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Brazil Case Study: Culture, Politics, Economy & Education
- 3. population: 201,103,330 Language: Brazilian Portuguese Tupinamba- used for missionaries in the translation of sacred texts, prayers and anthems.
- 19. Government ~Federal republic: -powers of central govt. restricted -component parts (state, colonies, provinces) retain a degree of self- government -voters choose governmental representatives -have ultimate sovereign power ~26 states ~1 federal district
Hinweis der Redaktion
- 5th largest population in the world. note - less common languages include Spanish (border areas and schools), German, Italian, Japanese, English, and a large number of minor Amerindian languages But in 1759, a permit extended the law making the use of the Portuguese language mandatory throughout the national territory, assuring its teaching hegemony Portuguese is spoken by nearly 100 percent of the population. The only exceptions are some members of Amerindian groups and pockets of immigrants, primarily from Japan and South Korea, who have not yet learned Portuguese. The principal families of Indian languages are Tupí, Arawak, Carib, and Gê english has replaced french as second language.
- However, the exchange rate is not a fixed number, it may change or vary depending on location, however it will still be within a close range.
- Brazil has the largest population of African origin outside Africa and its culture is therefore highly influential in the northeast of Brazil. The Afro-Brazilian culture today is also influenced by the Portuguese and Indigenous cultures, as noted in the music, religion and cuisine. Unlike many other Latin American countries where there is a distinct Indian population, Brazilians have intermarried to the point that it sometimes seems that almost everyone has a combination of European, African and indigenous ancestry. Until the 1870s, in fact, Brazil was primarily a nation of people of color. In the first national census in 1872 over 60 percent of the population was classified as black or of mixed ancestry. Then a massive wave of immigration from Europe—eventually reaching some 2.5 million—helped shift the racial balance Each region in the country has its own specialties and adaptation to its climate and geography . North is considered to be the underdeveloped poor brazil, while the south is the industrialized higher class brazil. The Northeast has the greatest proportion of people of African descent, the South and Southeast are home to the bulk of Brazilians of European and Japanese ancestry, while indigenous peoples live largely in the North and Central-West. Still, regional migration and extensive miscegenation (racial inter-breeding) has made Brazil one of the most racially diverse nations on earth .there are 230 tribes that speak more than ninety languages and 300 dialects. Those who consider themselves urban sophisticates—particularly inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo—have a long tradition of maligning people from smaller cities and towns in the Brazilian interior, calling them uneducated hicks and hillbillies. Urban, middle-class Brazilians are generally unfamiliar with the interior of their own country and misrepresent it as a region of unrelenting poverty and backwardness Brazilians are preoccupied with class distinctions and are quick to size up the social distance that exists between themselves and others they meet. Yardsticks of such distance are general appearance and the "correctness" of a person's speech. Because of the lack of a clear color distinction and a strong cultural tradition of tolerance and cordiality, as well as longstanding explicit laws against racial discrimination, Brazil has been touted as a " racial democracy ." However, "racial democracy" is a myth . Class is determined by economic status and skin colour. Social class, education, and manner of dress all come into play in assigning someone to a racial category. As Brazilians put it, "money whitens"—that is, the higher the social class, the lighter the racial category to which an individual belongs. Dark-skinned people in Brazil are more likely to be poor than light skinned-people and whites have average monthly incomes almost two and a half times greater than nonwhite Despite its nonbelligerent heritage at the national level, Brazilian life is marked by considerable violence on a day-to-day basis . Indians and slaves, or their descendants, have always been victimized.
- Brazilians have less sense of personal space than North Americans and are not bothered being packed together in crowded public places. They are physically expressive and convey emotional information through touch. While in some societies touching has sexual overtones, Brazilians equate it with friendship and a show of concern. Brazilians view time as something flexible . They put more emphasis on people, relationships, and completion of transactions rather than set schedules. . Brazilians dress with a flair and judge others on their appearance. Casual dress is more formal than in many other countries. Always dress elegantly and err on the side of over-dressing rather than under- dressing. . If invited to a Brazilian's house, bring the hostess flowers or a small gift. . If a woman wishes to shake hands with a man, she should extend her hand first. Most Brazilians would agree that the symbols that best characterize their nation are the exuberant revelry of the pre-Lenten celebration of carnival and the wildly popular sport of soccer, called futebol in Brazil . Football/Soccer is the most popular sport, has one of the top ranking teams, and is to host FIFA world cup in 2014! Carnival is a four-day extravaganza marked by parades of costumed dancers and musicians, formal balls, street dancing, and musical contests, a truly national party during which Brazilians briefly forget what they call the "hard realities of life."
