http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar_url?url=http://www2.chem.uic.edu/pkral/paper/motor.pdf&hl=en&sa=X&scisig=AA GBfm2u_hkMxEi76UXWB9J4XotyX4FcJA&nossl=1&oi=scholarr&ei=L9_-VOnKLcXB7gbS4YGAAw&ved=0CCEQgAMoATAA • Analogous to macroscale electric motors • Could be driven by an electric current passed through molecules • Quantum Tunnelling - wave-particle duality of matter • Král has developed nanoscale rotary machines
- 25. Electron tunneling driven rotary molecular motors
- 26. Electron tunneling driven rotary molecular motors • Motor - carbon nanotube shaft • Shaft - Carbon Nanotube Bearings • Polymerized iceane molecule stalks - saturated bonds are attached to the shaft - 120° or 60° with respect to each other. • Blades – Fullerine Molecules • Electrostatic Fields periodiaclly charges discharges blades
- 27. Drexler-Merkle Differential Gear Nanorex Inc • 2 shafts (output and input): 742 atoms each • 4 bevel gears: 209 atoms each • 1 casing (gearbox): 5972 atoms • Total: 7 components with 8292 atoms
- 28. Nanocar Rice University Houston Texas The Nanocar molecule 2005 • the original nanocar no molecular motor • Demonstrates roll or slide of fullerines • Scanning tunnelling microscopy scanning • The nanocar is able to roll about because the fullerene wheel is fitted to the alkyne "axle" through a carbon-carbon single bond • The hydrogen on the neighboring carbon is no great obstacle to free rotation. • When the temperature is high enough, the four carbon-carbon bonds rotate and the car rolls about.
- 29. Professor James M Tour Rice University • A new model of the nanocar has been built • Rotating molecular light powered motor attached to chassis • When struck by light the motor rotates • Car is propelled like a paddle wheel • Axles (Alkyne Molecules) spin independent of each other • Other motor systems can be activated by: • Sound (Mallouk, Pennsylvania) • Electromagnetism
- 30. Andrew Turberfield University of Oxford Nanotrain • A train track was made from micrometre sized tubes • A protein named Kinesin travels along the track • Kinesin is adapted to include DNA sequences – required to build a protein along the track – or to carry a payload of dye molecules along the track.
- 31. Tom Mallouk Pennsylvania State University Power System - Ultrasound • Motors are rods made of gold and platinum • One end of rod is convex one end is concave • Ultrasonic waves bounce off each end differently • This gives rods enough power to spin • Movement up to 100 times their body length per second in water is possible • Mallouk believes that minimally invasive surgery may be possible
- 32. Kosta Kostarelos University of Manchester • Making swimming nanoparticles • Could be guided to a specific place in the body • Thinks development of smart medical nanobots unlikely • Believes nanomachine capable of repetitious tasks is more likely
- 33. Nanotrucks • Linking drugs with nanoparticles improves therapeutic effect • Molecular DNA carriers are folded (Origami) and closed containing active drug • Target the right cell and after binding open up to release their payload. • Paclitaxel (pancreatic breast and lung cancer) works better when attached to nanoparticles and is now in clinical use • Spherical Nucleic Acids cross blood brain barrier and can be used to release cytotoxic drugs after attachment to brain tumours.
- 34. Gang Bao Georgia Institute of Technology DNA repair-bots • Nanobots which snip out damaged sections of DNA • Using a template replacement with undamaged segments • Work is aimed at repairing the damaged segments of DNA in sickle-cell patients.
