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Farming for Beneficial Insects:
Conservation of Native Pollinators, Predators, and Parasitoids

Presented by Nancy Lee Adamson, PhD
Pollinator Conservation Specialist
Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation &
NRCS East National Technology Support Center

Lacewing photo: Richard Greene
What is the Xerces Society?

Since 1971, the Society has worked to protect
wildlife through the conservation of
invertebrates and their habitat.
Xerces blue butterfly
(Glaucopsyche xerces),
the first U.S. butterfly to
go extinct due to human
activities.

Photos: California NRCS and Ed Ross
What is the Xerces Society?
Endangered species

Pollinator conservation

Aquatic conservation

Butterfly conservation

Photos: Joel Sartore, Matthew Shepherd, Carly Voight, David Funk
2008 Farm Bill Pollinator Habitat Provisions
• Pollinators a priority for all USDA land managers & conservationists
• Encouraging inclusion of pollinators in all USDA conservation
programs--adding diversity to plant mixes & promoting IPM

Photo: Nancy Adamson
Closer look at NRCS programs supporting pollinators
Recent webinar available at ConservationWebinars.net in "FOTG & Planning"
outlining current USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service pollinator programs
Several other pollinator webinars, including Common Bees & Best Bee Plants of the
East, in "Insects & Pollinators" and "Fish & Wildlife"
Pollinator habitat & IPM support other beneficial insects

Predators &
parasitoids use the
same habitat as
bees

mason/potter wasp and
sweat bee on goldenrod

Photo: Nancy Adamson
Farming for Beneficial Insects Talk Outline
Benefits of diversity
• Sustainable agriculture
Beneficial arthropods &
nematodes
• Natural enemies of pests
– Predators & parasitoids

• Pollinators
Habitat needs
• Food & shelter
• Protection from pesticides
Establishment & long
term management tips
Additional resources
leafhopper assassin bug nymph
on daylily

Photo: Nancy Adamson
Biological (Sustainable) Farming: Benefits of Diversity

Greater plant diversity
•Increased forage
•Less herbicide use
•Greater insect diversity

Lower pesticide use
•More beneficial insects
•Better crop pollination
•Fewer pest outbreaks on
diversified farms

Nesting & refuge from
harvest & pesticides
• Patchwork habitat
• Patchwork disturbance

Photo: Matthew Shepherd, Xerces Society
National Organic Program Biodiversity Rule
USDA Organic certification
requires farms to enhance
biodiversity

“A production system that is managed…by integrating cultural, biological, &
mechanical practices that foster cycling of resources, promote ecological
balance, and conserve biodiversity” (Organic Food Production Act, 1990)
Photo: Nancy Adamson
Beyond Organic: Local Production, Reduced Pesticides

Knowing the farmers, supporting local production, reduced pesticide
use, and agri-tourism increasingly valued

/
Local Food, Agri-tourism & Added Income
• Agri-tourism is a growing part of “go-local” efforts
• Beneficial insect field borders & hedgerows add
– “curb appeal”
– income with cut flowers or berries

/

Pollinator planting at vineyard in Cherokee County, NC, with
technical support provided by Glenn Carson, NC NRCS

Photo: Glenn Carson
Other Benefits of Beneficial Insect Plantings
• Protect watersheds
• Provide wildlife habitat--especially species
needing open, early-successional habitat

Plantings around sinkholes, with technical
support provided by Robin Mayberry, NRCS
Area Biologist in Cookville, TN
Photo: Nancy Adamson
Insects Sustain Our Ecosystems

Contribute $22 billion
to recreation industry
as food for wildlife

Wild natural enemies protect
more than $4.5 billion in crop
production in the U.S.

Native pollinators
contribute at least $3
billion in pollination

Clean up grazing lands, saving
ranchers more than $380
million & help retain nutrients

Losey & Vaughan. 2006. The Economic Value of Ecological
Services Provided by Insects. Bioscience 56 (4).

Photos: VADGIF, Piotr Naskrecki, Edward Ross, USDA-NRCS
The Importance of Predators and Parasitoids
“The greatest single factor in preventing insects from overwhelming the
rest of the world is the internecine warfare which they carry out among
themselves.” Robert Metcalf, entomologist & chemical ecologist

tomato hornworm larva
parasitized by braconid wasps

Photo: VegEdge, UMN
Using Ecological Principles in Farming
Conservation Biological Control,
Conservation Biocontrol, or
Biocontrol
•Beneficial Insects
•Natural Enemies (of pests)
•Biological Control Agents
For up-to-date local info, contact
•Local NRCS & Extension offices
•Visit http://www.eXtension.org
•Find regional Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) center
This manual will be
available soon, as well as
a new book from the
Xerces Society & Storey
Publishers.
Biological Control ≠ Annihilation

Slow pest population
growth rates
If both predator & prey
are wiped out, it takes
predators much longer
to recover

wheel bug (assassin bug) nymph
eating a Colorado potato beetle

Photo: Debbie Roos
Importance of Predators and Parasitoids
The estimated value of biocontrol by natural enemies is $4.5–12 billion
for U.S. crops and $100 billion worldwide—but they are easy to miss!

mottled tortoise beetle with chalcid parasitoid wasp (parasitizes eggs)
Losey & Vaughan. 2006. The Economic Value of Ecological Services Provided by Insects. Bioscience 56 (4).
Pimental et al. 1997. Economic and Environmental Benefits of Biodiversity. BioScience:47 (11)

Photo © Margy Green, www.margygreen.com
Predators
Many predators are generalists, feeding on anything they can catch:
Spiders; some beetles; assassin, damsel, & minute pirate bugs; lacewings…

lynx spider
with sweat bee
on rosinweed

Reichert, S. E. and T. Lockley. 1984. Spiders and biological control agents. Annual Review of Entomology 29: 299-320.