- In Brazil, music is one of the most important manifestations of art and national culture, and it is internationally respected, it has been called the "soundtrack" of national life. Music created Dances created in Brazil Samba Bossa Nova Choro Jovem Guarda Tropicalismo Capoeira- A martial art developed for defensive purposes, the Capoeira was taught to the captive Africans by slaves who were captured and returned to the mills. In order not to raise any suspicions, the fight movements were adapted to look like dancing under the sound of African chants.
- -5,581 municipalities= US counties -have own governments -divided into districts -no political autonomy *all municipal and district seats considered urban -each of five major regions: -diff./ distinct ecosystem -patterns economic activity and population settlement vary widely (as seen on following slides with maps)
- *climate's effect on population and economic activity: MAP INTERP -north/north west= rainforest -central- south= savanna -southeast= caatinga (thorny scrub) -tropical semideciduous forest along southern coast -small dispersions of rainforest along coast -grasslands in southern sector -TOPOGRAPHY- ~Brazilian plateau /Amazon basin dominate -plateau: spreads out from mtn. ranges accompanying entire coastline -central highlands= vast central plateau
- -patterns economic activity and population settlement vary widely within 5 regions -climate/ ecosystems determine MAP INTERP -populations concentrated on the coast -amazon basin and small part of amazonian interior= manufacturing areas and so slight population concentration located there
- -patterns economic activity and population settlement vary widely within 5 regions -climate/ ecosystems determine MAP INTERP =>manufacturing along coast and river basins north/northwest - rubber and brazil nut southwest - sugarcane, cotton, cocoa, tobacco, corn south - cattle, corn, soybeans, coffee, rice, lumber center west - cattle, rubber, brazil nuts *LAND USE- MAP USE* - north/northwes t= hunting/gathering - northeast an southeast = unimproved farming - south = improved farming and commercial farming - south/southeast = subsistence and small commercial farming *NOTE= economic activity and population concentrated on coast
- -equatorial north -rich biological diversity -"backlands drugs"= cocoa/cinnamon -territory altered by anthropic action in 1900s
- NE -forest zone along the coast -high birth rates offset heavy migration out of region (declined slightly in 1900s) SE -Rio de Janiero/ Sao Paulo (SP?)= megacities -internal migration 1950-1980 -clearing Atlantic forest for: -farming -ranching -charcoal making -anthropic activity altered 79.5% -agriculture= strong/ diversified (using modern tech.)
- -Atlantic Forest pine woods cleared Post WW2 -pampa grasslands in extreme south -85% region altered anthropic activity -agriculture (rice production)= small farmers & high levels of productivity -also has important industries -pic= santa catarina (least amt. alteration)
- -cerrado= tropical savanna in which natural grassland partly covered with twisted shrubs & small trees -pic= mato grosso swampland -florida-size -cerrado/ partly submerged in rainy season
- Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva -recently stepped down after two terms as most popular president in history -present president= 1st WOMAN president *Dilma Rousseff*
- legislative -federal senate: 81 seats; 3 members from each state/ federal district -elected by majority vote -8-yr. terms -1/3 & 2/3 members elected every 4 years -chamber of deputies -513 seats -elected by proportional representation -4-yr. terms
- EARLIER SLIDE: Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva -recently stepped down after two terms (2002) as most popular president in history -present president= 1st WOMAN president *Dilma Rousseff* elected in October ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ "Great man" who (has) changed the way the country was governed and encouraged Brazilians to trust in the future of their country -Dilma Rousseff *Rousseff's mentor -chief energy minister under Lula 2003 -chief of staff 2005-2010 *Lula da Silva's goals: -reduce poverty -promote economic prosperity *Cardoso's Real Plan -reform state & political system -liberalize economy -change Brazil's international role =>embraced and sought to maintain progress and process Cardoso had set in motion *aim= create conditions for sustained development!
- -plans to continue Lula da Silva's work - "Brazil's economy has grown strongly in recent years, but it remains one of the most unequal societies in the world." ~BBC News -Brazil's economy grown 8% 2010 BUT currency risen so high, exports= less competitive -Brazil will host: -Rio Plus 20 global environmental summit 2012 -Fifa World Cup 2014 -2016 Summer Olympics (prep.- not during her term)