2. Sculpture
is the act and art of making three-
dimensional works of art such as
statues. It is an artwork created by
shaping or combining hard materials.
Softer materials can also be used such
as plastic, clay, polymer etc.
Sculptures may be carved, chiseled,
modeled, cast, or constructed.
3. Relief
is "sculpture that projects in vary
degrees from a two-dimensional background."
Relief sculpture is among the oldest forms of
sculpted art.
Bas-relief has a very low degree of relief
from the base, and is present in the surfaces of
famous buildings such as the Parthenon in
Greece. Alto-relief sculpture has a high degree
of relief; the sculptures emerge from the flat
base background, such as the sculptures of
ancient pharaohs on their temples in Egypt.
Sunken-relief sculptures are actually
carved into the base itself and have a negative
degree of relief.
4. Relief sculpture of the 2nd century CE found in Italy,
now in the Terme Museum
5. Free-standing sculpture
also known as sculpture in-the-
round, likely represents the form of
sculpture most recognizable to modern
people. Free-standing sculpture is any work
of sculpture which can be viewed from any
angle around the pedestal. This kind of
sculpture includes some of the most
famous works of sculpture throughout
time: the statuary works of the Greek,
Roman, Medieval and Classical eras,
including Michaelangelo's David.
7. Kinetic sculpture
is free-standing sculpture
that moves, either by mechanical power
or under the power of wind or water.
Fountains are a form of kinetic
sculpture, although in that special case
the sculpture is not powered by the
water but lives within the shapes and
forms of the water as it arcs over and
through the air.
8. “Spira” located at Fort Lauderdale, Florida at the
Broward County Courthouse.
9. Assemblage sculpture
is sculpture pieced together
from found or scavenged items that have
little or no relationship to one another.
Contemporary Art Dialogue's website
defines assemblage art as "non-traditional
sculpture, made from re-combining found
objects. Some of these objects are junk
from the streets." These pieced-together
bits of castoff debris are arranged in an
aesthetically pleasing shape to the artist
and then presented to its audiences to
provoke thought and reaction. Collages are
a sort of two-dimensional representation of
assemblage sculpture.
11. Carving
is a process in which the artist
subtracts or cuts away from a solid
material to reach the desired form. It
can be a very painstaking and time
consuming method because of the
hard and weighty materials, such as
marble or other stones, that are
often used. However, artists also
carve softer substances such as wood
and even soap.
12.
13. Modeling
is the process of manipulating soft
materials to create a three-dimensional
form. Unlike carving, modeling requires
soft substances that can be easily and
rapidly shaped by the sculptor's hands.
Clay is the most frequent material used
for modeling, however, others such as
plaster, papier-maché, and wax are also
common.
14.
15. Casting
is a method of obtaining the
permanence of a modeled work by
making a mold and casting it in a
durable material such as bronze. Two
methods of casting are used: sand
casting and the cire-perdue or "lost
wax" process. The lost-wax process is
more widely used, however, both
have been frequently employed since
antiquity.
16.
17. Construction and
Assemblage
Emerging in the twentieth-
century, the techniques of assemblage
and construction consist of combining
and joining various materials to form a
three-dimensional object. These
methods originated from the
technique collage, which was
popularized by the Cubists during the
early part of the twentieth century.