Photo: Nancy Adamson
Parasitoids
Parasitoids are parasites that kill their hosts & are often
"specialists" (some wasps, flies, nematodes)

braconid wasp parasitizing
a tarnished plant bug nymph

Photo: Scott Bauer, commons.wikimedia.org
Predatory Wasps
Adults are omnivorous & catch prey to provide to their carnivorous
young—she will lay one egg on this cicada after placing it in an underground nest

cicada killer (solitary wasp)
providing for her young

Photo: Nancy Adamson
Parasitic/Parasitoid Wasps

Adult parasitic wasps lay eggs on host;
Larvae eat host from the inside out

braconid wasp
parasitizing aphids
Photo: Bruce Marlin www.cirrusimage.com
Parasitic/Parasitoid Wasps
Some larger wasps are also parasitoids—scoliid wasps paralyze & lay eggs
on white grubs (ex. June beetle larvae), but as adults consume pollen & nectar

scoliid wasp sipping
wingstem nectar
Photo: Nancy Adamson
Parasitic/Parasitoid Flies
Wasp and fly parasitoids often eat nectar & pollen as adults—their
young may parasitize eggs, larvae, or adults (including crop pests)

tachinid fly, Trichopoda pennipes,
sipping goldenrod nectar
Photo: Michael Oliver (Wikimedia Commons)
Predatory Flies
Many adult flies feed
on flower pollen

syrphid fly (bee mimic)
on spiderwort
Photo: Nancy Adamson
Predatory Fly Larvae
Some fly larvae are voracious predators of aphids & other crop pests

syrphid fly larva eating
an aphid (twice its size!)

Photo: Mario Ambrosino
Predatory & Parasitic Flies
They overwinter in leaf litter or under soil layer--maintain
undisturbed natural areas adjacent to farm land to support them

hover fly larvae eating an aphid
Photo: Alex Wild
Some predatory flies mimic bees

Compared with bees,
flies have
•Bigger eyes
•Short antennae
•1 pair of wings

robber fly
on apple

Photo: Nancy Adamson
Predatory Beetles
Both larvae & adult ladybugs
eat crop pests

Photo: David Cappaert

Photo: SABeebe (bugguide.net)
Predatory Beetles
Overwinter in leaf litter, soil, rotting wood--maintain
undisturbed natural areas adjacent to farm land to support them

ladybird beetle larva

Photo: Bruce Marlin www.cirrusimage.com
Lacewings
Lacewings are predaceous as adults and larvae

green lacewing adult
Photo: Richard Greene
Lacewing Egg & Larva

lacewing egg
on blueberry
Photo: Nancy Adamson

green lacewing larva
eating whitefly larvae
Photo: Jack Dykinga
Predatory Bugs
It's not always easy to recognize "good" vs."bad"

assassin bug eating
twice-stabbed stink bug
on raspberry

Photo: Nancy Adamson
Predators: Mantids (Praying Mantis)
Habitat near crops provides harborage & food for
predators & parasitoids when crops are harvested

praying mantis on
perennial sunflower
Photo: Mace Vaughan (Xerces Society)
Beneficial Nematodes
• Supporting beneficial nematodes is part of maintaining healthy soil
• Help control soil pest problems in greenhouse production

Photo: www.ecosolutionsbeneficials.com
Pollinators
4,000 species of native bees; ~700 in the east,
greatest diversity in the dry southwest

bumble bee
on blueberry

Photo: Nancy Adamson
Native Bee Diversity in Agriculture

Diverse native bees pollinating crops:
•
•
•
•
•

100+ species visit apples in GA, NY and PA
100+ species visit blueberry in Michigan
100+ species visit WI cranberries
80+ species visit berry crops in New England
60+ species visit CA tomato, sunflower, or watermelon

andrenid bee
on apple

Photo: Nancy Adamson
Wild Pollinators: Better Quality Pollination
In a study of 41 crops around the globe, fruit set in all crops significantly
increased with flower visits by wild pollinators vs. only 14% with honey bees

digger bee
on apple

Garobaldi, L. A. et al.. 2013. Wild pollinators enhance fruit set of crops regardless of honey bee abundance.
Science 339 (6127) : 1608-1611.

Photo: Nancy Adamson
Wild Pollinators: Better Quality Pollination
Wild bees improved fruit set twice as much as honey bees.
Better quality pollination relates to cross-pollination, the ability to buzz pollinate,
and other ways bees interact with flowers.

honey bee

digger bees

Garibaldi, L. A. et al.. 2013. Wild pollinators enhance fruit set of crops regardless of honey bee abundance.
Science 339 (6127) : 1608-1611.

Photos: Nancy Adamson
Whole Foods Produce With Bee Pollinated Crops
A third of our crops depend on insect pollinators—primarily bees

Photo: Whole Foods Market
Whole Foods Produce Without Bees
Insects matter!

Photo: Whole Foods Market
Current State of Pollinator Health
Despite increased awareness since 2006,
some of the highest losses ever in 2013

Graph: vanEngelsdorp et al 2013.
http://beeinformed.org/

Photo: Dan Gunderson, MN Public Radio

Mass bumble bee kill in Oregon,
June 2013
Photos: Rich Hatfield (Xerces Society); The Oregonian
How can we better support pollinators?
Strengthen habitat and pesticide
protection for all bees—this also
supports other beneficial insects

Photos: Nancy Adamson
3 Groups of Native Bees Based on Nesting Habits
ground-nesting bees (solitary)

bumble bees (social)

polyester bee,
Colletes inaequlis

orchard mason bee,
Osmia lignaria

cavity/tunnel-nesting bees (solitary)

Bombus impatiens
Photos: Elaine Evans, Steve Javorek, Eric Mader
Bumble Bees, Bombus spp.
Annual colonies, ~25-400 workers, in abandoned rodent burrows or under
lodged grasses—Provide forage, conserve brush piles & unmown areas

Bombus griseocolis
covered in squash pollen
Photo: Nancy Adamson
Ground-Nesting Solitary Bees
Roughly 70% of bee
species build nests
underground
(though solitary, often
aggregate nests)-Provide forage, scout for
nests, conserve sandy
soil & bare ground

mining bee
Andrena barbara

Photos: Jim Cane, Dennis Briggs, Nancy Adamson
Cavity or Tunnel Nesting Solitary Bees

Roughly 30% nest in hollow plant
stems, or old beetle borer holes—
Provide forage, conserve snags,
brush piles & pithy-stemmed
plants. Leave dead plant material
over winter.

