1.
EMERGING BRANCHES OF SCIENCE :
Submitted by,
Nikhitha. P. S
Natural Science
MTTC Pathanapuram
MOUNT TABOR TRAINING COLLEGE PATHANAPURAM
BIOTECHNOLOGY AND NANOTECHNOLOGY
Submitted to,
Dr. Asha K Thomas
Assistant Professor
EDU 04.9 : THEORETICAL BASE OF NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION

2.
BIOTECHNOLOGY

3.
AN INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH

4.
 Recombinant DNA technology - Boyer & Cohen in
1973.
 Biotechnology considered as two :
Old biotechnology - fermentation, baking
alcohol production etc.
Modern biotechnology - cell cultures, cell fusion
genetic engineering etc.

5.
BRANCHES
 Animal biotechnology -- Transgenic animals
 Plant biotechnology -- Transgenic plants
 Medical biotechnology -- Recombinant vaccine,
valuable drugs etc.
 Industrial biotechnology -- Alcohol,enzymes
 Blue biotechnology -- Marine & Aquatic
applications
 Environmental biotechnology -- Use of microbes

6.
ACHIEVEMENTS

7.
APPLICATIONS
In Medicine
 Recombinant Insulin - Cloning of human insulin
genes
Isolated from E.Coli cells
 Gene Therapy - Treat genetic diseases
Insertion of normal genes
With the help of vectors
 Molecular Diagnosis - rDNA technology, PCR etc.
 Pharmacogenomics - Production of drugs
for cancer, depression,
HIV.
 Edible vaccines - Inactive pathogens

8.
In Industries
 Alcoholic fermentation - Saccharomyces cervisiae
 Production of Organic acids :
 Citric acid - sucrose & molasess
 Lactic acid - sugar
 Production of Vinegar - 2 step & 2 organisms
 Production of Vitamins - Vitamin B12
Streptomyces & Bacillus
 Production of Enzymes - Amalyse & Zymase etc.

9.
NANOTECHNOLOGY
 Nanotechnology is the study of manipulating matter on
an atomic and molecular state.
 The prefix "Nano" derived from Greek word means
"Dwarf".
 Technology related to the delibrate designing,
construction, characterization and utilization of functional
structures, devices and systems through the control of
matter at atomic or molecular scale.
 One nanometer is equal to one billionth of meter.

10.
Richard Feynman's Concept
 First ever concept of nanotechnology is introduced by the
renowned physicist Richard Feynman in 1959.
 At an American physical society meeting.
 Speech entitled " There is plenty of room at the bottom "
 Feynman hypothesised that atoms and molecules
could be manipulated like building blocks.
 The term " Nanotechnology " - coined by Nario Taniguchi
in 1974.

11.
APPROACHES

12.
NANOMATERIAL
 Nanomaterial is an object that has at least one dimension
in nano meter scale (1 to 100 nm).
 It can be divided into 2 :
 Non-intentionally made
Nanoparticles belong naturally to environment
Eg : protein, virus etc.
Produced by human activity, Eg: diesel combustion
 Intentionally made
Produced through fabrication process.

13.
CLASSIFICATION OF NANOMATERIALS

14.
NANOPARTICLE
 Nanoparticles are sub-micron-scale particles with at
least one dimension less than 100nm.
 Includes nano powders, nanoclusters, nanocrystals.
 Usually spherical.
 Particles may be solid or hollow.
 Examples includes
 Carbon nanotubes (CNT)
 Quantum dots
 Dendrimers
 Nanowires etc.

15.
Dendrimers
 Nanosized polymer - transfecting agents
 First reported - 1998 - Richard crooks, et al.
 Porous structure
 Targeting of cancer cells, drug delivery, imaging etc.
Nanowires
 Have nano scale diameters - several microns long.
 Metallic - act as electric conductors.
 Biosensors - using silicon conductor nanowires.
 Real time detection & titration of antibodies
 Virus detection, sensors for monitoring food, water and air.

16.
APPLICATIONS
In Cancer Therapy
 Destroy cancer cells with highly targeted package of
"tumour busing" genes.
 Deliver directly to cancer tissue.
 CNT are effective - kidney & breast cancer
 Dendrimers and liposomes targets specific cancer cells.
In Electronics
 Improve performance of electric device
 Fabrication of chips - Nanolithography
 Dense memory devices

17.
In Fabrics
 Nano-sized whiskers - water & stain repellent
 In manufacturing bullet proof jackets
 Making spill & dirt resistant, antimicrobial, antibacterial
fabrics
In Food
 Food processing
 Food packaging
 Supplements
In Agriculture
 Nano capsule - Delivery of pesticides, fertilizers etc.
 Nano sensors - Soil conditions & crop growth
 Nanochips - Identify preservation & tracking

18.
DEMERITS
Nanotechnology
 Cell damage
 Cross the blood brain
barrier
 Nano-bomb
 Creation of power full
weapon - Lethal & non-
lethal
 Loss of traditional method
 Increase in aristocracies

19.
REFERENCES
 Dubey, R. C. (2009) Multicolour Textbook of
Biotechnology.4th Edition, S.Chand and Co., New
Delhi, 71-80
 National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI). National
Science and Technology Council. Committe of
Technology, Subcommittee of Nanoscience, National
Technology Institute strategic plan www.nano.gov
(2011,accessed 25 Aug 2015)