Exploration Method’s in Archaeological Studies & Research
Fodder crop - Napier grass, Fiber crop - Hemp
1. FODDER CROPS are crops that are cultivated primarily for animal feed. By extension, natura
grasslands and pastures are included 4. Temporary fodder crops • Temporary crops that are grown
intensively with multiple cuttings per year include three major groups of fodder: • 1. Grasses
including cereals that are harvested green; • 2. Legumes, including pulses that are harvested green
and • 3. Root crops that are cultivated for fodder. • 4. Trees f 5. Permanent Fodder crops •
Permanent fodder crops relate to land used permanently (for five years or more) for herbaceous
forage crops, either cultivated or growing wild (i.e. wild prairie or grazing land), and may include
some parts of forest land if it t worth taking risk. are crops that are cultivated primarily for anima
feed. By extension, natural grasslands and pastures are included whether they are cultivated or not
are grown intensively with multiple cuttings per year include three major groups of fodder: •
Grasses, including cereals that are harvested green; • Legumes, including pulses that are harvested
green; and • Root crops that are cultivated for fodder.• Trees fodder. Permanent fodder crops relate
to land used permanently (for ive years or more) for herbaceous forage crops, either cultivated o
growing wild (i.e. grazing land), and may include some parts of forest land if it is used for grazing
Napier grass is a monocotyledonous flowering plant belonging to the family Poaceae and the
genus Pennisetum with approximately 140 species. Napier grass is a perennial C4 grass species
native to Sub-Saharan Africa from where it is believed to have been distributed to other tropical and
subtropical regions around the world. It grows best in areas where the annual rainfall is between
750 and 2500 mm. Napier grass has been naturalized in areas of Central and South America
tropical parts of Asia, Australia, the Middle East and the Pacific islands. Today it is widely grown in
tropical and subtropical regions of the world. African foxtail grass is a perennial grass growing to 20
to 120 cm (10 to 50 in) tall. The leaves are linear, 3 to 25 cm (1 to 10 in) long and 4 to 10 mm (0.16
to 0.39 in) wide. The flowers are produced in a panicle 2 to 14 cm (0.8 to 5.5 in) long and 1 to
2.6 cm (0.4 to 1.0 in) wide.[5] Distribution[edit] African foxtail grass is native to tropical Africa, the
Mediterranean region and the hotter and drier parts of Asia. It is a deep-rooted grass, tolerates
drought, and will grow at altitudes of up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft). It is considered a good forage grass in
Africa. It prefers light soils with a high phosphorus content. It is also sown in Queensland
Australia and elsewhere for grazing, hay and silage.[3] It was introduced to the Sonoran Desert fo
erosion control and to feed livestock. In the Mexican part of the Sonoran Desert, it is still being
planted and irrigated for livestock grazing. Cenchrus ciliaris has become naturalised and often
an invasive species in Australia, thesouthwestern United States, Hawaii, Mexico, Centra
America, South America, and Macaronesia.[2]As an invasive species[edit]It was introduced in the
1930s into Arizona, United States, to provide grazing. The introduction was largely unsuccessful bu
the grass began to appear as a weed beside highways and in cleared fields or over-grazed land. I
spreads very quickly and will often kill local native plants, such as palo verdes, by taking away
nearby water. This plant has a very low ignition threshold and can burn even during the peak
growing season. Its flammability (injurious to neighbors) and quick regrowth allow it to compete
successfully against almost all vegetation in the Sonoran Desert region.[6] Another problem o
buffelgrass in the Sonoran Desert is that it intensifies wildfires such that saguaro cacti that normally
survive wildfires can e Distribution[edit] African foxtail grass is native to tropical Africa, the
Mediterranean region and the hotter and drier parts of Asia. It is a deep-rooted grass, tolerates
drought, and will grow at altitudes of up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft). It is considered a good forage grass in
Africa. It prefers light soils with a high phosphorus content. It is also sown in Queensland
Australia and elsewhere for grazing, hay and silage.[3] It was introduced to the Sonoran Desert fo
erosion control and to feed livestock. In the Mexican part of the Sonoran Desert, it is still being
planted and irrigated for livestock grazing. Cenchrus ciliaris has become naturalised and often
an invasive species in Australia, the southwestern United States, Hawaii, Mexico, Centra
America, South America, and Macaronesia.[2] As an invasive species[edit]It was introduced in the
1930s into Arizona, United States, to provide grazing. The introduction was largely unsuccessful bu
the grass began to appear as a weed beside highways and in cleared fields or over-grazed land. I
spreads very quickly and will often kill local native plants, such as palo verdes, by taking away
nearby water. This plant has a very low ignition threshold and can burn even during the peak
growing season. Its flammability (injurious to neighbors) and quick regrowth allow it to compete
successfully against almost al
NIHARIKA
vegetation in the Sonoran Desert region.[6] Another problem of buffelgrass in the Sonoran Desert is
that it intensifies wildfires such that saguaro cacti that normally survive wildfires can erupt into
2. are crops that are cultivated primarily for
animal feed. By extension, natural
grasslands and pastures are included
whether they are cultivated or not.