Photo: Matthew Shepherd

© Edward Ross

Photo: Nancy Adamson
How much habitat is needed?
Beneficial insect diversity and abundance
in crops depends on natural habitat on or
close to the farm

Photos: Matthew Shepherd, Bruce Newhouse
How much habitat is needed?
In PA apple pollination study, trees adjacent to natural habitat were
fully pollinated by native bees.
Recommend honey bee hives placed in center areas, farthest from edge habitat.

mining bee,
Andrena sp.

http://extension.psu.edu/ipm/resources/native-pollinators

Photo: Nancy Adamson
Diverse habitat is best
Natural enemy activity and crop pollination by wild bees
is greater in landscapes with diverse habitats

Bianchi, F. J. J. A., C. J. H. Booij, and T. Tscharntke. 2011. Sustainable pest regulation in agricultural landscapes: a
review on landscape composition, biodiversity and natural pest control. Proc. R. Soc. B 273: 1715-1727.
Orr, D. and A. Fox. 2012. Augmentation and conservation of natural enemies, in Integrated Pest Management:
Principles and Practice, edited by D. P. Abrol and U. Shankar. CAB International, Cambridge, MA.
Winfree, R., N. M. Williams, H. Gaines, J. S. Ascher, C. Kremen. 2008. Wild bee pollinators provide the majority of
crop visitation across land-use gradients in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, USA. J. Applied Ecology 45(3): 793-802.

great golden digger wasp
on dogbane

Photo: Nancy Adamson
Flowering cover crops support parasitoids
Nectar sources (buckwheat) in soybean supported increased (2½ times)
parasitization of brown stink bugs (Glynn Tillman, USDA ARS, Crop Protection &
Management Research Lab, Tifton, GA, manuscript in progress)

Telenomus podisi female
parasitizing stink bug eggs

adult brown stink bug

Photo: http://zoo.bio.ufpr.br/biocontrol/entomofauna.html
Laboratorio de Controle Integrado de Insetos (LCII)

Photo: Russ Ottens
Buckwheat cover crop led to stink bug reduction
Means for percent parasitization per egg mass for sentinel
eggs of brown stink bugs in cotton with buckwheat

syrphid fly feeding
on buckwheat

Research conducted by Glynn Tillman, USDA Agricultural Research Service
http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/projects/projects.htm?accn_no=420801
Photo: Nancy Adamson
Flowering cover crops support parasitoids
Nectar sources (milkweed) between peanut & cotton supported
increased (5x!) parasitization of southern green stink bugs (Glynn Tillman,
USDA ARS, Crop Protection & Management Research Lab, Tifton, GA, manuscript in progress)

Trichopoda
feeding on
milkweed
nectar
Egg of T. pennipes
on female southern
green stink bug

Photo:
Susan Day

Photo:
Glynn Tillman

Photo:
Marvin Smith
(Wikimedia Commons)
Milkweed near crop led to stink bug reduction
Impact of Milkweed Habitat on Parasitization of Southern Green Stink
Bug (SGSB) Adults by Trichopoda pennipes in Cotton

(G. Tillman Study, Tifton, GA)

common
milkweed

http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/projects/projects.htm?accn_no=420801
Photo: Nancy Adamson
Will providing habitat increase pest pressure?
Natural enemy populations are higher & pest pressure is lower in
complex patchy landscapes with fallow fields, field margins, and/or
wooded habitats (Forehand et al. 2006, Bianchi et al. 2011)
Pollinator planting at Dirt Works Incubator Farm, a project of
Lowcountry Local First at Rosebank Farms near Charleston, SC

/

Bianchi, F. J. J. A., C. J. H. Booij, and T. Tscharntke. 2011. Sustainable pest regulation in agricultural landscapes: a review on
landscape composition, biodiversity and natural pest control. Proc. R. Soc. B 273: 1715-1727.
Forehand, L. M., D. B. Orr, and H. M. Linker. 2006. Insect communities associated with beneficial inset habitat plants in North
Carolina. Environmental Entomology 35 (6): 1541-159.

Photo: Nikki Siebert
How much habitat is needed?
In a canola pest control study, when non-crop area was <20%,
parasitism dropped below threshhold (32-36%) for successful
biological control. (Thies et al. 2003)

Example map (not the study site)
Area surrounding Open Book Farm
in Myersville, MD
Thies, C., I. Steffan-Dewenter, and T. Tscharntke. 2003. Effects of landscape context on herbivory and parasitism at different
spatial scales. Oikos 101: 18-25.

Photo: Google Maps
Bigger is better

Larger wildflower plantings support greater biological control
without increasing herbivore density (Blaauw & Isaacs 2012)

Blaauw, B. R. and R. Isaacs. 2012. Larger wildflower plantings increase natural enemy density, diversity, and biological control
of sentinel prey, without increasing herbivore density. Ecological Entomology. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2311.2012.01376.x.

Photo: Jennifer Hopwood
Providing habitat includes protection from pesticides

Crop diversity can reduce pest pressure and pesticide use

Photo: Matthew Shepherd
Managing Insecticides
Pesticides cause significant
damage to pollinator insect
populations
• Use active ingredients with least
impact on bees
• Consider formulation
• Label guidelines only apply to
honey bees
• Don’t spray on plants in bloom
• Spray at night and when dry

http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/
abstract.php?seriesno=PNW+591

*
Protection from Pesticides: Neonicotinoids
Neonicotinoid Systemic Insecticides
•Increasingly used on crops, ornamental plants, and lawns
•Systemic mode of action (become part of all plant tissue)
•Sprays, soil drenches, granules, seed coatings, chemigation
•Residues in pollen and nectar
•Can persist over time in plants and soil (>3 years)

http://www.xerces.org/neonicotinoids-and-bees/
Photo: Regina Hirsch
Protection from Pesticides: Neonicotinoids
Neonicotinoid Toxicity to Bees
• Large doses toxic to bees
• Small doses reduce foraging
ability, flight activity, & learning
• Also detrimental to bumble
bees, solitary bees, and other
beneficial insects
• Breakdown chemicals can be
even more dangerous than
original product

