Teenage pregnancy is pregnancy in human females under the age of 20. A pregnancy can take place after the start of puberty before the first menstrual period but usually occurs after the onset. In well-nourished girls, menarche usually takes place around the age of 12 or 13. Pregnant teenagers face many of the same obstetrics issues as other women. There are, however, additional medical concerns for mothers aged below 15 years of age. For mothers aged 15–19, risks are associated more with socioeconomic factors than with the biological effects of age. Risks of low birth weight, premature labor, anemia, and pre-eclampsia are connected to the biological age itself, as it was observed in teen births even after controlling for other risk factors (such as utilization of antenatal care etc.). In developed countries, teenage pregnancies are often associated with social issues, including lower educational levels, higher rates of poverty, and other poorer life outcomes in children of teenage mothers. Teenage pregnancy in developed countries is usually outside of marriage, and carries a social stigma in many communities and cultures. By contrast, teenage parents in developing countries are often married, and their pregnancies welcomed by family and society. However, in these societies, early pregnancy may combine with malnutrition and poor health care to cause medical problems. Teenage pregnancies appear to be preventable by comprehensive sex education and access to birth control. Abstinence-only sex education does not appear to be effective. Through generations teenage pregnancy has converted into one of the Philippines' most challenging social issues. Becoming pregnant at such an early age brings multiple obstacles such as, lower expectations of finishing high school, not attending college, and less success in the job industry. Not only do these obstacles regard the teenage parents but harm their unborn child in academic and health issues, for instance tending to score less optimally on assessments of cognitive development and academic achievement, and also tend to exhibit more problem behaviors than other children. Other than social dilemmas there are certain health issues that are more likely to appear in a teenage pregnancy for example the baby is more likely to have a low birth weight, to be born before term, and have developmental delay. The issue we focus on is premarital sex among teenager that results to teenage pregnancy. Further explanation will be discussed in the parts to follow.

1. Teenage Pregnancy
Bitang, Nica Vanissa R.
Sudario, Vanessa Mae L.
Tandoc, Louise Ann F.
Zapanta, Kathleen Shanell

2. Table of Contents
I. The Issue 3-
A. Definition of Teenage Pregnancy
B. Contextualization:
a. Historical roots and development
b. Actual situation
c. Factors that contribute to the issue
II. Analysis of the Issue
A. Moral dilemma involved?
B. Positive aspects
III. Christian View on the Issue
IV. Theological Reflection
V. Bibliography

3. I. The Issue
A. Definition of Teenage Pregnancy
Teenage pregnancy is ​pregnancy in human females under the age of 20. A pregnancy can
take place after the start of puberty before the ​first menstrual period but usually occurs after the
onset. In well-nourished girls, menarche usually takes place around the age of 12 or 13.
Pregnant teenagers face many of the same ​obstetrics issues as other women. There are,
however, additional medical concerns for mothers aged below 15 years of age. For mothers aged
15–19, risks are associated more with ​socioeconomic factors than with the biological effects of age.
Risks of ​low birth weight​, ​premature labor​, ​anemia​, and ​pre-eclampsia are connected to the
biological age itself, as it was observed in teen births even after controlling for other risk factors
(such as ​utilization​ of ​antenatal care​ etc.).
In ​developed countries​, teenage pregnancies are often associated with ​social issues​,
including lower ​educational levels, higher rates of poverty​, and other poorer life outcomes in
children of teenage mothers. Teenage pregnancy in developed countries is usually outside of
marriage​, and carries a ​social stigma in many communities and cultures. By contrast, teenage
parents in ​developing countries are often married, and their pregnancies welcomed by family and
society. However, in these societies, early pregnancy may combine with malnutrition and poor
health care to cause medical problems.
Teenage pregnancies appear to be preventable by comprehensive ​sex education and access
to ​birth control​.​ Abstinence-only sex education​ does not appear to be effective.