- 35. Applications of Nanotechnology Diagnosis Parkinsons Disease • Patients have 25% less uric acid in serum - Difficulty in accurate measurement • Graphene Sponge superconductor in which are grown nano needles of zinc oxide • Huge surface area for electrical circuit • Uric acid sticks to the zinc oxide and loses some electrons • Change in uric acid concentration calculated from current generated
- 36. Applications of Nanotechnology Diagnosis Intercepting Infections (Thomas Webster Northeastern University) • Early detection of infected hip prostheses • Prosthetic Revision rate 15% • System proposed to release drugs directly on implant site – Sensor carbon and titanium nanotubes detect bacteria – Relay of signal to another part of implant where antibiotics are stored – Release of antibiotcs when infection at early phase – Could also be used to promote immunomodulation and prevent implant rejection – Could also be used to promote bone formation
- 37. Applications of Nanotechnology Tracking Treatment – Rheumatoid Disease Alicia El Haj Professor Regenerative Medicine University of Keele • Stem cells from fat can suppress the immune response • Stem cells must be activated deep in joint tissues to be effective • Stem Cells can be tagged with magnetic nanoparticles • Magnets can steer them keep them in position and even activate them
- 38. Applications of Nanotechnology Tracking Treatment – Rheumatoid Disease Alicia El Haj Professor Regenerative Medicine University of Keele • Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Spions) attached to stem Cells • Injected into joints of rodents with rheumatoid arthritis • MRI scans track the labelled cells • Pulling the nanoparticles activates the cells and leads to tissue regeneration
- 39. Application of Nanotechnology Spermbots • Mix tiny metallic tubes through bull sperm to produce Spermbots – Iron and Titanium Tubes trap a single sperm – Sperm flagella power moves the Spermbot – A Biological Engine – no external power source required / no toxic power source required – Spermbots are guided to an ovum using a magnetic field • Potential use in fertility treatment and IVF • Another application is related to drug delivery
- 40. Application of Nanotechnology Disappearing Devices – Electroceuticals John Rogers University of Illinois • Tiny chip is placed in wound at risk of infection • Releases heat to kill bacteria • Silicon nanolayer loses 1-3 nanometres / day • Device dissolves into silicic acid which naturally occurs in body fluids • Chips could be loaded with antibiotics with wireless trigger release mechanism Other Research includes: • LED Research to control neurons with light – Potential injection into brain • Nano devices to stimulate nerve and bone growth • Pacemaker powered by heart beat which distorts and recharges implant
- 41. Applications of Nanotechnology Visualising Viruses • Gold Nanoparticles coat viruses which do not affect ability to infect/kill cells • Tagged virus permits EM snapshots – Attachment – Cell penetration – Removing protein coat before replication • Nanoparticles could be used as Trojan Horse – to deliver drugs to cells infected by viruses
- 42. Self Replicating Nanobots John von Neumann Eric Drexler described the term “Grey Goo” of exponential growth Royal Society report on Nanoscience 2004 – No “Grey Goo” in foreseeable future
- 43. The End? Thank you for your attention or - The End of the Beginning?
Editor's Notes
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- Prototype Model. Case now ready for EBM
- the use of intelligent machine technologies ………………..in clinical and surgical medicine
- New work by Korean scientists demonstrates that simple addition of small guest molecules triggers reversible structural transformation. The novelty of this research is that, so far, switching of material properties triggered by external stimuli via nanoscale objects had not been realized yet. "We have demonstrated that one-dimensional (1D) cylindrical nanofibers formed by self-assembly of rationally designed molecules can associate laterally into two-dimensional (2D) ribbons triggered by aromatic guest molecules that act as a molecular glue" Dr. Myongsoo Lee tells Nanowerk. "Furthermore, this reversible association leads to a macroscopic switching of bulk solutions from gel to fluid states. Compared to other self-assembled 1D systems, it is remarkable that our cylindrical fibers can be bound with one another in a lateral way by glue action of the guest molecules to form larger 2D aggregates. In general, supramolecular systems involving multiple assembling modules are hard to control." These results represent a significant example of dynamic structural variation triggered by external stimuli in a self-assembling system, thus providing a useful strategy to create intelligent nanoscale materials with predefined functions. Lee, who heads the Center for Supramolecular Nano-Assembly at Yonsei University in Seoul, together with two of his graduate students, Eunji Lee and Jung-Keun Kim, published his findings in the July 10, 2008 online edition of Angewandte Chemie International ("Lateral Association of Cylindrical Nanofibers into Flat Ribbons Triggered by 'Molecular Glue'").
- Various approaches to making nano-robots and nano-robotic control devices such as biochips for medical applications, DNA based micro-robots, bacteria based or biologically integrated devices controlled by electromagnetic fields are some of the hot areas of research at present. But what is being demonstrated through experiments in the most phenomenal research arena, is voice-controlled and mind-controlled robots. Robotic control in such cases will use the impulses from the brain to trigger actions. Thus a robotic arm triggered by the impulses from the brain could very well function as a real human arm. These are technologies which are already on their way to commercialization and in a few years they will change the face of how we look at robots.
- Synthetic molecular motors are molecular machines capable of rotation under energy input. Although the term "molecular motor" has traditionally referred to a naturally occurring protein that induces motion, some groups also use the term when referring to non-biological, non-peptide synthetic motors. Many chemists are pursuing the synthesis of such molecular motors [1]. The prospect of synthetic molecular motors was first raised by the nanotechnology pioneer Richard Feynman in 1959 in his classic talk There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom. The basic requirements for a synthetic motor are repetitive 360° motion, the consumption of energy and unidirectional rotation. The first two efforts in this direction, the chemically driven motor by Kelly and co-workers and the light-driven motor by Feringa and co-workers, were published in 1999 in the same issue of Nature. In 2008, Petr Král and coworkers have proposed electron tunneling motors continuously rotated by a permanent torque, opening the possibility of practical realization of a real molecular motor machine. It is expected that reports of more efforts in this field will increase, as understanding of chemistry and physics at the nanolevel improves.
