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Blockchain and Smart Contracts: Not Smart, Not
Contracts
Blockchain and Civic Tech Roundtable: Smart
Contracts 2.0
Presented by
Nelson M. Rosario
June 27, 2017
Agenda
1. Blockchain
2. Smart Contracts
3. Legal Considerations
marshallip.com | 2
Blockchains
Or distributed ledgers if you prefer
1. Blockchain
marshallip.com | 4
Generally, what are blockchains?
• A technology that guarantees trust and consensus on a distributed and
decentralized network
• More particularly, a blockchain is typically a tamper-evident append only
ledger of transactions consisting of cryptographically linked blocks of
transactions
• Differences exist depending on particular characteristics of the blockchain
– Participation (e.g. Permissionless v. permissioned)
– Consensus (e.g. Proof of Work v. proof of stake)
– Incentives (e.g. Tokenized v. tokenless)
1. Blockchain
marshallip.com | 5
Use cases for blockchain technology abound:
• Potentially any situation that can benefit from cryptographically linked time-
stamped data that needs to be tamper-evident
• Multiple private consortiums, and governmental initiatives have been
created: e.g. Illinois Blockchain Initiative, Enterprise Ethereum Alliance
Governmental Private
Voter registration Peer-to-peer transactions
Business licensing Supply chain management
Digital identity Internet of Things
Smart Contracts
Really more like smart agreements, but I digress
2. Smart Contracts
marshallip.com | 7
First, what is a contract?
• “A contract is a promise or a set of promises for the breach of which the law
gives a remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes
as a duty.” – Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 1
• Agreement between two consenting parties that will be recognized as legally
binding
• Legal enforcement of promises
• Assuming two parties capable of consenting to legal and reasonable terms
– Typical formulation: Offer + Acceptance + Consideration = Contract
2. Smart Contracts
marshallip.com | 8
Generally, what are smart contracts?
• The end of lawyers
– Probably not
• Scripts that execute automatically
• Distributed and decentralized public agreements
• They have some important properties
– Transparent to participants in the network
– No middlemen
– Executed by the network
– They can hold balances of tokens
Legal Considerations
Lawyers, like life, find a way
3. Legal Considerations
marshallip.com | 10
General legal concerns:
• Liability is unclear
– When a smart contract breaks, who is liable? The drafter? The network?
• No smart contracts have been litigated, yet
• Enforcement is unclear
– If the contract does not perform as anticipated how can the contract be enforced?
• Jurisdictional recognition is unclear
– The smart contract is decentralized, people and companies are not decentralized
• How is data input into the blockchain validated?
3. Legal Considerations
marshallip.com | 11
Concerns for Civic Tech:
• Who controls/administers a Civic Tech blockchain? A Civic Tech smart
contract?
• How can you ensure equitable access for all citizens to any Civic Tech
blockchain?
Thank you
© 2017 Marshall, Gerstein & Borun LLP. All rights reserved.
This presentation is intended to be informative and should not be construed as legal advice for any specific fact situation.
Readers/viewers should not act upon the information presented without consulting professional legal counsel.

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Blockchain and Smart Contracts

  • 1. Blockchain and Smart Contracts: Not Smart, Not Contracts Blockchain and Civic Tech Roundtable: Smart Contracts 2.0 Presented by Nelson M. Rosario June 27, 2017
  • 2. Agenda 1. Blockchain 2. Smart Contracts 3. Legal Considerations marshallip.com | 2
  • 4. 1. Blockchain marshallip.com | 4 Generally, what are blockchains? • A technology that guarantees trust and consensus on a distributed and decentralized network • More particularly, a blockchain is typically a tamper-evident append only ledger of transactions consisting of cryptographically linked blocks of transactions • Differences exist depending on particular characteristics of the blockchain – Participation (e.g. Permissionless v. permissioned) – Consensus (e.g. Proof of Work v. proof of stake) – Incentives (e.g. Tokenized v. tokenless)
  • 5. 1. Blockchain marshallip.com | 5 Use cases for blockchain technology abound: • Potentially any situation that can benefit from cryptographically linked time- stamped data that needs to be tamper-evident • Multiple private consortiums, and governmental initiatives have been created: e.g. Illinois Blockchain Initiative, Enterprise Ethereum Alliance Governmental Private Voter registration Peer-to-peer transactions Business licensing Supply chain management Digital identity Internet of Things
  • 6. Smart Contracts Really more like smart agreements, but I digress
  • 7. 2. Smart Contracts marshallip.com | 7 First, what is a contract? • “A contract is a promise or a set of promises for the breach of which the law gives a remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes as a duty.” – Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 1 • Agreement between two consenting parties that will be recognized as legally binding • Legal enforcement of promises • Assuming two parties capable of consenting to legal and reasonable terms – Typical formulation: Offer + Acceptance + Consideration = Contract
  • 8. 2. Smart Contracts marshallip.com | 8 Generally, what are smart contracts? • The end of lawyers – Probably not • Scripts that execute automatically • Distributed and decentralized public agreements • They have some important properties – Transparent to participants in the network – No middlemen – Executed by the network – They can hold balances of tokens
  • 10. 3. Legal Considerations marshallip.com | 10 General legal concerns: • Liability is unclear – When a smart contract breaks, who is liable? The drafter? The network? • No smart contracts have been litigated, yet • Enforcement is unclear – If the contract does not perform as anticipated how can the contract be enforced? • Jurisdictional recognition is unclear – The smart contract is decentralized, people and companies are not decentralized • How is data input into the blockchain validated?
  • 11. 3. Legal Considerations marshallip.com | 11 Concerns for Civic Tech: • Who controls/administers a Civic Tech blockchain? A Civic Tech smart contract? • How can you ensure equitable access for all citizens to any Civic Tech blockchain?
  • 12. Thank you © 2017 Marshall, Gerstein & Borun LLP. All rights reserved. This presentation is intended to be informative and should not be construed as legal advice for any specific fact situation. Readers/viewers should not act upon the information presented without consulting professional legal counsel.