2. • autism spectrum disorders (ASD), otherwise known as autism,
is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by
• children demonstrate deficits in three primary areas:
1. Social interaction
2. Verbal and nonverbal communication, and
3. Repetitive behaviors or interests
3. • can often be detected by the age of 3 years.
• Parents are usually the first to notice the unusual behaviors.
• In some cases, the baby seemed “different” from birth,
unresponsive to people or focusing intently on one item for
long periods of time.
• The risk is 3-4 times higher in males than females.
4. • Autism affects one in every 110 children.
• While autism is highly heritable, researchers suspect both
environmental and genetic factors as causes.
• in rare cases, autism is strongly associated with agents that
cause birth defects.
5. Autism spectrum
• describes a range of conditions in the fifth revision of
the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition (DSM-5).
• diagnoses of Asperger syndrome, pervasive developmental
disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), and childhood
disintegrative disorder.
• Video Link
6. Autism spectrum
• pervasive developmental
disorder not otherwise
specified (PDD-NOS):
• often called atypical autism
because the criteria for
autistic disorder are not met,
for instance because of late
age of onset, atypical
symptomatology or all of
these.
• Asperger syndrome
• which lacks delays in
cognitive development and
language.
Symptoms usually begin
before two years old and can
last for a person's entire life.
7. Symptoms - Social development
• Autistic infants show less attention to social stimuli, smile and
look at others less often, and respond less to their own name.
• Autistic toddlers for example have less eye contact, and do
not have the ability to use simple movements to express
themselves, such as pointing at things.
• Older children and adults with ASD perform worse on tests of
face and emotion recognition.
8. Symptoms - Social development
• Children with high-functioning autism suffer from more
intense and frequent loneliness compared to non-autistic
peers, despite the common belief that children with autism
prefer to be alone.
• Making and maintaining friendships is often difficult for those
with autism.
9. Symptoms - Repetitive behavior
• symptoms gradually begin after the age of six months,
become established by age two or three years, and tend to
continue through adulthood
• Autistic individuals display many forms of repetitive or
restricted behavior, categorizes as follows.
• 1) Stereotypy is repetitive movement, such as hand flapping,
head rolling, or body rocking.
10. Symptoms - Repetitive behavior
• 2) Compulsive behavior is
intended to follow rules, such
as arranging objects in stacks
or lines.
11. Symptoms - Repetitive behavior
• 3) Self-injury includes movements
that injure or can injure the person,
such as eye-poking, hand-biting and
head-banging
12. Symptoms - Repetitive behavior
• 4) Restricted behavior is limited in
focus, interest, or activity, such as
preoccupation with a single television
program, toy or game.
13. Symptoms - Communication
• 1/3 -1/2 of individuals with autism do not develop enough
natural speech to meet their daily communication needs.
• Children with autism are less likely to make requests or share
experiences.
• Other aspects, such as atypical eating, are also common but
are not essential for diagnosis.
14.
15. Management
• The main goal when treating children with autism is to
increase quality of life and functional independence.
• Available approaches include applied behavior analysis (ABA),
developmental models, structured teaching, speech and
language therapy, social skills therapy, and occupational
therapy.
• The movement of the autism rights has a goal to encourage
people to be more tolerant of those with autism.
• this movement hope to cause others to think of autism as a
difference instead of a disease.
16. References
• Caronna EB, Milunsky JM, Tager-Flusberg H (2008). "Autism
spectrum disorders: clinical and research frontiers". Arch Dis
Child 93 (6): 518–23.
• Myers SM, Johnson CP (2007). "Management of children with
autism spectrum disorders". Pediatrics 120 (5): 1162–82.
• Stefanatos GA (2008). "Regression in autistic spectrum
disorders". Neuropsychol Rev 18 (4): 305–19.