Foddercrops;
Fodder crops;
1.FODDER CROPS are crops that are
cultivated primarily for animal feed. By
extension, natural grasslands and
pastures are included 4. Temporary
fodder crops • Temporary crops that are
grown intensively with multiple cuttings
per year include three major groups of
fodder: • 1. Grasses, including cereals
that are harvested green; • 2. Legumes,
including pulses that are harvested
green; and • 3. Root crops that are
cultivated for fodder. • 4. Trees f
2.5. Permanent Fodder crops •
Permanent fodder crops relate to land
used permanently (for five years or more)
for herbaceous forage crops, either
cultivated or growing wild (i.e. wild prairie
or grazing land), and may include some
parts of forest land if it t worth taking risk.
3. Temporary fodder crops
1.FODDER CROPS are crops that are cultivated
primarily for animal feed. By extension, natural
grasslands and pastures are included 4. Temporary
fodder crops • Temporary crops that are grown
intensively with multiple cuttings per year include
three major groups of fodder: • 1. Grasses,
including cereals that are harvested green; • 2.
Legumes, including pulses that are harvested green;
and • 3. Root crops that are cultivated for fodder. •
4. Trees fgycfxdwetatgfdufgctrrdgcrtdrgcgvfbmhcg
2.5. Permanent Fodder crops • Permanent fodder
crops relate to land used permanently (for five years
or more) for herbaceous forage crops, either
cultivated or growing wild (i.e. wild prairie or
grazing land), and may include some parts of forest
land if it t worth taking risk. Permanent fodder
crops relate to land used permanently (for five years
or more) for herbaceous forage crops, either
cultivated or growing wild (i.e. grazing land), and
may include some parts of forest land if it is used
for grazing.
Temporaryfoddercro
PermanentFoddercr
Temporaryfoddercro
PermanentFoddercr
are grown intensively with multiple cuttings per
year includethreemajorgroupsoffodder:
•Grasses,includingcerealsthatareharvestedgreen;
•Legumes,includingpulsesthatareharvestedgreen;
and
•Rootcropsthatarecultivatedforfodder.
•Treesfodder.
Permanent fodder crops relate to land used
permanently(for five years ormore) for herbaceous
forage crops, either cultivated or growing wild (i.e.
4. Napier grass is a monocotyledonous flowering
plant belonging to the family Poaceae and the
genusPennisetumwithapproximately140species.
NapiergrassisaperennialC4grassspeciesnativeto
Sub-Saharan Africa from where it is believed to
have been distributed to other tropical and
subtropicalregionsaroundtheworld.Itgrowsbest
in areas where the annual rainfall is between 750
and 2500 mm. Napier grass has been naturalized in
areas of Central and South America, tropical parts
of Asia, Australia, the Middle East and the Pacific
islands. Today it is widely grown in tropical and
subtropicalregionsoftheworld.
