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Physical Activity Levels of Older Adults at
Baseline of the
I’DGO TOO ‘DIY Street’ Intervention Study

Lynette Robertson, Affonso Zuin, Catharine Ward Thompson
Physical Activity Levels at Baseline of the I’DGO TOO
‘DIY Street’ Intervention Study
1. Background
•
•

I’DGO
I’DGO ‘DIY Streets’ Project

2. PA Levels at Baseline
•
•
•
•
•
•

Research questions
Analysis
Results
Summary
Conclusions
Further work
Background
I’DGO
• Inclusive Design for Getting Outdoors
– Access outdoors & older people’s QoL

• Research consortium project
– Universities of Warwick (WISE), Salford
(SURFACE), and OPENspace Research Centre
– Led by Prof Catharine Ward Thompson and
managed by OPENspace

• Funded by
• KT EQUAL Knowledge Exchange
I’DGO TOO
• Second phase of I’DGO, focusing
on specific aspects of
placemaking which had not been
tested for age-friendliness
• Projects:
– Tactile paving design, siting and
laying (Salford)
– Residential outdoor space – do
gardens matter? (Warwick)
– Pedestrian friendly
neighbourhoods – Home Zones
and ‘DIY Streets’ (OPENspace)
Shared Spaces: Home Zones and ‘DIY Streets’
• Home Zone (from Netherlands,
‘woonerf’) – residential streets
where pedestrians and vehicles
share on equal terms
• Slower traffic speeds – quality of
life takes precedence over ease
of traffic movement
• Residents are encouraged to use
streets in different ways e.g.
social activities, play
I’DGO TOO ‘DIY Streets’ Study: Research Questions
Do shared space projects such
as Home Zones or ‘DIY Streets’
result in environments where
older people:
• Go outside more often?
• Spend more time outside in
the local environment?
• Are more active?
• Have better social networks?
• Have a better quality of life?
‘DIY Streets’ Study Design
• Longitudinal environmental
intervention study
– Baseline monitoring 2008-2009
– Post-intervention monitoring
2010-2011

• 9 sites in the UK (8 Sustrans
‘DIY Streets’ and 1 (Edinburgh)
Home Zone), with 9
matching/control sites
• Deprived communities
• Participants: UK residents 65
years +
Data Collection
• Structured interviews
– Health (EQ-5D), QoL (CASP-19)
– Perceptions of the physical environment
– Frequency of going outdoors

• Behavioural observations
– Systematically observe activity patterns in streets

• Street audits
– Used to map out the physical features of streets
Data Collection: Physical Activity
• Actigraph
Accelerometers
(GT1M)
• Activity diary
• Recorded over 1
week, during
summer (May –
Sept)
Physical Activity Levels at Baseline of the
I’DGO ‘DIY Street’ Intervention Study
Physical Activity Levels at Baseline of the I’DGO ‘DIY Street’
Intervention Study
Research Questions
1. How many participants were achieving
the recommended physical activity
levels for older adults? (At least 150
minutes (2.5 hours) of moderate intensity
activity in bouts of 10 minutes or more
over 1 week)
2. What types of activities were associated
with the highest levels of physical
activity and when did these activities
take place?
3. Did activity levels vary by age and
gender?
Data Analysis
1. Hourly analysis: average activity per time of day for total
sample (n = 304) - mean total minutes of activity for four
activity categories
(i) sedentary (0-99 cpm)
(ii) low-light (100 – 1040 cpm)
(iii) high-light (1041- 1951 cpm)
(iv) moderate to vigorous (>=1952 cpm)
(after Freedson et al, 1998; Buhman et al, 2010; Copland &
Eslinger, 2009)

2. Individual participant analysis (n = 50): how many were
achieving government recommendations?
Results
Population Sample at Baseline (n = 50)
• Wore accelerometer +
completed an activity
diary
• Gender
– 28 Female (56%)
– 22 Male (44%)

• Age
– Range : 64 – 94 years
– Mean: 74.2 (SD = 7.4)
Total Accelerometer and Dairy Days (n = 304)
• Typical monitoring period
7 days (68%)
• Gender:
– 61% Female
– 39% Male

• Age:
– mean = 74.2
Average (mean) activity per time of day (n = 304)
Daily Mean Activity Intensity (counts/min)
n = 304
Min = 30.5
Max = 942.4
Mean = 233.6
Median = 201.1
SD = 142.2
Gender: sig. diff.
(Mann-Whitney U
p < 0.000); Men 45% >
Women
Age: rs = -.423, p < 0.000
Average (mean) activity per time of day (n = 304)
Activity Diary Data
Bouts of MVPA (>1952 cpm) occur shortly after participant leaves the house
& shortly before returning, coinciding with walking to and from a bus stop

2500

4
1

1

5

1
1

5
4

2000

Moderate
to vigorous
physical
activity
(MVPA).