Photo: Nancy Adamson
Protection from Pesticides: Neonicotinoids
Reducing Harm from Neonicotinoids
• Avoid application before or during bloom
• Avoid repeat annual use in perennial
blooming species (carry over)
• NOTE: Recommended rates on
household products as much 100X
agricultural rates, so lethal
• Stop “cosmetic” (vs. agricultural) use
(http://www.beecityusa.org/)

Photo: Eric Mader
Caution if using organic-approved pesticides
Even organic-approved pesticides
aren’t always safe for bees & other
beneficials.
• Rotenone = Dangerous for Bees!
• Pyrethrins = Dangerous for Bees!
• Spinosad = Dangerous for Bees!
• Beauveria bassiana = Dangerous!
Okay when not directly applied to
bees (i.e. non-blooming crops or at
night):
• Insecticidal soap
• Horticultural oil
• Neem
Photo: NRCS/Toby Alexander
Managing Insecticides: Alternative Options
Safer pest management
options:
• Bt
• Insect repellents (e.g.
garlic or citrus oils)
• Kaolin clay barriers
(Surround)
• Pheromone traps
• Mating disruptors

Photo: David Biddinger (Penn State University )
Alternatives to pesticides
Insectary plantings
Crop rotation and diversity
Trap crops
Floating row covers
Fruit bagging
Resistant varieties
Sanitation

Photo: NRCS/Toby Alexander
Weed Control
Protect GroundNesting Insects:
• Reduce tillage
• Plastic mulch: pros
and cons

Photo: USDA-ARS
Weed Control
Beneficial Insect Friendly
Alternatives:
• Horticultural vinegar
• Flame weeders
• Drangen weeding tractors
• Annual cover crops
• Shallow disking = ok!
• Tine weeding = ok!

Photo: Matthew Shepherd
Providing
Habitat

Photo: Nancy Adamson
Habitat Needs
Plants with small flowers like mountain mint support wasps, flies,
and many other beneficial insects

spider wasp on
mountain mint
(Pycnanthemum sp.)

Photo: Nancy Adamson
Habitat through the growing season
maple,
Acer

goldenrod,
Solidago,
Oligoneuron,
Euthamia,

false indigo,
Baptisia

Pollinators, predators, & parasitoids need food (nectar, pollen, or prey)
and refuge when crops are harvested or pesticides used.
mountain mint,
Pycnanthemum

blazing star,
Liatris

aster
Symphyotrichum,
Eurybia

willow,
Salix

Photos: Elaine Haug NRCS, Matthew Shepherd; Mace Vaughan, Eric Mader, Jeff McMillan NRCS, Berry Botanic Garden, Nancy Adamson
Floral Diversity
Insect diversity increases
with plant diversity.

Carvell, C., W. R. Meek, R. F. Pywell, D. Goulson and M. Nowakowski. 2007. Comparing the efficacy of agri-environment
schemes to enhance bumble bee abundance and diversity on arable field margins. J of Applied Ecology 44: 29-40.
Potts, S. G., B. Vulliamy, A. Dafni, G. Ne’eman, and P. G. Willmer. 2003. Linking bees and flowers: how do floral
communities structure pollinator communities? Ecology 84:2628-2642.
Tscharntke, T. A., A. Gathmann, and I. Steffan-Dewenter. 1998. Bioindication using trap-nesting bees and wasps and their
natural enemies and interactions. J of Applied Ecology 35:708-719.

Photo: Eric Mader
Establishing New Habitat: Keys to Success
The 6 Critical Elements of Establishing New Habitat:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Remove ALL perennial weeds prior to planting
Do not disturb dormant weed seed
Make a clean seed bed/planting area
Use appropriate planting technology for the site
Plant perennial seed in the fall
Manage annual and biennial weeds for two years after planting

Photo: Paul Jepson, OSU IPPC
Establishing New Habitat: Post-Planting
Post Seeding: Mow perennial seeded areas first and second year,
before annual and biennial weeds produce seed
Mow when between 10–12” to 6–8” (as often as needed) to let light
reach new seedlings w/o smothering

Photos: Nancy Adamson
Long-Term Habitat Management: Limit Disturbance
Mowing, grazing, burning, disking are best
at infrequent intervals
• Disturbance to no more than 1/3 of habitat
area each year
• Time management for when most effective
against target, or during dormant season
• Early successional habitat is ideal; too much
disturbance favors grasses over forbs

Photos: USDA-ARS, Audubon California
NRCS Programs Supporting Beneficial Insects
Watch Conserving Pollinators While Addressing Other Resource
Concerns at ConservationWebinars.net

Sudie Daves Thomas (SC NRCS), Kelly Gilkerson (Clemson University),
and Angel Sams (SC NRCS) at Rosebank Farms near Charleston, SC
Photo: Nancy Adamson
Farm Bill Implementation: IPM
Integrated Pest Management
(595):
•Protecting pollinators from
pesticides
•Establishing habitat for other
beneficial insects
Visit http://www.nrcs.usda.gov
to locate your local District
Conservationist.

