A Packet Switched Smart Grid PSSG Definition Deploying Ethernet over TCP/IP uses virtual circuit-switched internetworks forming a ribbon mesh topology, the PSSG facilitates and enables electric vehicle charging and charge caching as a systems component.

1. Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Packet
Switched Smart Grid
Contents
• 1 Packet Switched Smart Grid (PSSG)
o 1.1 The Problem to Which PSSG is the Answer
o 1.2 Why PSSG is the Answer
o 1.3 How PSSG Works
o 1.4 References
Packet Switched Smart Grid (PSSG)
PSSG is a smart extension to a National Grid that uses rapid electronic direct current DC
packet switching to distribute power instead of information as packets in a
telecommunications network for example The Internet. Existing National Grids deploy
mechanical AC circuit switching in a similar way to the now outmoded circuit-switched
telecommunications networks which have now become packet switched.
Deploying packet switching networks in an extension to a Circuit Switching National Grid
brings significant advantages over circuit switching circuit switching vs packet switching
including greatly enhanced accommodation of intermittent power generation and distribution
as provided by renewable energy sources located near to points of consumption for example
domestic solar roof panels and further away offshore wind farms.
PSSG utilises electric vehicle high storage capacity demountable EVs batteries as they
become available thereby also advantageously implementing a national EV charging and
hence Transportation Infrastructure to cache the intermittent distributed environmentally-
sourced electrical energy generated and release it back into a Packet Switched "Smart
Grid"[1] as power packets when needed.
Packet switching current flow in the Packet Switched Smart Grid facilitates the distributed
peripheral transmission-routing of cached charge as power, utilising a highly parallel "ribbon
mesh network topology" (a network interconnection shape) from the sub-station level-down
to supply customers on demand with electricity on demand, regardless of location. Smart
switched mode power supply technology is used to route power to and from customers in an
intermediate voltage packet switched un-interruptible distributed smart grid, in interoperation
with a centralised pre-existing circuit switched interruptible National Grid. The PSSG
facilitates uninterruptible EV battery-backed power supply technology adapted from
computer server hardware and software to store intermittent energy generation and release it
on demand [6][7] UPS.

2. • RibbonMesh.jpg
https://groups.google.com/group/Packet-switched-national-grid-with-ev-charge-
caching?hl=en
The Problem to Which PSSG is the Answer
National Power Grid cable infrastructures distribute power generated to the end-user. In the
past most power has been supplied by a small number of large centrally located remote coal,
gas and nuclear power stations. Electricity Grid operators term these as predictable sources of
supply, as they can control when and where power is generated. Such centralised energy
generation is not very efficient, as power cable transmission losses result in only a fraction of
generated electricity reaching many more remote customers.
A way of relaying power transmission over extended distances without voltage drop
associated with power transmission losses using renewables to boost transmission is required
that is similar to stage coaching the Mail with supplies of fresh horses located en route.
Most renewable energy-sourced power differs from centralised traditionally sourced power,
in that a large number of power sources – like wind farms and small-scale household
generation from solar roof panels and similar sources – generate lower levels of power
nearer-to or at the point of demand. As these power sources often depend on particular
weather characteristics, renewable power supply can be highly intermittent. Existing
electricity grids, set up to distribute power from a small number of large power stations, do
not cope well with this intermittent influx of lower levels of power from a large number of
sources, as the dynamics of distributed power generation are more rapid than those of
centralised generation.
Environmentally generated power generation 'supply' can change from zero to full power in
seconds independently of 'demand', whereas coal- fired power generation requires hours to
prepare for ahead of anticipated demand. Domestic Uninterruptible Power Supplies UPSs
deploying high storage capactiy said EV infrastructure batteries are capable of balancing
fluctuations in demand and supply, therby preventing unpredictable over and under-voltages
occuring in existing grid supplies.
As the drive for ever-increasing amounts of renewable energy continues, Governments
around the world are keen to overcome this problem. [1]

