Environment Introduction & Management

1. Environmental Management
Introduction
nareshsukhani@gmail.com

2. Objective of this course...
 To understand the effects of the impacts of the
modern human society upon the environment we
live in
 Issues that effect the managers involving
 Networking or Politics
 Business itself, the projects, or the programs
 Resources like natural resources, facilities, money
etc
 To explore ways to reduce our environmental
footprint in day to day activities

3. What is Environmental Management
 It is the management of
 All the components of biological, physical and
chemical in both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-
living)
 The interaction of social, cultural, and economic
environment with the bio-physical environment.

4. Why do we need to study this
course?
 We have just one planet which can sustain life and
not 9
 The resources are limited
 Space on earth
 Non-renewable energy
 Natural resources
 The environment is depreciating in life sustaining
capabilities at an ever increasing pace.
 At this rate, the day is not far when we reach a point
of no return and face the wrath of global climatic
change
 We need to understand our responsibility towards the
environment and adopt an environment friendly
system of working

5. Hot, Flat and Crowded

6. Crowded
 World population in
 Year 1800 – 1 billion
 Year 1922 – 2 billion
 Year 2000 – 6 billion
 Year 2050 – 9 billion (estimated)
 The population has & will increase due to
 Health care
 Disease Eradication
 Economic development
 World population today is around 6.7 billion and will
increase by 2.5 billion in 43 years – UN Population
report dated 13 May 2007

7. Crowded
 The maximum growth will happen in the lesser
developed countries as their economies grow from
5.4 billion in 2007 to 7.9 billion in 2050
 Developed countries population will remain more or
less stable and shall hover around 1.2 billion
 Some facts
 Year 1800 – London was the largest city with pop. 1
million
 Year 1900 – 111 cities with pop. 1 million
 Year 1995 – 300 cities with pop. 1 million
 5 cities with pop. over 10 million in 1975
 14 cities with pop. over 10 million in 1995
 26 cities with pop. over 10 million in 2015 (estimated) –
UN pop. Fund statistics
 Mumbai has a pop. of over 19 million

8. What are the effects of Crowding
 Loss of arable land
 Over fishing
 Water shortage
 Air & water pollution
 Stress on cities infrastructure
 Per capita decrease in facilities like health care
 By 2030 number of cities dwellers expected to rise to
5 billion – Associated Press 27/06/2007
 These increases will happen more in smaller cities
than in the larger ones around 45% growth in pop.
 Terrorism will no longer be a problem, demographics
will

9. Population Growth

11. A Beach in China

12. Aamchi Mumbai...

13. Flat
 Personal computer invented in around 1975.
 By 1977 PC were being mass produced
 PC enabled users to become authors of their own
content
 Then came the Internet, WWW & Web browser
 Software and transmission protocols started
flattening the world by enabling outsourcing
 Geopolitical flatteners are the fall of Berlin Wall on
Oct 03, 1990 & collapse of communist Soviet
Union
 These factors made the world seamless making
the world entirely flat.

14. Flat
 200 million people improved their economic
conditions in 1980’s and 1990’s in China and
India, raising them from poverty
 10 of millions added to the middle class
 This created more demand for products like cell
phones, computers, gas stoves, refrigerators etc
 These products created demand for raw materials
and led to increase of green houses gases (GHG)
either during production, usage or upon
discarding

17. Light Bulb Example
 In the next 12 years we shall have another 1
billion people
 Now, if we give each of these people a 60 W
incandescent light bulb
 The weight of individual light bulb is
negligible, but 1 billion light bulbs will weigh
around 20000 metric tonnes
 If we were to turn these light bulbs ON, all at one
time for 4 hours a day, we would need 10000 MW
of electricity which would need 20, 500 MW
power plants. If these power plants are coal
fired, imagine the amount of GHG emitted

18. Hot
 The global average temperatures have increased
by 0.8C vis-à-vis 1750s
 It all started with the industrial revolution in late
1700s when we went from manual or horse
power to machine power, from agricultural to
manufacturing societies
 Industrial revolution was the revolution of energy
 Steam engine –converted the chemical energy of
coal/wood to mechanical energy of industrial
machinery
 Eventually coal was started being preferred for
wood as it generated twice as much energy as
the same weight of food.
 This slowed down deforestation

19. Earth has a fever and needs
help!

20. Hot
 Coal was used for
 Industrial process
 Metallurgy
 Heating building
 Power steam engines
 Crude oil was commercially exploited in 1800s where
is first replaced whale oil used for lighting lamps and
then for heating, manufacturing and fuel for engines.
 In short, man needed these sources of energy for
 Light
 Heat
 Motive power, or
 Electricity

22. The Industrial Revolution

23. Transportation Revolution
 Early 20th century saw a “Transportation
Revolution” - from the internal combustion
engine
 The first gasoline powered automobile was made
in 1885
 First mass produced automobile was the Old’s
Mobile in 1902 by Ransom E. Olds.
 It was Henry Ford in 1896 who started working on
an assembly line.
 The Ford’s T-Mobile which first rolled out in 1908
and by 1927 when it stopped production 18
millions cars had rolled out of the assembly line