Napier
Grass
Napier
Grass
5. Plants–
Tall
Erect
Leaves-
1.Highleaftostemratio
2.Leafcanopyhasdiameterof
1.0-1.3m
3.Broader&longer
Stem-6.5min
height
1.Thick
2.Plantedlike
sugarcane
3.Culmshave3
nodes
1.FODDER CROPS are crops that are cultivated
primarily for animal feed. By extension, natural
grasslands and pastures are included
4. Temporary fodder crops • Temporary crops
that are grown intensively with multiple cuttings
per year include three major groups of fodder: •
1. Grasses, including cereals that are harvested
green; • 2. Legumes, including pulses that are
harvested green; and • 3. Root crops that are
cultivated for fodder. • 4. Trees
fgycfxdwetatgfdufgctrrdgcrtdrgcgvfbmhcg
2.5. Permanent Fodder crops • Permanent fodder
cropsuyhcggrmoghmgrgct7tcgrgo8gherpherehgh
relcybficncygfeoldfngoycggerecnoggreeoggegrgf
cate to land used permanently (for five years or
more) for herbaceous forage crops, either
cultivated or growing wild (i.e. wild prairie or
grazing land), and may include some parts of
forest land if it t worth taking risk. Permanent
fodder crops relate to land used permanently (for
five years or more) for herbaceous forage crops,
either cultivated or growing wild (i.e. grazing
land), and may include some parts of forest land
if it is used for grazing.
Morphological
description:
Morphological
description:
6. 1.FODDER CROPS are crops that are cultivated primarily for animal feed. By extension, natural
grasslands and pastures are included 4. Temporary fodder crops • Temporary crops that are grown
intensively with multiple cuttings per year include three major groups of fodder: • 1. Grasses,
including cereals that are harvested green; • 2. Legumes, including pulses that are harvested green;
and • 3. Root crops that are cultivated for fodder. • 4. Trees f
2.5. Permanent Fodder crops • Permanent fodder crops relate to land used permanently (for five
years or more) for herbaceous forage crops, either cultivated or growing wild (i.e. wild prairie or
grazing land), and may include some parts of forest land if it t worth taking risk.
1.FODDER CROPS are crops that are cultivated primarily for animal feed. By extension, natural
grasslands and pastures are included 4. Temporary fodder crops • Temporary crops that are grown
intensively with multiple cuttings per year include three major groups of fodder: • 1. Grasses,
including cereals that are harvested green; • 2. Legumes, including pulses that are harvested green;
and • 3. Root crops that are cultivated for fodder. • 4. Trees f
2.5. Permanent Fodder crops • Permanent fodder crops relate to land used permanently (for five
years or more) for herbaceous forage crops, either cultivated or growing wild (i.e. wild prairie or
grazing land), and may include some parts of forest land if it t worth taking risk.
Cultivationand
Harvesting
Cultivationand
Harvesting
7. TWO BUDDED SETTS
FORMATION OF RIDGES AND
FURROWS
PLANTING OF SETTS IN
RIDGES AND FURROWS
HARVESTING MANUALLY
HARVESTING WITH MOTOR
BLADE
GERMINATION FROM TWO
BUDDED SETTS
8. 1.FODDER CROPS are crops that are
cultivated primarily for animal feed. By
extension, natural grasslands and
pastures are included 4. Temporary
fodder crops • Temporary crops that are
grown intensively with multiple cuttings
per year include three major groups of
fodder: • 1. Grasses, including cereals
that are harvested green; • 2. Legumes,
including pulses that are harvested
green; and • 3. Root crops that are
cultivated for fodder. • 4. Trees f
2.5. Permanent Fodder crops •
Permanent fodder crops relate to land
used permanently (for five years or more)
for herbaceous forage crops, either
cultivated or growing wild (i.e. wild prairie
or grazing land), and may include some
parts of forest land if it t worth taking risk.
• This wild species has been used primarily for
grazing.
• Part of push–pull agricultural pest
management strategy. Improve soil fertility,
andprotectaridlandfromsoilerosion.Itisalso
utilizedforfirebreaks,windbreaks,
• Paper pulp production and most recently to
producebio-oil,biogasandcharcoal.
• The young leaves and shoots are edible and are
cookedtomakesoupsandstews.
• A Dutch company has turned the grass into a
plasticthatcanbeusedforpackaging.
UsesofNapier
grass
UsesofNapier
grass
9. 1.FODDER CROPS are crops that are cultivated
primarily for animal feed. By extension, natural
grasslands and pastures are included
4. Temporary fodder crops • Temporary crops
that are grown intensively with multiple cuttings
per year include three major groups of fodder: •
1. Grasses, including cereals that are harvested
green; • 2. Legumes, including pulses that are
harvested green; and • 3. Root crops that are
cultivated for fodder. • 4. Trees
fgycfxdwetatgfdufgctrrdgcrtdrgcgvfbmhcg
2.5. Permanent Fodder crops • Permanent fodder
cropsuyhcggrmoghmgrgct7tcgrgo8gherpherehgh
relcybficncygfeoldfngoycggerecnoggreeoggegrgf
cate to land used permanently (for five years or
more) for herbaceous forage crops, either
cultivated or growing wild (i.e. wild prairie or
grazing land), and may include some parts of
forest land if it t worth taking risk. Permanent
fodder crops relate to land used permanently (for
five years or more) for herbaceous forage crops,
either cultivated or growing wild (i.e. grazing
land), and may include some parts of forest land
if it is used for grazing.