3. Why PSSG is the Answer
Existing Grids have slow electro-mechanical circuit switching which requires a high level of
manual control and override. Smart Grids deliver electricity from suppliers to and between
consumers from the sub-station level down using two-way digital communications to control
appliances and store locally generated electricity in consumers' homes in connected electric
vehicle batteries and in substations acting as electric fuel stations. The PSSG concept was
invented by Nicholas Robinson in response to General Electric's GE:Ecomagination
Challenge. [2]
and builds on the Smart Grid concept[1] to offer a new way of generating
transmitting and distributing renewable energy to overcome the problems of "distributed
environmental energy generation intermittency". PSSG promotes a Level playing field energy
market, energy source diversity and energy security in the supply chain and demand chain.
For example, in the UK the National Energy Mix requires to accommodate a mix of
renewables including intermittent environmental energy macro-generation generation like
wind farms and domestic solar rooftop and wind micro-generation, together with
conventional generation including Nuclear, Gas and cleaner coal. By deploying PSSG
together with an EV battery charging infrastructure, energy can be stored as it is generated
intermittently and released on demand as power packets whenever and wherever it is needed.
This is referred to as "EV charge caching". PSSG provides an economical and opportune
'green' upgrade path for an existing AC National Grid infrastructure, facilitating reduced
national carbon emissions, improved efficiency and reduced dependency on fossil fuels.
PSSG can also be implemented independently to supply a 'Grid to supply a stand-alone 'green
field' development or alternatively it can be implemented as an extension to a 'brown field'
development.
How PSSG Works
PSSG brings together in synergy several key enabling 'driver' technologies:-
1. intermittent environmental macro-generation e.g. from wind farms;
2. rooftop domestic e.g. from solar PV micro-generation;
3. an electric vehicle EV battery charging-caching infrastructure;
4. packet switched computer network technology; [6][7]
5. community scale combined heat and power micro-CHP generation;

4. 7. "Supercapacitors".
8. substation level DC electric fuel stations with caches of charging replaceable EV batteries
facilitating charge caching and interconnection with the existing circuit switched AC
National Grid.
9. a pre-existing National Grid AC infrastructure
10. high voltage, power and speed electronic solid-state switching technology
The PSSG designed to carry a large payload along packet switched power cable media, rather
than information. It switches packets of power as chopped DC charge pulses of determinate
clocked length through networks forming spider's web like shapes of interconnected power
cables in sequence at higher voltages and currents, rather than packets of information as a bit
or byte stream through network cables at intermediate voltages and currents. It can be
interconnected via ‘robotic' electronic power routers smart switches and active hubs as being
currently developed in the US for example by Cisco [3]
, manufacturers of computer network
and internetwork switches and routers.
Whilst existing national power grids can be described as AC and ‘circuit switched’ the smart
grid can be described as DC and ‘packet switched’. A simple way of understanding this is to
think of a cab driver taking shortcuts through busy city streets. A PSSG comprises virtual
circuits (like one-way traffic flow systems but where packets of charge flow along cables
rather than vehicles along streets) located within a distributed ribbon mesh network topology
(all the 'trickle through' back streets short cuts and routes only the taxi driver knows).
It provides a peripheral [power distribution] extension to an electric power grid with
'connectionless' and 'connection oriented' network messaging protocols. Rather like traffic
flow management in a city, some traffic is priority-routed along one-way streets and other
traffic trickles through available side streets filling gaps in traffic at random seemingly,
populating the whole network with traffic to avoid gridlock. The directed flow routes may
form combinations of circles buses or star network topologies or interconnection shapes.
Charge packets permeate the network like traffic flow in a busy city.
PSSG employs direct current (DC) power cable–integrated charge packet switching and
messaging. PSSG will in the future facilitate local electric vehicle and household battery
charge-caching, power generation, electric fuel stations and combined heat and power CHP
generation on a local level. The associated local micro-generation and environmentally-
sourced generation enable semi-autonomous grid operation, enhanced energy security,
supply/demand balancing with electric vehicle battery caching and improved reliability and
efficiency. It promises to offer reliable, self-regulating, cable-integrated power packet