4. Through generations teenage pregnancy has converted into one of the Philippines' most
challenging social issues. Becoming pregnant at such an early age brings multiple obstacles such as,
lower expectations of finishing high school, not attending college, and less success in the job
industry. Not only do these obstacles regard the teenage parents but harm their unborn child in
academic and health issues, for instance tending to score less optimally on assessments of cognitive
development and academic achievement, and also tend to exhibit more problem behaviors than
other children. Other than social dilemmas there are certain health issues that are more likely to
appear in a teenage pregnancy for example the baby is more likely to have a low birth weight, to be
born before term, and have developmental delay.
The issue we focus on is premarital sex among teenager that results to teenage pregnancy.
Further explanation will be discussed in the parts to follow.
B. Contextualization:
a. Historical roots and development: milestones in the development of the issue:
Since the 1950s, teenage pregnancy has attracted a great deal of concern and attention from
religious leaders, the general public, policymakers, and social scientists, particularly in the United
States and other developed countries. The continuing apprehension about teenage pregnancy is
based on the profound impact that teenage pregnancy can have on the lives of the girls and their
children. Demographic studies continue to report that in developed countries such as the United
States, teenage pregnancy results in lower educational attainment, increased rates of poverty, and
worse “life outcomes” for children of teenage mothers compared to children of young adult women.
Teenage pregnancy is defined as occurring between thirteen and nineteen years of age. There are,
however, girls as young as ten who are sexually active and occasionally become pregnant and give

5. birth. The vast majority of teenage births in the United States occur among girls between fifteen and
nineteen years of age. When being inclusive of all girls who can become pregnant and give birth,
the term used is adolescent pregnancy, which describes the emotional and biological developmental
stage, called adolescence. The concern over the age at which a young woman should give birth has
existed throughout human history. In general, however, there are two divergent views used to
explain teenage pregnancy. Some authors and researchers argue that labeling teen pregnancy as a
public health problem has little to do with public health and more to do with it being socially,
culturally, and economically unacceptable.
Teenage pregnancy is one the rise in the Philippines and women's group said it is time to
introduce sex education in government schools, but their proposal has met with stiff resistance from
the country's influential Catholic Church.
Medical studies likewise showed that 10 percent of babies born to young mothers are
malnourished. One of every five babies of teenage mothers dies of various causes. These happen
simply because young mothers are not emotionally, mentally and physically prepared to raise a
child on their own. Although having sex before their marriage has become ruling among the youth.
Filipino families have maintained a conservative view about sexuality and do not really discuss this
kind of topic with their teenage children. It's very unlikely for typical parents to talk about issues
regarding sex with children​.
b. Actual Situation- Present Statistics:
From 2000 to 2010, the number of live births by teenage mothers in the Philippines rose by
more than 60 percent, latest data from the National Statistics Office showed. As if this is not
alarming enough, NSO data also revealed that the number of teenage mothers who gave birth to

6. their second (and third, fourth, and even their fifth) baby during their teenage years likewise
increased in the last 10 years, according to data presented at a press conference in Quezon City on
Monday by Carmelita Ericta, administrator and civil registrar general of the National Statistics
Office.
Number of Pinay teens giving birth up by more than 60 percent in 10 years, 3rd highest in ASEAN.
According to the latest Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality (YAFS) study, around 14 percent of
girls aged 15 to 19 are either pregnant for the first time or are already mothers. That is up from
about six per cent recorded by an earlier YAFS study in 2002.
YAFS study coordinator and director of the University of the Philippines Population
Institute, Josefina Natividad, has told Radio Australia's Asia Pacific Program a lack of awareness of
the consequences of risky sexual behavior is contributing to the rising rates of teenage pregnancies.