1500

Numbers
are
consective
min MVPA

1000
500
0
09:00
09:22
09:44
10:06
10:28
10:50
11:12
11:34
11:56
12:18
12:40
13:02
13:24
13:46
14:08
14:30
14:52
15:14
15:36
15:58
16:20
16:42
17:04
17:26
17:48
18:10
18:32
18:54
19:16
19:38
20:00
20:22
20:44
21:06
21:28
21:50
22:12
22:34
22:56
23:18
23:40

Activity (counts per minute)

3000

Leaves house at 10:00. Goes to
post office by walking and by bus,
and then to the Guild by bus.
Returns home 16:10

Leaves house at
18:05. Goes dancing.
Gets there by
walking and by bus.
Returns home 21:15
Activity Diary Data
• Average frequency of going outdoors = once every 2 days
• Most frequent activities:
1. Going for a walk
2. Going to the shops
3. Sitting outdoors

• On average only walking on about 40% of days
Physical Activity Guidelines

How many individuals were
achieving the government
recommendation of “at least
150 minutes (2.5 hours) of
moderate intensity activity in
bouts of 10 minutes or more”
over 1 week?
Physical Activity Guidelines
How many individuals were achieving the government
recommendation of “at least 150 minutes (2.5 hours) of
moderate intensity activity in bouts of 10 minutes or
more” over 1 week?
• Total MVPA (>1952 cpm) of 150 mins more over a week:
– 69% if include participants with < 7 days monitoring but
still achieving >150min (n = 42)

• Bouts of 10 min:
– only 6 participants (14% of sub sample) achieved a bout of
MVPA of 10 mins or more
– none achieved the weekly recommendation - for any
individual the maximum total MVPA, counting bouts > 10 min
only, was 29 mins.
Total minutes of Medium-Vigorous Physical Activity
(MVPA) over 1 week*
n = 42
*Includes those with
< 7 days monitoring but
reached >150 mins MVPA
(24 Female, 18 Male)
Min = 21
Max = 905
Mean = 286
Median = 212
SD = 227
Gender: n.s.
Age: rs = -.524, p < 0.00
Physical Activity Guidelines
How many individuals were achieving the government
recommendation of “at least 150 minutes (2.5 hours) of
moderate intensity activity in bouts of 10 minutes or
more” over 1 week?
• Total MVPA (>1952 cpm) of 150 mins more over a week:
– 69% if include participants with < 7 days monitoring but
still achieving >150min (n = 42)

• Bouts of 10 min:
– only 6 participants (14% of sub-sample) achieved a bout of
MVPA of 10 mins
– none achieved the weekly recommendation - for any
individual the maximum total accumulated MVPA in bouts >
10 min was 29 mins
Physical Activity Guidelines
How many individuals were achieving the government
recommendation of “at least 150 minutes (2.5 hours) of
moderate intensity activity in bouts of 10 minutes or
more” over 1 week?
• Total MVPA (>1952 cpm) of 150 mins more over a week:
– 69% if include participants with < 7 days monitoring but
still achieving >150min (n = 42)

• Bouts of 10 min:
– only 6 participants (14% of sub-sample) achieved a bout of
MVPA of 10 mins or more
– none achieved the weekly recommendation - for any
individual the maximum total accumulated MVPA in bouts >
10 min was 29 mins
Summary
• Average daily activity:
– Most activity took place between 10am and 1pm
– Walking was the most frequent type of activity, followed by
going to the shops
– Getting out of the house is important – longest bouts of more
vigorous activity (MVPA)

• Government recommendations:
– Participants were not achieving the recommended levels of
PA for older adults at baseline of the I’DGO TOO ‘DIY Streets’
environment intervention study
Conclusions
• A significant number of older adults living in deprived
communities in the UK are probably not achieving the
recommended levels of physical activity
• Further studies should seek to identify which types of
activities should be targeted in an individual and/or
community intervention, but simply promoting getting
out of the house (for whatever reason) could be key to
increasing older people’s activity levels
I’DGO TOO ‘DIY Streets’ PA Levels: Further Work
1. Average activity levels for
different types of activity
2. Differences across sites?
3. Effect of the environment
intervention on PA levels
• Post-intervention
accelerometer + diary n = 22
• Matched cohort n = 17
Thank you for your attention

www.idgo.ac.uk
lynette.robertson@ed.ac.uk

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Physical Activity Levels of Older Adults at Baseline of the I’DGO TOO ‘DIY Street’ Intervention Study - Robertson, Zuin and Ward Thompson (2012)

