1.
Learning Theories, Instructional
Theories, and Instructional Design
Nazia.ashraf1536@gmail.com

2.
Learning Theories
 Descriptive
 Generic
 Explain how learning takes place to achieve
certain outcomes
 Apply to numerous learning situations

3.
Learning Theories:
Behaviorism
 B.F. Skinner
 Centers on reinforcements and incentives
 Emphasis placed on instructor rather than the
learner
 Instructor plays central role
 Learner is empty slate

4.
Learning Theories: Cognition
 Jean Piaget
 Learner creates new constructs based on
prior experience and knowledge
 Focus on learner not teacher
 Stages of child development

5.
Learning Theories: Social
Cognition
 Vygotsky
 Roles of social interaction and culture in
learning process
 Teacher-student communication
 Team Work
 Proximal Zone of Development

6.
Instructional Theory
 Prescriptive
 Situation-specific
 Task-oriented
 Narrower in scope than learning theories

7.
Instructional Theory
 Centers on how to ensure desired learning
occurs
 Informed by learning theory
 Defines core teaching strategies to incorporate in
a lesson

8.
Instructional Design (ID)
 Informed by instructional theory
 How to apply instructional theory to create
effective lessons or training units
 Fundamental components
1. Learners 2. Objectives
3. Methods 4. Evaluation

9.
ID Key Components
 Learners
 Learner characteristics
 Objectives
 General
 Enabling

10.
ID Key Components
 Methods
 Instructional strategies
 Evaluation
 Formative
 Summative
A complete ID process has 9 elements.

11.
Writing Objectives
 Terminal objectives
 Those that learners must achieve upon completion of
training, of class enrollment, etc.
 The Ends
 Enabling objectives
 The skills and knowledge the instructor or trainer
provide the learners to achieve achieve terminal
objectives
 Means to achieve the Ends

12.
Example of Writing Objectives
for TEL Tranining
Terminal objective
1. Understand the purpose
2. Describe the scope of TEL
1. Enabling objective for terminal objective 1
1. Give an overview about TEL (instructor/trainer)
2. Enabling objective for terminal objective 2
1. Demonstrate TEL and show databases in various
disciplines (instructor/trainer)

13.
Writing Objectives
 Start with a verb
 Include one element to achieve in each
objective
 Include conditions (if needed), such as
accuracy, effectiveness, and percentage
levels.
 Examples: use the Web effectively; provide
answers with 100% accuracy, etc.