24. Hot
 These cars, produced a lot of CO2 and required a
lot of crude, iron steel & rubber which further
emitted more GHG during their production.
 This triggered industrialisation and which resulted
in urbanisation and suburbanisation
 We had now been sucked into a vicious cycle of
energy dependency which produced lot of
emissions and caused a lot of harm to the
environment
 “We build an inefficient system with great
efficiency”
 Soon the entire world copied America and Europe
and followed the path of self destruction

25. Fuels
 Fuels from Hell
 Coal
 Oil
 Natural gas
 Fuels from Heaven
 Wind
 Hydro
 Solar
 Tidal
 Biomass

26. The Green House Effect

27. The Green House Effect
 Without GHG the earth’s average temperature is
estimated to be 15C cooler. A 5-6 C drop in
temperature brings in an Ice-age
 Composition of Earth’s atmosphere has remained
more or less constant for over 20 million years
 But in the last 100-200 years, things have changed
 Concentration of CO2 for 10000 years have been 280
ppm as evident from polar ice core samples
 Since, 1950’s this has increased
 2007 CO2 concentration was 384ppm and climbing 2
ppm per year
 Average global temperatures have increased 0.8 C

28. Concentration of GHGs

29. Green House Gases

30. Green House Gases
 Global green house gases emissions due to
human activities have grown since pre-industrial
time, with an increase of 70% between 1970 &
2004

31. CO2 & CH4
 CO2 sources
 Fossil fuels, deforestation, forest fires, agriculture,
large scale cattle grazing
 CH4 sources
 Solid waste land fills, animal defecation, coal
minng, rice farming, cattle belching
 CH4 is 21 times more potent in trapping heat than
CO2

35. When Hot meets Flat and Crowded
Convergence of Global Warming, Over
population and Global Flattening

36. s

37. Convergence of Hot, Flat and
Crowded
 Energy demand and supply
 Petro-dictatorship
 Climate change
 Energy poverty
 Biodiversity loss

38. Energy Demand and Supply
 Fuels from Hell are expensive, dirty, and not really
abundant
 The demand for fossil fuels grew by 5% per year
between 1951-1970 in the developed nations
 Developing nations, the demand is growing almost
close to their rate of economic growth
 Global consumption of energy will double between
now and 2050
 In 2004 – the first demand let energy shortage
occurred, causing price hikes
 Price increase in 1973, 1980 & 1990 were mainly due
to the wars and revolution in the east
 But by 2004, with countries like China & India
creating surplus demands for oil, ahead of
supply, pushed demand to 3 million barrels per day
from the estimated 1.5 million barrels per day

39. Petro-Dictatorship

40. Petro-dictatorship
 “As price of oil goes up, pace of freedom goes
down”
 Hence, you will observe cash rich/oil rich
countries mostly have dictators ruling
 In 2006, Russian President (now Prime Minister)
Vladimir Putin, turned off gas supply to
Ukraine, because the newly elected Ukrainian
President was pro-western
 Petro-dictatorship is best seen in the Middle-
East, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela

41. Climate Change
 Anthropogenic GHG like CO2 are long lived and
stay in the atmosphere for over 1000 years
 Average global temperatures have risen by 0.8C
than in 1750s
 11 of the last 12 warmest years (1995-2006)
since 1850s
 A 2C rise in temperature may kill 10 million
people
 5C rise in temperature may kill 100 million people
 Frequent hurricanes in the US like Katrina, floods
in Bihar, droughts in sub-Saharan Africa are few
examples

43. Energy Poverty
 The lack of the access to the basic energy, like
electricity, requirements in certain parts of the
world especially in the less developed nations
 Between 2003 and 2007 South Africa’s grid
started to deteriorate and the early 2007 saw
frequent blackouts
 SA imported 44590 generators in 2007 vis-`a-vis
790 in 2003
 Businesses suffered
 Energy poverty is one of the main factors of over-
crowding of urban areas in LDCs

44. Global Energy Poverty

45. Global Energy Poverty

48. Biodiversity Loss
 Disrupting ecosystems
 Half of the world’s tropical & temperate forests are
gone
 Rate of deforestation is about an acre/second in
tropics
 Half of wetlands are gone
 1/3rd of Mangroves are gone
 90% of predator fish are gone
 20% of coral are gone & 20% are threatened
 Species are disappearing 1000 times faster than
before
 In 2006, we lost a close relative, the Yangtze River
freshwater dolphin
 It is not the loss of a species but the loss of a genus

49. “We are running an uncontrolled
experiment on the only home we
have”
All these problems were increasing till we reached a
tipping point after the year 2000

50. Thank You
nareshsukhani@gmail.com

51. The Kyoto Protocol
 International agreement linked to the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change
 Binding targets for 37 industrialised nations and
EU for reducing GHGs
 Protocol has 3 mechanisms
 Emissions trading
 Clean development mechanism
 Joint Implementation