Photos: David Biddinger (Penn State University),
Mace Vaughan (Xerces Society), and Elise Fog
Additional Resources

Photo: Nancy Adamson
USDA-NRCS Resources
State and regional Technical Notes
Farming for Pollinators & Pest Management brochures
Agroforestry Notes
PLANTS Database
NRCS Plant Material Centers
Further Information: the Xerces Society
• Xerces Society publications
• www.xerces.org
Xerces Conservation Biocontrol Webpage
http://www.xerces.org/conservationbiocontrol/
Take Home Message
Wildflower-rich habitats support
beneficial insects & other wildlife
Ensure
• diverse forage & nesting sites
• management for insect diversity

www.xerces.org

bumble bee to blazing star

(follow links to pollinator program)
Photo: Nancy Adamson
Photo: Matthew Shepherd
Farmers, home gardeners, & communities

Plant flowers…
…as native as possible.
Reduce pesticide use.

www.xerces.org
(follow links to
pollinator program)

southeastern blueberry bee
on redbud
Photo: Nancy Adamson
Thank you, SSAWG and NRCS!

bumble bee
on peach

Photo: Nancy Adamson
Thank You All!
…and many excellent scientists,
conservationists, and farmers
Financial support from
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Xerces Society Members
NRCS East National Tech Center
Turner Foundation
Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund
C.S. Fund
Whole Foods Market & their vendors
Organic Valley FAFO
Organic Farming Research Foundation
Nat’l Institute of Food & Agric., USDA
Cinco
Clif Bar Family Foundation
Alice C. Tyler Perpetual Trust
Sarah K. de Coizart Article TENTH
Perpetual Charitable Trust
The Edward Gorey Charitable Trust
EarthShare (CFC #18360)
Endangered Species Chocolate
The Metabolic Studio
The Ceres Foundation
& many others…

andrenid bee on apple

Photo: Nancy Adamson
Questions?
Nancy Lee Adamson, PhD
The Xerces Society & NRCS East National Technology Support Center
nancy@xerces.org

or nancy.adamson@gnb.usda.gov

office 336-370-3443
mobile 336-404-0151

megachilid (leaf-cutter) bee on
sunchoke, Helianthus tuberosus
Photo: Nancy Adamson

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Southern SAWG - Farming for Beneficial Insects (Pollinators, Predators, and Parasitoids) 17 and 18 January 2014