Fibercropsarefield
cropsgrownfor
theirfibers,which
aretraditionallyused
tomakepaper,cloth,
orrope.
Fiber
crops
Fiber
crops
11. Temporary fodder crops
1.FODDER CROPS are crops that are cultivated
primarily for animal feed. By extension, natural
grasslands and pastures are included 4. Temporary
fodder crops • Temporary crops that are grown
intensively with multiple cuttings per year include
three major groups of fodder: • 1. Grasses,
including cereals that are harvested green; • 2.
Legumes, including pulses that are harvested green;
and • 3. Root crops that are cultivated for fodder. •
4. Trees fgycfxdwetatgfdufgctrrdgcrtdrgcgvfbmhcg
2.5. Permanent Fodder crops • Permanent fodder
crops relate to land used permanently (for five years
or more) for herbaceous forage crops, either
cultivated or growing wild (i.e. wild prairie or
grazing land), and may include some parts of forest
land if it t worth taking risk. Permanent fodder
crops relate to land used permanently (for five years
or more) for herbaceous forage crops, either
cultivated or growing wild (i.e. grazing land), and
may include some parts of forest land if it is used
for grazing.
The hemp plant is a stout, aromatic,
erect annual herb. The slender cane like stalks are
hollow except at the tip and base. The leaves are
compound with palmate shape, and the flowers are
small and greenish yellow. Seed-
producing flowers form elongate, spikelike clusters
growing on the pistillate, or female, plants. Pollen-
producing flowers form many-branched clusters on
staminate,ormale,plants.
Plant
Description
Plant
Description
12. FODDER CROPS are crops that are cultivated primarily for animal feed. B
grasslands and pastures are included 4. Temporary fodder crops • Temporary
intensively with multiple cuttings per year include three major groups of fo
including cereals that are harvested green; • 2. Legumes, including pulses that
and • 3. Root crops that are cultivated for fodder. • 4. Trees f 5. Perman
Permanent fodder crops relate to land used permanently (for five years or m
forage crops, either cultivated or growing wild (i.e. wild prairie or grazing lan
some parts of forest land if it t worth taking risk. are crops that are cultivated
feed. By extension, natural grasslands and pastures are included whether they
are grown intensively with multiple cuttings per year include three major groups
including cereals that are harvested green; • Legumes, including pulses that
and • Root crops that are cultivated for fodder.• Trees fodder. Permanent fodde
used permanently (for ive years or more) for herbaceous forage crops, either
wild (i.e. grazing land), and may include some parts of forest land if it is use
grass is a monocotyledonous flowering plant belonging to the family
genus Pennisetum with approximately 140 species. Napier grass is a perenn
native to Sub-Saharan Africa from where it is believed to have been distributed
subtropical regions around the world. It grows best in areas where the annual ra
and 2500 mm. Napier grass has been naturalized in areas of Central and So
parts of Asia, Australia, the Middle East and the Pacific islands. Today it is wid
and subtropical regions of the world. African foxtail grass is a perennial gra
120 cm (10 to 50 in) tall. The leaves are linear, 3 to 25 cm (1 to 10 in) long and
0.39 in) wide. The flowers are produced in a panicle 2 to 14 cm (0.8 to 5.5 in)
(0.4 to 1.0 in) wide.[5] Distribution[edit] African foxtail grass is native to
Mediterranean region and the hotter and drier parts of Asia. It is a deep-ro
drought, and will grow at altitudes of up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft). It is considered a
Africa. It prefers light soils with a high phosphorus content. It is also s
Australia and elsewhere for grazing, hay and silage.[3] It was introduced to the
erosion control and to feed livestock. In the Mexican part of the Sonoran D
planted and irrigated for livestock grazing. Cenchrus ciliaris has become n
an invasive species in Australia, thesouthwestern United States, Hawa
America, South America, and Macaronesia.[2]As an invasive species[edit]It w
1930s into Arizona, United States, to provide grazing. The introduction was larg
the grass began to appear as a weed beside highways and in cleared fields o
spreads very quickly and will often kill local native plants, such as palo ver