7. The nationwide study also shows one in three youth between the ages of 15 and 24 are
having sexual intercourse before marriage, compared to 23 per cent a decade ago. But while young
people appear to be getting more sexually active in the predominantly Catholic nation, 78 percent of
the youth surveyed are not using any form of contraception or protection against sexually
transmitted diseases when they are having sex for the first time.
B. Factors that contribute to the issue (short intro about premarital sex, etc.)
Teenagers who feel incomplete, inadequate and unappreciated are more likely to seek
comfort in a sexual relationship that may result in teenage pregnancy among teenagers. But those
with a life rich in relationships, family traditions, activities, interests and — most of all —
consistent love and affirmation are less likely to embark on a desperate search for fulfillment that
could lead to unwise sexual decisions. Those who have a healthy, productive faith in God are more
likely to have deeply rooted reasons to respect and preserve the gift of sex and to respect rather than
exploit others.
Below are some of the factors that contribute to the emergence or existence of the issue
identified:
Alcohol and drug use. Aside from reflecting problem attitudes (rebellion, poor self-concept,
invulnerability) that make sex more likely, intoxication also clouds judgment and weakens
resistance to sexual overtures.
Little parental monitoring. Leaving adolescents alone for hours at a time or not requiring
accountability is a setup for sex. If parents will properly monitor their children regarding their
relationship with the opposite sex, teenage pregnancy will be somewhat be avoided.

8. A parental belief that adolescent sex is appropriate. If you think premarital sex is okay, your
adolescent will too and will act on that belief.
A parental belief that adolescent sex is inevitable. Many parents who disapprove of teen sex
have also concluded that it is as certain as death and taxes. Their approach to the subject will thus
be double-edged: "Don't do it, but in case you do, use this condom." Adolescents will get the
message loud and clear and are likely to act accordingly.
Low grade-point average/low attachment to school. While school performance is affected by
a variety of factors, a basic desire to do well in school reflects a more hopeful outlook on the future
and a willingness to put off immediate gratification for long-term goals. Teen sex, on the contrary,
usually reflects ignorance of or little regard for consequences. What ultimately matters is a person's
commitment to basic values such as responsibility, respect for self and others and concern about the
effect of today's decisions on the future.
A history of physical or sexual abuse. These acts against children and adolescents violate
their bodies, minds and hearts. Sexual abuse creates a grossly distorted view of sexual behavior,
destroys boundaries, and drives a deep sense of worthlessness into the emotions. Whether the abuse
occurred in the distant or recent past, adolescents with this history need ongoing support,
counseling and prayer to help them develop healthy attitudes about sex and about themselves.
Frequent family relocations. Moving generally stresses both parents and adolescents
(especially if the kids resent the decision). This can erode parental authority and distract parents
from involvement with their children. Bonds to social supports such as church groups that help
prevent sexual activity are severed by multiple moves. Loneliness and loss of friendships may lead

9. some teenagers to use sexual activity to gain social acceptance. These issues should be considered
by parents who are thinking about a possible relocation.
A steady boyfriend or girlfriend. Strong attachments and feelings of exclusivity invite nature
to take its course, especially when physical expressions of affection begin early in the relationship.
This is a particular risk in a situation where the boy is more than two or three years older than the
girl is. If a teen romance appears to be getting hot and heavy and a lot of physical contact is already
displayed, you will need to speak with both boy and girl diplomatically but candidly about the
physical process they are setting in motion.
Only one parent in the household. Parenting was meant to be a team effort, and some risks
will naturally increase when one parent is left to do all the protecting and monitoring alone. Some
studies do indicate that adolescents living with a single parent are more likely to become sexually
active than those living with both parents. Work and household demands can prevent single parents
from being as involved and attentive as they need and want to be. And the divorce and desertion
that sometimes lead to a one-parent home can make teens uncertain about the value of marriage as
the setting for sexual activity and about the role of sexuality in parental relationships. This
increased risk does not mean that teenage pregnancy is inevitable in single-parent families. But it
does place an additional responsibility on single parents to send their teenagers clear and consistent
messages about sexuality and pregnancy. And it is one more reason for single parents to enlist as
much support as they can.
Lastly, Premarital sex among teenagers leads to teenage pregnancy. It’s also one of the
issues in our society today.Because of these factors teenage pregnancy needs to stop now; we
cannot have kids raising kids. There are many organizations out there that help prevent teenage