  • 1. Farming for Beneficial Insects: Conservation of Native Pollinators, Predators, and Parasitoids Presented by Nancy Lee Adamson, PhD Pollinator Conservation Specialist Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation & NRCS East National Technology Support Center Lacewing photo: Richard Greene
  • 2. What is the Xerces Society? Since 1971, the Society has worked to protect wildlife through the conservation of invertebrates and their habitat. Xerces blue butterfly (Glaucopsyche xerces), the first U.S. butterfly to go extinct due to human activities. Photos: California NRCS and Ed Ross
  • 3. What is the Xerces Society? Endangered species Pollinator conservation Aquatic conservation Butterfly conservation Photos: Joel Sartore, Matthew Shepherd, Carly Voight, David Funk
  • 4. 2008 Farm Bill Pollinator Habitat Provisions • Pollinators a priority for all USDA land managers & conservationists • Encouraging inclusion of pollinators in all USDA conservation programs--adding diversity to plant mixes & promoting IPM Photo: Nancy Adamson
  • 5. Closer look at NRCS programs supporting pollinators Recent webinar available at ConservationWebinars.net in "FOTG & Planning" outlining current USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service pollinator programs Several other pollinator webinars, including Common Bees & Best Bee Plants of the East, in "Insects & Pollinators" and "Fish & Wildlife"
  • 6. Pollinator habitat & IPM support other beneficial insects Predators & parasitoids use the same habitat as bees mason/potter wasp and sweat bee on goldenrod Photo: Nancy Adamson
  • 7. Farming for Beneficial Insects Talk Outline Benefits of diversity • Sustainable agriculture Beneficial arthropods & nematodes • Natural enemies of pests – Predators & parasitoids • Pollinators Habitat needs • Food & shelter • Protection from pesticides Establishment & long term management tips Additional resources leafhopper assassin bug nymph on daylily Photo: Nancy Adamson
  • 8. Biological (Sustainable) Farming: Benefits of Diversity Greater plant diversity •Increased forage •Less herbicide use •Greater insect diversity Lower pesticide use •More beneficial insects •Better crop pollination •Fewer pest outbreaks on diversified farms Nesting & refuge from harvest & pesticides • Patchwork habitat • Patchwork disturbance Photo: Matthew Shepherd, Xerces Society
  • 9. National Organic Program Biodiversity Rule USDA Organic certification requires farms to enhance biodiversity “A production system that is managed…by integrating cultural, biological, & mechanical practices that foster cycling of resources, promote ecological balance, and conserve biodiversity” (Organic Food Production Act, 1990) Photo: Nancy Adamson
  • 10. Beyond Organic: Local Production, Reduced Pesticides Knowing the farmers, supporting local production, reduced pesticide use, and agri-tourism increasingly valued /
  • 11. Local Food, Agri-tourism & Added Income • Agri-tourism is a growing part of “go-local” efforts • Beneficial insect field borders & hedgerows add – “curb appeal” – income with cut flowers or berries / Pollinator planting at vineyard in Cherokee County, NC, with technical support provided by Glenn Carson, NC NRCS Photo: Glenn Carson
  • 12. Other Benefits of Beneficial Insect Plantings • Protect watersheds • Provide wildlife habitat--especially species needing open, early-successional habitat Plantings around sinkholes, with technical support provided by Robin Mayberry, NRCS Area Biologist in Cookville, TN Photo: Nancy Adamson
  • 13. Insects Sustain Our Ecosystems Contribute $22 billion to recreation industry as food for wildlife Wild natural enemies protect more than $4.5 billion in crop production in the U.S. Native pollinators contribute at least $3 billion in pollination Clean up grazing lands, saving ranchers more than $380 million & help retain nutrients Losey & Vaughan. 2006. The Economic Value of Ecological Services Provided by Insects. Bioscience 56 (4). Photos: VADGIF, Piotr Naskrecki, Edward Ross, USDA-NRCS
  • 14. The Importance of Predators and Parasitoids “The greatest single factor in preventing insects from overwhelming the rest of the world is the internecine warfare which they carry out among themselves.” Robert Metcalf, entomologist & chemical ecologist tomato hornworm larva parasitized by braconid wasps Photo: VegEdge, UMN
  • 15. Using Ecological Principles in Farming Conservation Biological Control, Conservation Biocontrol, or Biocontrol •Beneficial Insects •Natural Enemies (of pests) •Biological Control Agents For up-to-date local info, contact •Local NRCS & Extension offices •Visit http://www.eXtension.org •Find regional Integrated Pest Management (IPM) center This manual will be available soon, as well as a new book from the Xerces Society & Storey Publishers.
  • 16. Biological Control ≠ Annihilation Slow pest population growth rates If both predator & prey are wiped out, it takes predators much longer to recover wheel bug (assassin bug) nymph eating a Colorado potato beetle Photo: Debbie Roos
  • 17. Importance of Predators and Parasitoids The estimated value of biocontrol by natural enemies is $4.5–12 billion for U.S. crops and $100 billion worldwide—but they are easy to miss! mottled tortoise beetle with chalcid parasitoid wasp (parasitizes eggs) Losey & Vaughan. 2006. The Economic Value of Ecological Services Provided by Insects. Bioscience 56 (4). Pimental et al. 1997. Economic and Environmental Benefits of Biodiversity. BioScience:47 (11) Photo © Margy Green, www.margygreen.com
  • 18. Predators Many predators are generalists, feeding on anything they can catch: Spiders; some beetles; assassin, damsel, & minute pirate bugs; lacewings… lynx spider with sweat bee on rosinweed Reichert, S. E. and T. Lockley. 1984. Spiders and biological control agents. Annual Review of Entomology 29: 299-320. Photo: Nancy Adamson
  • 19. Parasitoids Parasitoids are parasites that kill their hosts & are often "specialists" (some wasps, flies, nematodes) braconid wasp parasitizing a tarnished plant bug nymph Photo: Scott Bauer, commons.wikimedia.org
  • 20. Predatory Wasps Adults are omnivorous & catch prey to provide to their carnivorous young—she will lay one egg on this cicada after placing it in an underground nest cicada killer (solitary wasp) providing for her young Photo: Nancy Adamson
  • 21. Parasitic/Parasitoid Wasps Adult parasitic wasps lay eggs on host; Larvae eat host from the inside out braconid wasp parasitizing aphids Photo: Bruce Marlin www.cirrusimage.com
  • 22. Parasitic/Parasitoid Wasps Some larger wasps are also parasitoids—scoliid wasps paralyze & lay eggs on white grubs (ex. June beetle larvae), but as adults consume pollen & nectar scoliid wasp sipping wingstem nectar Photo: Nancy Adamson
  • 23. Parasitic/Parasitoid Flies Wasp and fly parasitoids often eat nectar & pollen as adults—their young may parasitize eggs, larvae, or adults (including crop pests) tachinid fly, Trichopoda pennipes, sipping goldenrod nectar Photo: Michael Oliver (Wikimedia Commons)
  • 24. Predatory Flies Many adult flies feed on flower pollen syrphid fly (bee mimic) on spiderwort Photo: Nancy Adamson
  • 25. Predatory Fly Larvae Some fly larvae are voracious predators of aphids & other crop pests syrphid fly larva eating an aphid (twice its size!) Photo: Mario Ambrosino