  • 1. Physical Activity Levels of Older Adults at Baseline of the I’DGO TOO ‘DIY Street’ Intervention Study Lynette Robertson, Affonso Zuin, Catharine Ward Thompson
  • 2. Physical Activity Levels at Baseline of the I’DGO TOO ‘DIY Street’ Intervention Study 1. Background • • I’DGO I’DGO ‘DIY Streets’ Project 2. PA Levels at Baseline • • • • • • Research questions Analysis Results Summary Conclusions Further work
  • 4. I’DGO • Inclusive Design for Getting Outdoors – Access outdoors & older people’s QoL • Research consortium project – Universities of Warwick (WISE), Salford (SURFACE), and OPENspace Research Centre – Led by Prof Catharine Ward Thompson and managed by OPENspace • Funded by • KT EQUAL Knowledge Exchange
  • 5. I’DGO TOO • Second phase of I’DGO, focusing on specific aspects of placemaking which had not been tested for age-friendliness • Projects: – Tactile paving design, siting and laying (Salford) – Residential outdoor space – do gardens matter? (Warwick) – Pedestrian friendly neighbourhoods – Home Zones and ‘DIY Streets’ (OPENspace)
  • 6. Shared Spaces: Home Zones and ‘DIY Streets’ • Home Zone (from Netherlands, ‘woonerf’) – residential streets where pedestrians and vehicles share on equal terms • Slower traffic speeds – quality of life takes precedence over ease of traffic movement • Residents are encouraged to use streets in different ways e.g. social activities, play
  • 7. I’DGO TOO ‘DIY Streets’ Study: Research Questions Do shared space projects such as Home Zones or ‘DIY Streets’ result in environments where older people: • Go outside more often? • Spend more time outside in the local environment? • Are more active? • Have better social networks? • Have a better quality of life?
  • 8. ‘DIY Streets’ Study Design • Longitudinal environmental intervention study – Baseline monitoring 2008-2009 – Post-intervention monitoring 2010-2011 • 9 sites in the UK (8 Sustrans ‘DIY Streets’ and 1 (Edinburgh) Home Zone), with 9 matching/control sites • Deprived communities • Participants: UK residents 65 years +
  • 9. Data Collection • Structured interviews – Health (EQ-5D), QoL (CASP-19) – Perceptions of the physical environment – Frequency of going outdoors • Behavioural observations – Systematically observe activity patterns in streets • Street audits – Used to map out the physical features of streets
  • 10. Data Collection: Physical Activity • Actigraph Accelerometers (GT1M) • Activity diary • Recorded over 1 week, during summer (May – Sept)
  • 11. Physical Activity Levels at Baseline of the I’DGO ‘DIY Street’ Intervention Study
  • 12. Physical Activity Levels at Baseline of the I’DGO ‘DIY Street’ Intervention Study Research Questions 1. How many participants were achieving the recommended physical activity levels for older adults? (At least 150 minutes (2.5 hours) of moderate intensity activity in bouts of 10 minutes or more over 1 week) 2. What types of activities were associated with the highest levels of physical activity and when did these activities take place? 3. Did activity levels vary by age and gender?
  • 13. Data Analysis 1. Hourly analysis: average activity per time of day for total sample (n = 304) - mean total minutes of activity for four activity categories (i) sedentary (0-99 cpm) (ii) low-light (100 – 1040 cpm) (iii) high-light (1041- 1951 cpm) (iv) moderate to vigorous (>=1952 cpm) (after Freedson et al, 1998; Buhman et al, 2010; Copland & Eslinger, 2009) 2. Individual participant analysis (n = 50): how many were achieving government recommendations?
  • 15. Population Sample at Baseline (n = 50) • Wore accelerometer + completed an activity diary • Gender – 28 Female (56%) – 22 Male (44%) • Age – Range : 64 – 94 years – Mean: 74.2 (SD = 7.4)
  • 16. Total Accelerometer and Dairy Days (n = 304) • Typical monitoring period 7 days (68%) • Gender: – 61% Female – 39% Male • Age: – mean = 74.2
  • 17. Average (mean) activity per time of day (n = 304)
  • 18. Daily Mean Activity Intensity (counts/min) n = 304 Min = 30.5 Max = 942.4 Mean = 233.6 Median = 201.1 SD = 142.2 Gender: sig. diff. (Mann-Whitney U p < 0.000); Men 45% > Women Age: rs = -.423, p < 0.000
  • 19. Average (mean) activity per time of day (n = 304)