- The first two efforts in this direction, the chemically driven motor by Kelly and co-workers and the light-driven motor by Feringa and co-workers, were published in 1999 in the same issue of Nature. In 2008, Petr Král and coworkers have proposed electron tunneling motors continuously rotated by a permanent torque, opening the possibility of practical realization of a real molecular motor machine. It is expected that reports of more efforts in this field will increase, as understanding of chemistry and physics at the nanolevel improves.
- This rotation takes place in five steps. First, the amine group present on the triptycene moiety is converted to an isocyanate group by condensation with a phosgene molecule (a). Thermal or spontaneous rotation around the central bond then brings the isocyanate group in proximity of the hydroxyl group located on the helicene moiety (b), thereby allowing these two groups to react with each other (c). This reaction irreversibly traps the system as a strained cyclic urethane that is higher in energy and thus energetically closer to the rotational energy barrier than the original state. Further rotation of the triptycene moiety therefore requires only a relatively small amount of thermal activation in order to overcome this barrier, thereby releasing the strain (d). Finally, cleavage of the urethane group restores the amine and alcohol functionalities of the molecule (e). The result of this sequence of events is a unidirectional 120° rotation of the triptycene moiety with respect to the helicene moiety.
- Analogous to macroscale electric motors, nanoscale molecular motors could be driven by electric current [10] passed through molecules by resonant or nonresonant electron tunneling. Nanoscale rotary machines based on these principles were designed by Petr Král and coworkers at the University of Illinois at Chicago [11]. As shown in the figure on the right, one type of motor has a shaft formed by a (12,0) carbon nanotube, which could be fixed into CNT bearings. Three (six) stalks, formed by polymerized iceane molecules with saturated bonds are attached to the shaft at an angle of 120° (60°) with respect to each other. The stalks are chosen to have the length of 2 nm, in order to prevent nonresonant electron tunneling from the blades to the shaft. The energies of their electronic states should also prevent the electron transfer along the stalks by resonant tunneling. The blades are formed by molecules with conjugated bonds (fullerenes), covalently attached at the top of the stalks. In principle, such a hybrid molecular rotor could be synthesized by cycloaddition reactions. A homogeneous electrostatic field E, oriented along the vertical direction, is used for periodical charging and discharging of the blades by electron tunneling from two neutral metallic electrodes. Each fullerene switches its sign of charge while 2 electrons with charge q tunnel from the neutral electrode to this fullerene, and becomes driven by electric field E to rotate to the other electrode, and then loses 2 electrons (switching sign of charge again) to that electrode via electron tunneling, completing a half cycle of its rotation. The other half rotation is analogous. In this way, the motor becomes driven by three (six) continuously rotating fullerenes. The molecular motor maintains its dipole p, which is on average orthogonal to the direction of the electric field E, generating a permanent torque for rotation. The efficiency of these electron tunneling driven motors are comparable with macroscopic electric motors, but it can drop due to noise and structural defects.
- The stalks 2 nm length , in order to prevent nonresonant electron tunneling from the blades to the shaft. The energies of their electronic states should also prevent the electron transfer along the stalks by resonant tunneling. The blades are formed by molecules with conjugated bonds (fullerenes), covalently attached at the top of the stalks. In principle, such a hybrid molecular rotor could be synthesized by cycloaddition reactions.
- A scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level. Its development in 1981 earned its inventors, Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer (at IBM Zürich), the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986.[1][2] For an STM, good resolution is considered to be 0.1 nm lateral resolution and 0.01 nm depth resolution.[3] With this resolution, individual atoms within materials are routinely imaged and manipulated. The STM can be used not only in ultra high vacuum but also in air, water, and various other liquid or gas ambients, and at temperatures ranging from near zero kelvin to a few hundred degrees Celsius.[4] The STM is based on the concept of quantum tunneling. When a conducting tip is brought very near to the surface to be examined, a bias (voltage difference) applied between the two can allow electrons to tunnel through the vacuum between them. The resulting tunneling current is a function of tip position, applied voltage, and the local density of states (LDOS) of the sample.[4] Information is acquired by monitoring the current as the tip's position scans across the surface, and is usually displayed in image form. STM can be a challenging technique, as it requires extremely clean and stable surfaces, sharp tips, excellent vibration control, and sophisticated electronics.