nearby water. This plant has a very low ignition threshold and can burn e
growing season. Its flammability (injurious to neighbors) and quick regrowth
successfully against almost all vegetation in the Sonoran Desert region.[6]
buffelgrass in the Sonoran Desert is that it intensifies wildfires such that sagua
survive wildfires can e Distribution[edit] African foxtail grass is native to
Mediterranean region and the hotter and drier parts of Asia. It is a deep-ro
drought, and will grow at altitudes of up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft). It is considered a
Africa. It prefers light soils with a high phosphorus content. It is also s
Australia and elsewhere for grazing, hay and silage.[3] It was introduced to the
erosion control and to feed livestock. In the Mexican part of the Sonoran D
planted and irrigated for livestock grazing. Cenchrus ciliaris has become n
an invasive species in Australia, the southwestern United States, Haw
America, South America, and Macaronesia.[2] As an invasive species[edit]It w
1930s into Arizona, United States, to provide grazing. The introduction was larg
the grass began to appear as a weed beside highways and in cleared fields o
spreads very quickly and will often kill local native plants, such as palo ver
nearby water. This plant has a very low ignition threshold and can burn e
growing season. Its flammability (injurious to neighbors) and quick regrowth
successfully against almost all vegetation in the Sonoran Desert region.[6]
buffelgrass in the Sonoran Desert is that it intensifies wildfires such that sagua
survive wildfires can erupt into flames when growing in areas taken o
In Queensland, Australia, the grass has also been attributed to causing a declin
species fed on by the critically endangered northern hairy-nosed wombat, and
the wombats' decline.[8] In South Australia, it is a declared plant under the
Management Act and weed management activities are guided by the South A
Strategic Plan (2012–17).[9] In Australia's Northern Territory, invasive buffel gra
making fire control more challenging following the extensive wild fires that destr
oases such as Standley Chasm in February 2019.all it well. All is well. . With a s
hasig divenand truhs of lie when the tale is not here here s nothing to fear fro
mere jana kabhi nahi jana ishque mera dard mera haye tune mere jana kabhi na
1.FODDER CROPS are crops that are
cultivated primarily for animal feed. By
extension, natural grasslands and
pastures are included 4. Temporary
fodder crops • Temporary crops that are
grown intensively with multiple cuttings
per year include three major groups of
fodder: • 1. Grasses, including cereals
that are harvested green; • 2. Legumes,
including pulses that are harvested
green; and • 3. Root crops that are
cultivated for fodder. • 4. Trees f
2.5. Permanent Fodder crops •
Permanent fodder crops relate to land
used permanently (for five years or more)
for herbaceous forage crops, either
cultivated or growing wild (i.e. wild prairie
or grazing land), and may include some
parts of forest land if it t worth taking risk.
Origin and evolution of Hemp
Origin and evolution of Hemp
• Hemp originated in Central Asia.
• Hemp cultivation for fiber was recorded in China as early as
2800 BCE and was practiced in the Mediterranean countries
of Europe early in the Christian era, spreading throughout the rest
of Europe during the Middle Ages. It was planted in Chile in the
1500s and a century later in North America.
• Major producers –
Australia, Canada, France, Russia and Ukraine, United Kingdom,
United States.
13. • Hemp is grown in temperate zones as an annual cultivation from seed
andcanreachaheightofupto5meters.
• Crops grow bestinsandy loam withgood drainage andrequire average
monthlyrainfallofatleast65mmthroughoutthegrowingseason.
• Crops cultivated for fiber are densely sowed and produce plants
averaging2–3metrestallwithalmostnobranching.
• In fiber production, maximum yield and quality are obtained by
harvesting soon after the plants reach maturity, indicated by the full
blossomsandfreelysheddingpollenofthemaleplants.
• Although sometimes pulled up by hand, plants are more often cut off
about2.5cmabovetheground.
• Fibers are obtained by subjecting the stalks to a series of operations—
includingretting,drying,andcrushing.
Hempcultivation
Hempcultivation