10. pregnancy but obviously they’re not that actively known by people. Safe Sex education must be
taught at every school in the United States and a standardized state test should follow and students
should receive a grade in that class. Abstinence would be a free pass out of this class for neither
girls nor boys, since it’s only leasing a greater knowledge of risks and consequences due to getting
pregnant at such an early age. These classes will not at all try convincing teenagers to turn to
abstinence but will encourage them to rethink their decisions and support them in ways such as a
free access to condoms and birth control with a parental conference before term. Eventually teenage
pregnancy rates will lower within deliberation of time and acknowledgments of its risks.
II. Analysis of the Issue
A. Moral dilemma involved?
The Moral dilemma is whether you will get into premarital sex or not. When the teenagers
have to choose between pleasing or showing her love for her boyfriend by getting into sex, thinking
that lust can be love or to choose being virtuous and morally clean. Another is choosing between
continuing her studies so that she can graduate and get a good job or go to work to provide for her
child’s needs even if she will get a low income or just take care of her child but will leave them in
poverty.
B. Positive aspects
There are no positive aspects for teenage pregnancy but teenage mothers learned lifelong
lessons through the struggles.

11. C. Negative aspects
The statistics for teenage pregnancy doubled and it is very alarming. It also shows that many
young Filipinos engage in premarital sex. The generation right now is different from decades ago
because they are more exposed with social media, internet, magazine, tv show, movies and many
other more that can be used to see, to hear or instrument to have an idea about it and what’s worse
to do sex. Being into technology is also a disadvantage because we are more prone to temptation.
We can search anything about sex and we can meet partners through social media and application
whom we really don’t know. Teenagers, parents and teachers are very uneasy when talking about
this issue because of being conservative that’s why teenagers tend to get to know more of it with
peers and they are now more influenced by their peers than their parents. They are more with their
peers than their parents, they try to fit in with the group, do what others do or what they expect
them to do and having not so good peers can also lead to teenage pregnancy. They lack someone
that they can look up to, they lack encouragement and some do what they saw or heard at home
they try to reason out a not reasonable thing (Singson, 2008).
There are many causes of teenage pregnancy. First is curiosity in sexuality because they lack
knowledge about it and they can only hear it from their neighbors, friends, boyfriend or media.
They didn’t have any knowledge about it and the effect that it can make in their life since they are
still too young and carefree. Second is family and financial problems. Their parents can’t give their
needs and are very strict to them; they can't be open to their parents that’s why they go with their
boyfriends instead. Some teenagers want to escape their problems at home. They thought that early
relationships will help them escape from it. Third is sexual drive, teenagers get easily driven by
their emotions and forget their limitations. They are confused on what love really means, some still

12. don’t know what is the real meaning of love. They thought love is lust. They thought that they are
showing love to their boyfriends when they do sex. They thought that is the way to prove their love
to them that they can give and give up everything for them (Pogoy et al).
Teenagers can’t go to school to continue their studies; even if they want they can’t afford it
or are forced to take care of the child. Their self esteem and confidence became low too because of
criticisms, rumors, gossip and bullying. They lost their interest in school because they rather look
for their child or go to work to provide and support the child’s needs. They lose hope because they
still get low grades and they get tired of it (Pogoy et al).
Teenage mothers drop out of school or don’t pursue their education or a vocational school.
Some early mothers have to work too because the fathers income is not enough or some fathers
can’t provide for the child yet because he is still studying or still dependent on their parents. They
face financial problems most especially when the child needs to study already. Since they didn’t
graduate college and some also didn’t graduate in high school they have low qualifications and if
they get into a job they have low income but they have no other choice they need to provide for
their child’s needs and work hard so that the child can have a better future even in that situation.
There is a difference when you graduate most especially here in the Philippines some stereotype the
capabilities of someone and say that when you didn’t graduate you’re not yet equipped rather than
when you graduate you will look upon. They have limited career and educational opportunities
because of lack of motivation and ambition. They try to escape from going to school. They don’t
know that they really want, they don’t have a goal or are uncertain of what they really want. That's
why they made that mistake (Pogoy et al).