  • 26. Predatory & Parasitic Flies They overwinter in leaf litter or under soil layer--maintain undisturbed natural areas adjacent to farm land to support them hover fly larvae eating an aphid Photo: Alex Wild
  • 27. Some predatory flies mimic bees Compared with bees, flies have •Bigger eyes •Short antennae •1 pair of wings robber fly on apple Photo: Nancy Adamson
  • 28. Predatory Beetles Both larvae & adult ladybugs eat crop pests Photo: David Cappaert Photo: SABeebe (bugguide.net)
  • 29. Predatory Beetles Overwinter in leaf litter, soil, rotting wood--maintain undisturbed natural areas adjacent to farm land to support them ladybird beetle larva Photo: Bruce Marlin www.cirrusimage.com
  • 30. Lacewings Lacewings are predaceous as adults and larvae green lacewing adult Photo: Richard Greene
  • 31. Lacewing Egg & Larva lacewing egg on blueberry Photo: Nancy Adamson green lacewing larva eating whitefly larvae Photo: Jack Dykinga
  • 32. Predatory Bugs It's not always easy to recognize "good" vs."bad" assassin bug eating twice-stabbed stink bug on raspberry Photo: Nancy Adamson
  • 33. Predators: Mantids (Praying Mantis) Habitat near crops provides harborage & food for predators & parasitoids when crops are harvested praying mantis on perennial sunflower Photo: Mace Vaughan (Xerces Society)
  • 34. Beneficial Nematodes • Supporting beneficial nematodes is part of maintaining healthy soil • Help control soil pest problems in greenhouse production Photo: www.ecosolutionsbeneficials.com
  • 35. Pollinators 4,000 species of native bees; ~700 in the east, greatest diversity in the dry southwest bumble bee on blueberry Photo: Nancy Adamson
  • 36. Native Bee Diversity in Agriculture Diverse native bees pollinating crops: • • • • • 100+ species visit apples in GA, NY and PA 100+ species visit blueberry in Michigan 100+ species visit WI cranberries 80+ species visit berry crops in New England 60+ species visit CA tomato, sunflower, or watermelon andrenid bee on apple Photo: Nancy Adamson
  • 37. Wild Pollinators: Better Quality Pollination In a study of 41 crops around the globe, fruit set in all crops significantly increased with flower visits by wild pollinators vs. only 14% with honey bees digger bee on apple Garobaldi, L. A. et al.. 2013. Wild pollinators enhance fruit set of crops regardless of honey bee abundance. Science 339 (6127) : 1608-1611. Photo: Nancy Adamson
  • 38. Wild Pollinators: Better Quality Pollination Wild bees improved fruit set twice as much as honey bees. Better quality pollination relates to cross-pollination, the ability to buzz pollinate, and other ways bees interact with flowers. honey bee digger bees Garibaldi, L. A. et al.. 2013. Wild pollinators enhance fruit set of crops regardless of honey bee abundance. Science 339 (6127) : 1608-1611. Photos: Nancy Adamson
  • 39. Whole Foods Produce With Bee Pollinated Crops A third of our crops depend on insect pollinators—primarily bees Photo: Whole Foods Market
  • 40. Whole Foods Produce Without Bees Insects matter! Photo: Whole Foods Market
  • 41. Current State of Pollinator Health Despite increased awareness since 2006, some of the highest losses ever in 2013 Graph: vanEngelsdorp et al 2013. http://beeinformed.org/ Photo: Dan Gunderson, MN Public Radio Mass bumble bee kill in Oregon, June 2013 Photos: Rich Hatfield (Xerces Society); The Oregonian
  • 42. How can we better support pollinators? Strengthen habitat and pesticide protection for all bees—this also supports other beneficial insects Photos: Nancy Adamson
  • 43. 3 Groups of Native Bees Based on Nesting Habits ground-nesting bees (solitary) bumble bees (social) polyester bee, Colletes inaequlis orchard mason bee, Osmia lignaria cavity/tunnel-nesting bees (solitary) Bombus impatiens Photos: Elaine Evans, Steve Javorek, Eric Mader
  • 44. Bumble Bees, Bombus spp. Annual colonies, ~25-400 workers, in abandoned rodent burrows or under lodged grasses—Provide forage, conserve brush piles & unmown areas Bombus griseocolis covered in squash pollen Photo: Nancy Adamson
  • 45. Ground-Nesting Solitary Bees Roughly 70% of bee species build nests underground (though solitary, often aggregate nests)-Provide forage, scout for nests, conserve sandy soil & bare ground mining bee Andrena barbara Photos: Jim Cane, Dennis Briggs, Nancy Adamson
  • 46. Cavity or Tunnel Nesting Solitary Bees Roughly 30% nest in hollow plant stems, or old beetle borer holes— Provide forage, conserve snags, brush piles & pithy-stemmed plants. Leave dead plant material over winter. Photo: Matthew Shepherd © Edward Ross Photo: Nancy Adamson
  • 47. How much habitat is needed? Beneficial insect diversity and abundance in crops depends on natural habitat on or close to the farm Photos: Matthew Shepherd, Bruce Newhouse
  • 48. How much habitat is needed? In PA apple pollination study, trees adjacent to natural habitat were fully pollinated by native bees. Recommend honey bee hives placed in center areas, farthest from edge habitat. mining bee, Andrena sp. http://extension.psu.edu/ipm/resources/native-pollinators Photo: Nancy Adamson
  • 49. Diverse habitat is best Natural enemy activity and crop pollination by wild bees is greater in landscapes with diverse habitats Bianchi, F. J. J. A., C. J. H. Booij, and T. Tscharntke. 2011. Sustainable pest regulation in agricultural landscapes: a review on landscape composition, biodiversity and natural pest control. Proc. R. Soc. B 273: 1715-1727. Orr, D. and A. Fox. 2012. Augmentation and conservation of natural enemies, in Integrated Pest Management: Principles and Practice, edited by D. P. Abrol and U. Shankar. CAB International, Cambridge, MA. Winfree, R., N. M. Williams, H. Gaines, J. S. Ascher, C. Kremen. 2008. Wild bee pollinators provide the majority of crop visitation across land-use gradients in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, USA. J. Applied Ecology 45(3): 793-802. great golden digger wasp on dogbane Photo: Nancy Adamson
  • 50. Flowering cover crops support parasitoids Nectar sources (buckwheat) in soybean supported increased (2½ times) parasitization of brown stink bugs (Glynn Tillman, USDA ARS, Crop Protection & Management Research Lab, Tifton, GA, manuscript in progress) Telenomus podisi female parasitizing stink bug eggs adult brown stink bug Photo: http://zoo.bio.ufpr.br/biocontrol/entomofauna.html Laboratorio de Controle Integrado de Insetos (LCII) Photo: Russ Ottens
  • 51. Buckwheat cover crop led to stink bug reduction Means for percent parasitization per egg mass for sentinel eggs of brown stink bugs in cotton with buckwheat syrphid fly feeding on buckwheat Research conducted by Glynn Tillman, USDA Agricultural Research Service http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/projects/projects.htm?accn_no=420801 Photo: Nancy Adamson
  • 52. Flowering cover crops support parasitoids Nectar sources (milkweed) between peanut & cotton supported increased (5x!) parasitization of southern green stink bugs (Glynn Tillman, USDA ARS, Crop Protection & Management Research Lab, Tifton, GA, manuscript in progress) Trichopoda feeding on milkweed nectar Egg of T. pennipes on female southern green stink bug Photo: Susan Day Photo: Glynn Tillman Photo: Marvin Smith (Wikimedia Commons)