  • 20. Activity Diary Data Bouts of MVPA (>1952 cpm) occur shortly after participant leaves the house & shortly before returning, coinciding with walking to and from a bus stop 2500 4 1 1 5 1 1 5 4 2000 Moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). 1500 Numbers are consective min MVPA 1000 500 0 09:00 09:22 09:44 10:06 10:28 10:50 11:12 11:34 11:56 12:18 12:40 13:02 13:24 13:46 14:08 14:30 14:52 15:14 15:36 15:58 16:20 16:42 17:04 17:26 17:48 18:10 18:32 18:54 19:16 19:38 20:00 20:22 20:44 21:06 21:28 21:50 22:12 22:34 22:56 23:18 23:40 Activity (counts per minute) 3000 Leaves house at 10:00. Goes to post office by walking and by bus, and then to the Guild by bus. Returns home 16:10 Leaves house at 18:05. Goes dancing. Gets there by walking and by bus. Returns home 21:15
  • 21. Activity Diary Data • Average frequency of going outdoors = once every 2 days • Most frequent activities: 1. Going for a walk 2. Going to the shops 3. Sitting outdoors • On average only walking on about 40% of days
  • 22. Physical Activity Guidelines How many individuals were achieving the government recommendation of “at least 150 minutes (2.5 hours) of moderate intensity activity in bouts of 10 minutes or more” over 1 week?
  • 23. Physical Activity Guidelines How many individuals were achieving the government recommendation of “at least 150 minutes (2.5 hours) of moderate intensity activity in bouts of 10 minutes or more” over 1 week? • Total MVPA (>1952 cpm) of 150 mins more over a week: – 69% if include participants with < 7 days monitoring but still achieving >150min (n = 42) • Bouts of 10 min: – only 6 participants (14% of sub sample) achieved a bout of MVPA of 10 mins or more – none achieved the weekly recommendation - for any individual the maximum total MVPA, counting bouts > 10 min only, was 29 mins.
  • 24. Total minutes of Medium-Vigorous Physical Activity (MVPA) over 1 week* n = 42 *Includes those with < 7 days monitoring but reached >150 mins MVPA (24 Female, 18 Male) Min = 21 Max = 905 Mean = 286 Median = 212 SD = 227 Gender: n.s. Age: rs = -.524, p < 0.00
  • 25. Physical Activity Guidelines How many individuals were achieving the government recommendation of “at least 150 minutes (2.5 hours) of moderate intensity activity in bouts of 10 minutes or more” over 1 week? • Total MVPA (>1952 cpm) of 150 mins more over a week: – 69% if include participants with < 7 days monitoring but still achieving >150min (n = 42) • Bouts of 10 min: – only 6 participants (14% of sub-sample) achieved a bout of MVPA of 10 mins – none achieved the weekly recommendation - for any individual the maximum total accumulated MVPA in bouts > 10 min was 29 mins
  • 26. Physical Activity Guidelines How many individuals were achieving the government recommendation of “at least 150 minutes (2.5 hours) of moderate intensity activity in bouts of 10 minutes or more” over 1 week? • Total MVPA (>1952 cpm) of 150 mins more over a week: – 69% if include participants with < 7 days monitoring but still achieving >150min (n = 42) • Bouts of 10 min: – only 6 participants (14% of sub-sample) achieved a bout of MVPA of 10 mins or more – none achieved the weekly recommendation - for any individual the maximum total accumulated MVPA in bouts > 10 min was 29 mins
  • 27. Summary • Average daily activity: – Most activity took place between 10am and 1pm – Walking was the most frequent type of activity, followed by going to the shops – Getting out of the house is important – longest bouts of more vigorous activity (MVPA) • Government recommendations: – Participants were not achieving the recommended levels of PA for older adults at baseline of the I’DGO TOO ‘DIY Streets’ environment intervention study
  • 28. Conclusions • A significant number of older adults living in deprived communities in the UK are probably not achieving the recommended levels of physical activity • Further studies should seek to identify which types of activities should be targeted in an individual and/or community intervention, but simply promoting getting out of the house (for whatever reason) could be key to increasing older people’s activity levels
  • 29. I’DGO TOO ‘DIY Streets’ PA Levels: Further Work 1. Average activity levels for different types of activity 2. Differences across sites? 3. Effect of the environment intervention on PA levels • Post-intervention accelerometer + diary n = 22 • Matched cohort n = 17
  • 30. Thank you for your attention www.idgo.ac.uk lynette.robertson@ed.ac.uk