It is the biggest subphylum comes under ascomyctoa group of fungi, having light on this group have an ide about ascomycota group of fungi, large number and important fungi of economic importance have been discussed in detail

1. PEZIZOMYCOTINA
N.H. SHANKAR REDDY
2nd Ph.D. Plant Pathology
Annamalai University

2. • It is the biggest sub-phylum comprises of majority of ascomycetes
fungi i.e. 90 % among that 40 % of the species are lichens and covers
8 % of earth surface and are the major fixers of carbon in terrestrial
environment

3. General features
• Contain a specialized vesicle called the Woronin body comprising of
HEX-1 protein which seal the septal pore in response to cellular damage
• Produce resting structures like sclerotia, chlamydospores and rhizomorph
• Sexual spores are ascospores
• Asexual spores are conidia or oidia or thallospore

4. • Most of edible ascomycetes (truffles
and morels)

7. Capnodiaceae
• Capnodiceae causes sooty mould
• Eg – Mango sooty mould – Capnodium
mangiferae

8. Mycospherellaceae
• Tikka leaf spots of ground nuts – Mycospherella sp
• Sigatoka leaf spot of banana – Mycospherella musicola

9. Pleosporales
• Brown leaf spot of rice – Cochlibolus
miyabeanus (Biploaris oryzae)
• Alternaria sp

10. Venturiaceae
• Apple scab - Venturia inaequalis
• Flame shaped conidia, bi-celled ascospore

11. Botryosphaeriales
• Root rots – Macrophomina
• Black rot of grapes - Guignardia bidwellii

13. Aspergillus
• Causes aspergillosis and leads to toxication
in animals and humans also contaminate
food grains
• Food spoilage on post harvest food items
• Eg – Black mould - A. niger

14. Black mould Aspergillus niger
Green mould Aspergillus flavus
White mould Aspergillus candida
Brown mould Aspergillus tamari
Yellow mould Aspergillus ochraceus

15. Penicllium
• Used in industries and also spoils food items
and post harvest foods

17. Blue Cheese fungus Penicillium roqueforti
Blue mould fungus Penicillium italicum
Green mould fungus Penicillium digitatum
Rot of apples Pencillium expansum

18. Difference between
Aspergillus and Penicillium

20. Erysiphales
Types of powdery mildews
Category Oidium Oidiopsis Ovlariopsis
Mycelium Hyaline, septate and
ectophytic
Hyaline, septate and
endophytic
Hyaline, septate, ecto
and endophytic
Haustoria Present in epidermis only Present in epidermis and
spongy cells only
Epidermal haustoria
absent
Conidiophore Short club shaped, non
septate
Long branched and septate Branched, septate
Conida Cylindrical or barrel shaped
in chains
Single celled, club shaped Single celled, clavate or
club shaped
Clestothecia Myceliod appendages Myceliod appendages bulbous appendages
Host (species
can produce this
type)
Erysiphe Leveillula Phyllactinia

23. z
Particulars Downy mildew Powdery mildew
Symptoms The downy mildews produce brownish grey,
lavender or white spores on the lower surface
of leaves. On the corresponding upper
surface, angular yellow spots may be
observed, in later stages it turn to brown
(necrosis).
White coloured powdery fungal growth mostly
appeared on the upper surface and rarely on
lower surface of leaves
Type of mildew False mildew True mildew/ Sac mildew
Other names Hairy fungi Sac fungi
Phylum Oomycota Ascomycota
Family Pernosporaceae Erysiphaceae
Mycelium type aseptate/ non-septate/ coenocytic ,
intercellular
septate and intracellular
Gametangia
(sex organs )
Male – Antheridium
Female – Oogonium
Male – Antheridium
Female – Ascogonium
Spores
(sexual & asexual)
All downy mildew fungi produce
sexual spore as oospores
asexual spores as zoospores
All powdery mildew fungi produce
sexual spore as ascospores
asexual spores as conidia
Important genera
Important genera include Sclerospora,
Pernospora, Plasmopara, Basidiophora and
Bremia
Important genera include Uncinula, Erysiphe,
Phyllactinia, Leveillula and Podosphaera
Examples Eg – Downy mildew of grapes –
Plasmopara viticola
Eg – powdery mildew of grapes – Erysiphe
necator,
Cucucrbits powdery mildew –
Erysiphe cichoracearum
Management Metalaxyl (ridomil) is best recommended to
control Downy mildew diseases
Tridemorph (calixin) is best recommended to
control powdery mildew diseases