13. Teenage pregnancy is also a symptom of poverty and it worsens the economic condition. If
it will not be addressed it can be one of the major problems since it continues to increase most
especially the rate doubled already. Most of them are minorities and are not yet qualified to get a
job, they can’t support their child if that’s the condition; they will rely on their family or relatives,
well they are lucky if the family is financially able and they are still welcome to the family. That’s
why it is very ironic they tend to rebel against their parents but still they’re the only one that you
can ask for help and you will still go back to them no matter what. It can also be a cycle since they
live in poverty their child might not be able to go to school and will opt to early pregnancy that’s
why the future of the child is on their hands too. “​Boys born to teenage mothers are 13 percent more
likely to be incarcerated whereas girls born to teenage mothers are 22 percent more likely to
become teenage mothers (Singson, 2008).”
There are also risks when teenagers get pregnant. First is malnutrition, teenage pregnancies
have high rates of alcohol abuse and substance abuse which can affect the baby. Risk for inadequate
prenatal care, fetal deaths and risk for acquiring cervical cancer when you engage in sex before the
age of six or you have had 5 sexual partners or have had a partner with at least 5 sexual partners.
Risk for abortion even though it’s illegal here in the Philippines we still have a higher rate than US
where abortion is legal. We have 25/1000 women and in the US 23/1000 women (Singson, 2008).
There also risks for the baby. “Children of teen moms also face negative health, cognitive,
and behavioral outcomes. This may result from lack of maturity, and emotional quotient or simply
from ignorance due to a lack of life’s experiences. Children born to teenage mothers are less likely
to receive proper nutrition, healthcare, and cognitive and social stimulation. As a result, they may

14. have an underdeveloped intellect and attain lower academic achievement. Children born to teenage
mothers are at greater risk for abuse and neglect(Singson, 2008).”
Teenage pregnancy really has an effect in society and most especially to the mother and
baby. It can affect them physically, financially, emotionally, through health, cognitive and even
behavioral.
III. Christian View on the Issue
There is no exact word used in the bible that directly talks about teenage pregnancy or
premarital sex but it undeniably condemns adultery and sexual immorality. 1 Corinthians 7:2 (New
Testament) says that “because of the temptation to sexual immorality, each man should have his
own wife and each woman her own husband”. It implies that only people in marriage should be the
ones engaging into the sexual act, making premarital sex that leads to teenage pregnancy, a sexual
immorality.
Sex before marriage is included in the biblical definition of sexual immorality. In the Old
Testament, Exodus 22:16-17 , it is written that “If a man seduces a virgin who is not betrothed and
lies with her, he shall give the bride-price for her and make her his wife. If her father utterly refuses
to give her to him, he shall pay money equal to the bride-price for virgins. The Bible promotes
complete abstinence before marriage. Sex between a husband and his wife is the only form of
sexual relations of which God approves (​Hebrews 13:4​, New Testament).
When sex is being discussed, the usual focus, especially of those who engage in it is its
recreation aspect. They say that it is pleasurable disregarding that its main purpose is to reproduce.
Premarital sex is a sin and it should not be regarded same as the sexual intercourse of married
people. “Flee from sexual immorality. Every other sin a person commits is outside the body, but the