5. switched peripheral power grid network extensions and to reuse and interoperate with
existing alternating current (AC) power grids and cabling.
Generally, PSSG has a small environmental impact. It facilitates greener energy provision
with a “Value Adding Network” V.A.N. topped up by offshore macro and onshore domestic
micro renewable energy generation. This virtual circuit ring network extension facilitates
peripheral 'stage coaching' of power transmission and electric transport at and below the
substation level.
Power can nowadays be distributed through power cables as a rapidly-chopped sequence of
pulses of clocked determinate length, similar to a chopping switched mode computer power
supply unit aka a ‘chopping switched mode PSU’ which chops the electricity into variable
digitally controlled 'clocked' pulse lengths to produce a highly regulated, smoothed, stepped-
down DC voltage. A computer chopped switched-mode PSU with a typical clock speed of 1
MHz can provide a rapidly switched stream of high voltage regulated charge pulses of
clocked short length using DIACs driving TRIACs or [[[FET power transistors]] that can be
regulated to provide stable low smoothed DC RMS equivalent DC voltages at higher current
to supply a computer’s internal components.
These electronic semi-conductor switch-mode chopping Power Supply Switched Mode
Power Supply devices are nowadays capable of rapidly switching up to 5.6KV at 1,000A on
and off thousands of times per second, compared with the old fashioned mechanical circuit
switching used in the existing 'grid which is slow, unreliable, requiring manual control
intervention and prone to surges. Advantageously, rapid power semi-conductor on and off
digital switching times of one microsecond or so spanned by longer periods of pulse
distribution and transmission for example several milliseconds duration dissipates less heat
and is less wasteful than resistive analogue series loading when used to throttle the
conduction of electric power to electric vehicle motors for example using chopping Switch-
mode Power Supply with variable pulse length Digital Power Control for example. The
control of the smart networked chopping switched mode power supplies can therefore be
brought under remote network signalling control.
The more crowded the digital network becomes loaded with traffic, the greater the frequency
of packet fragmentation (packet switching) and also signalling overhead and negotiation
padding, preventing cable overloading and creating self-regulation. Like traffic lights,
streams of traffic become chopped up into smaller numbers or trains of vehicles, slowing
down traffic flow with ‘stop and go’ junction switching forming queues or traffic jams. This
principle of chopping switched mode power supply forms the basis of the robotic street
router, switch or hub each of which is additionally able to switch chop charge pulses down
different interconnected network cables rapidly in sequence.

6. References
[1] Kris Jamsa Ph.D. and Ken Cope, "Internet Programming" Jamsa Press, Las Vegas, USA,
(c) 1995 ISBN 18-84133216
[2] Uyless D. Black, "Data Communications and Distributed Networks" Prentice Hall
International, Inc. USA 1983 ISBN 01-30908533
[3] M.H. Rasheed "Advanced Power Electronics Handbook: Devices, Circuits and
Applications" Googled Online
[4] A.A. Berk "Practical Robotics and Interfacing for the Spectrum" Granada Technical
Books London 1984 ISBN 02-46125764
[5] David Groth, Matthew Perkins "Network Test Success" Network+ Press, Sybex Inc. USA
1999 ISBN 07 82125484
[6] Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Integrated UPS Switching Software
[7] Schneider Electric Computer UPS System "APC" Computer Battery Backup Hardware
and OEM Software
[8] Microsoft TechNet CD Video presentation ca. 1999, "Delivering the Seven Nines and
better in Mission Critical Systems" http://technet.microsoft.com/
NPRFTE Nick Robinson 15:28, 27 December 2011 (UTC) Nick Robinson 14:39, 24 January
2012 (UTC)NPRFTE 24th. January 2012
•

7. References
[1] Kris Jamsa Ph.D. and Ken Cope, "Internet Programming" Jamsa Press, Las Vegas, USA,
(c) 1995 ISBN 18-84133216
[2] Uyless D. Black, "Data Communications and Distributed Networks" Prentice Hall
International, Inc. USA 1983 ISBN 01-30908533
[3] M.H. Rasheed "Advanced Power Electronics Handbook: Devices, Circuits and
Applications" Googled Online
[4] A.A. Berk "Practical Robotics and Interfacing for the Spectrum" Granada Technical
Books London 1984 ISBN 02-46125764
[5] David Groth, Matthew Perkins "Network Test Success" Network+ Press, Sybex Inc. USA
1999 ISBN 07 82125484
[6] Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Integrated UPS Switching Software
[7] Schneider Electric Computer UPS System "APC" Computer Battery Backup Hardware
and OEM Software
[8] Microsoft TechNet CD Video presentation ca. 1999, "Delivering the Seven Nines and
better in Mission Critical Systems" http://technet.microsoft.com/
NPRFTE Nick Robinson 15:28, 27 December 2011 (UTC) Nick Robinson 14:39, 24 January
2012 (UTC)NPRFTE 24th. January 2012
•