25. Pezizaceae (cup fungi)
Eg – Peziza sp.

26. Tuberaceae (truffles)
Eg – Tuber (true truffles)

27. Morchellaceae (morels, bell morels
and false morels)
• Eg – Morchella (sponge mushroom) and Verpa (bell morels)

28. Discinaceae
• Eg – Gyromythra, false morels

29. Helvellaceae
• Produces saddle shaped apothecia
• “Helvella” toxin can be destroyed while cooking

31. Hypocromycetidae > Hypocreales
• Trichoderma
• Gibberella
• Claviceps
• Verticillium

32. Lifecycle of Ergot of pearl millet – Claviceps
fusiformis
• Symptoms - The first obvious sign of
ergot infection is appearance of
‘honeydew’, a sticky yellow sugary
solution consisting of host sap and
conidia between the affected glumes
of the rye. This is secreted by the
infected plant ovary, which
eventually is replaced by a purplish-
black sclerotium, commonly referred
to as an ergot

33. Honey dew secretions

34. Asexual reproduction
• A germinated ascospore produces a long filamentous hypha that colonizes
the ovary of the host plant flower. As the hyphae grow longer and more
numerous, they are called a mycelium.
• Fungal mycelium produces numerous asexual conidia (secondary inoculum)
from palisade conidiophores within a sweet, yellowish, mucilaginous
substance called honeydew.
• This stage is also called the sphacelia or honeydew stage. The honeydew
attracts insects to the wind-pollinated flowers. Insects contaminated with
conidia may visit healthy flowers where new infections are initiated.
Splashing raindrops also aid in the dispersal of the conidia.
• Conidia from ergot-infected wild grasses, particularly in fence rows, can be
the primary inoculum in cereal and grass seed production fields.
• Over time, hyphae consume the entire ovary and hyphal threads become
thicker and interwoven.
• Meanwhile, conidia and honeydew production ceases. Mutual pressure of the
ever-growing hyphae causes production of dense mass of compact tissue
called pseudoparenchyma, which eventually develops into a hard, dark
colored sclerotium, or ergot.

35. Sexual reproduction
• Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of female ascogonia and male
antheridia, karyogamy to form diploid nuclei, which is followed by
meiosis to return to the haploid state.
• This results in the production of sexual fruiting bodies called perithecia
that contain multiple asci, each of which contain eight filiform
ascospores that are up to 2 µm in diameter and 60-70 µm long.
• Ascospores are ejected from the asci and perithecia into the air in an
explosive manner (to a height of 7-15 cm) and are disseminated by air
currents or by insects.
• Each sclerotium produces up to one million ascospores. Only those
ascospores that land on a host stigma or ovary can cause infection.
• The stigma of a grass flower is large and featherlike to trap windborne
pollen.
• This same feature traps the airborne ascospores. Ascospores, which are
the primary (initial) inoculum, germinate and infect the ovary within
24 h.

36. Life cycle of Claviceps

37. Magnoporthaceae
• Rice blast – Magnoporthe grisea

39. Ophistomales
Dutch elm disease – Ophiostoma ulmi

40. Sardariales > Sardariaceae
• Red bread mould – Neurospora crassa

41. Sardariales > Chaetomiaceae
Act as bio control agent for Oomycetes group of fungi