15. sexually immoral person sins against his own body” (​1 Corinthians 6:18​) and it is against God’s
will. God wants men and women to enjoy sexual activity within the confines of marriage. Couples
must understand that God’s intent for sex includes producing children. Thus, for a couple to engage
in sex before marriage is doubly wrong—they are enjoying pleasures not intended for them, and
they are taking a chance of creating a human life outside of the family structure God intended for
every child. More so, the sin and the burden worsens if the couples are not even capable yet of
surviving as a family, as for teenage pregnancies.
Back in Jesus’ time, getting pregnant out of wedlock carried with it severe social disgrace
and a death sentence. By law, the Jewish authorities could have had her stoned to death, killed by
hurling large rocks at her. Deuteronomy 22:20-21 says “if it turns out that the accusation is true and
there is no evidence of the girl’s virginity, the men of the town are to take her to the door of her
father’s house and stone her to death. She acted disgracefully in Israel. She lived like a whore while
still in her parents’ home. Purge the evil from among you.”
Since most teenage pregnancies are outside of marriage, the Church regrets the situation
because teenage women who have a baby are most likely to live much of their lives in poverty. The
child will also be more likely to grow up in a single-parent family. The Church believes that sexual
intercourse belongs within a permanent, committed relationship that will last and thrive in good
times and in bad, in sickness and in health, until death. Every child deserves the same environment
and teenage parents have a very difficult time providing that environment. Nonetheless, the teenage
mother is always treated with respect and compassion and her child is entitled to all the services and
Sacraments of the Church, providing that the teenage parents live up to the responsibility that the
Church requires from parents.” (Fr. Gary, Disciples Now.com)

16. Also, though the church begets teenage pregnancy, the bible tells a story of Jesus that would
give hope to those who have committed this. If Jesus were here today, he would respond to this
issue as he did in John 8:3-11. He did not condemn nor judge that woman who had committed sex
out of marriage. Instead, He told the people that only those who have not committed any sin can
hurt her so no one did. In the end, Jesus forgave her and said, “Neither do I. Go and sin no more.” If
He’d be here today, He’ll probably do the same. He’ll share teachings to avoid premarital sex and
teenage pregnancy. He will also forgive those who have committed it, letting them have a new start.
IV. Theological Reflection
A. What is your stand regarding this issue?
Prevention is better than cure. This statement is applicable with today’s one of the most
common issues a society is facing which is teenage pregnancy. Many cases of teenage pregnancy
occur, it’s possible causes are lack of education, parenting guidance, peer pressure, media and
poverty. Teenage pregnancies has many effects like, complication on the child and the mother, l​ess
likely to continue their education ​and if it is an unwanted pregnancy it may lead to abortion,
emotional disturbance, etc. because of financial status and unsupported pregnancy. It all falls being
unprepared for becoming a mother.
Educating teenagers about sex would helped them be informed and be responsible in
making decisions with regards in engaging to sexual activities that may change their lives. Lack of
proper parenting is a great deal of early pregnancy, parents should be the guide and should maintain
communication to the child, if not teenagers are more likely to turn to their friends and here cause
peer pressure enters, where they are out and want to explore out of their curiosity. Media has a great
impact on teenagers to the point that if it is in trend, what they usually see or hear and what is

17. common for them is right. Lastly poverty, based on research socio economic class really affects,
teenagers in deprived areas are most likely to have a large percentage of pregnant women maybe
because of lack of knowledge or parenting or both.
B. In what way would you, as young people of today, respond to this issue?
​As young people today, being able and given the chance to go to school gives us the
capacity to be knowledgeable and aware with this kind of issue. This is our advantage of avoiding
such act which is pre-marital sex that may lead to pregnancy, and if it’s unexpected it may also lead
cruel acts like abortion. We should know what is right from what is wrong because we are educated
and molded to do things in accordance to God’s will. We are old enough to decide on our own but
we should know our limitations in all the things we do. Curiosity is not an excuse doing such act
that may lead to different factors. Even if we have these gap between our parents, we should have
better communication with them because their advices really helps us to grow and be a better
person, because they only want is our betterment.
In our generation today, teenage pregnancy doubles. It is visible how an individual violates
or follows a moral conduct and how great the environment affects an individual to do such an act.
But as a creation of God, who is created having one mind, heart and soul. We have the capacity to
think, decide and act on our own. We know right and wrong even if we have our own way and
perspective, to make decisions and freedom to do things. Still, God wants us to do good and avoid
evil even if morals vary from person to person.

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