  • 53. Milkweed near crop led to stink bug reduction Impact of Milkweed Habitat on Parasitization of Southern Green Stink Bug (SGSB) Adults by Trichopoda pennipes in Cotton (G. Tillman Study, Tifton, GA) common milkweed http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/projects/projects.htm?accn_no=420801 Photo: Nancy Adamson
  • 54. Will providing habitat increase pest pressure? Natural enemy populations are higher & pest pressure is lower in complex patchy landscapes with fallow fields, field margins, and/or wooded habitats (Forehand et al. 2006, Bianchi et al. 2011) Pollinator planting at Dirt Works Incubator Farm, a project of Lowcountry Local First at Rosebank Farms near Charleston, SC / Bianchi, F. J. J. A., C. J. H. Booij, and T. Tscharntke. 2011. Sustainable pest regulation in agricultural landscapes: a review on landscape composition, biodiversity and natural pest control. Proc. R. Soc. B 273: 1715-1727. Forehand, L. M., D. B. Orr, and H. M. Linker. 2006. Insect communities associated with beneficial inset habitat plants in North Carolina. Environmental Entomology 35 (6): 1541-159. Photo: Nikki Siebert
  • 55. How much habitat is needed? In a canola pest control study, when non-crop area was <20%, parasitism dropped below threshhold (32-36%) for successful biological control. (Thies et al. 2003) Example map (not the study site) Area surrounding Open Book Farm in Myersville, MD Thies, C., I. Steffan-Dewenter, and T. Tscharntke. 2003. Effects of landscape context on herbivory and parasitism at different spatial scales. Oikos 101: 18-25. Photo: Google Maps
  • 56. Bigger is better Larger wildflower plantings support greater biological control without increasing herbivore density (Blaauw & Isaacs 2012) Blaauw, B. R. and R. Isaacs. 2012. Larger wildflower plantings increase natural enemy density, diversity, and biological control of sentinel prey, without increasing herbivore density. Ecological Entomology. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2311.2012.01376.x. Photo: Jennifer Hopwood
  • 57. Providing habitat includes protection from pesticides Crop diversity can reduce pest pressure and pesticide use Photo: Matthew Shepherd
  • 58. Managing Insecticides Pesticides cause significant damage to pollinator insect populations • Use active ingredients with least impact on bees • Consider formulation • Label guidelines only apply to honey bees • Don’t spray on plants in bloom • Spray at night and when dry http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/ abstract.php?seriesno=PNW+591 *
  • 59. Protection from Pesticides: Neonicotinoids Neonicotinoid Systemic Insecticides •Increasingly used on crops, ornamental plants, and lawns •Systemic mode of action (become part of all plant tissue) •Sprays, soil drenches, granules, seed coatings, chemigation •Residues in pollen and nectar •Can persist over time in plants and soil (>3 years) http://www.xerces.org/neonicotinoids-and-bees/ Photo: Regina Hirsch
  • 60. Protection from Pesticides: Neonicotinoids Neonicotinoid Toxicity to Bees • Large doses toxic to bees • Small doses reduce foraging ability, flight activity, & learning • Also detrimental to bumble bees, solitary bees, and other beneficial insects • Breakdown chemicals can be even more dangerous than original product Photo: Nancy Adamson
  • 61. Protection from Pesticides: Neonicotinoids Reducing Harm from Neonicotinoids • Avoid application before or during bloom • Avoid repeat annual use in perennial blooming species (carry over) • NOTE: Recommended rates on household products as much 100X agricultural rates, so lethal • Stop “cosmetic” (vs. agricultural) use (http://www.beecityusa.org/) Photo: Eric Mader
  • 62. Caution if using organic-approved pesticides Even organic-approved pesticides aren’t always safe for bees & other beneficials. • Rotenone = Dangerous for Bees! • Pyrethrins = Dangerous for Bees! • Spinosad = Dangerous for Bees! • Beauveria bassiana = Dangerous! Okay when not directly applied to bees (i.e. non-blooming crops or at night): • Insecticidal soap • Horticultural oil • Neem Photo: NRCS/Toby Alexander
  • 63. Managing Insecticides: Alternative Options Safer pest management options: • Bt • Insect repellents (e.g. garlic or citrus oils) • Kaolin clay barriers (Surround) • Pheromone traps • Mating disruptors Photo: David Biddinger (Penn State University )
  • 64. Alternatives to pesticides Insectary plantings Crop rotation and diversity Trap crops Floating row covers Fruit bagging Resistant varieties Sanitation Photo: NRCS/Toby Alexander
  • 65. Weed Control Protect GroundNesting Insects: • Reduce tillage • Plastic mulch: pros and cons Photo: USDA-ARS
  • 66. Weed Control Beneficial Insect Friendly Alternatives: • Horticultural vinegar • Flame weeders • Drangen weeding tractors • Annual cover crops • Shallow disking = ok! • Tine weeding = ok! Photo: Matthew Shepherd
  • 68. Habitat Needs Plants with small flowers like mountain mint support wasps, flies, and many other beneficial insects spider wasp on mountain mint (Pycnanthemum sp.) Photo: Nancy Adamson
  • 69. Habitat through the growing season maple, Acer goldenrod, Solidago, Oligoneuron, Euthamia, false indigo, Baptisia Pollinators, predators, & parasitoids need food (nectar, pollen, or prey) and refuge when crops are harvested or pesticides used. mountain mint, Pycnanthemum blazing star, Liatris aster Symphyotrichum, Eurybia willow, Salix Photos: Elaine Haug NRCS, Matthew Shepherd; Mace Vaughan, Eric Mader, Jeff McMillan NRCS, Berry Botanic Garden, Nancy Adamson
  • 70. Floral Diversity Insect diversity increases with plant diversity. Carvell, C., W. R. Meek, R. F. Pywell, D. Goulson and M. Nowakowski. 2007. Comparing the efficacy of agri-environment schemes to enhance bumble bee abundance and diversity on arable field margins. J of Applied Ecology 44: 29-40. Potts, S. G., B. Vulliamy, A. Dafni, G. Ne’eman, and P. G. Willmer. 2003. Linking bees and flowers: how do floral communities structure pollinator communities? Ecology 84:2628-2642. Tscharntke, T. A., A. Gathmann, and I. Steffan-Dewenter. 1998. Bioindication using trap-nesting bees and wasps and their natural enemies and interactions. J of Applied Ecology 35:708-719. Photo: Eric Mader
  • 71. Establishing New Habitat: Keys to Success The 6 Critical Elements of Establishing New Habitat: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Remove ALL perennial weeds prior to planting Do not disturb dormant weed seed Make a clean seed bed/planting area Use appropriate planting technology for the site Plant perennial seed in the fall Manage annual and biennial weeds for two years after planting Photo: Paul Jepson, OSU IPPC
  • 72. Establishing New Habitat: Post-Planting Post Seeding: Mow perennial seeded areas first and second year, before annual and biennial weeds produce seed Mow when between 10–12” to 6–8” (as often as needed) to let light reach new seedlings w/o smothering Photos: Nancy Adamson
  • 73. Long-Term Habitat Management: Limit Disturbance Mowing, grazing, burning, disking are best at infrequent intervals • Disturbance to no more than 1/3 of habitat area each year • Time management for when most effective against target, or during dormant season • Early successional habitat is ideal; too much disturbance favors grasses over forbs Photos: USDA-ARS, Audubon California
  • 74. NRCS Programs Supporting Beneficial Insects Watch Conserving Pollinators While Addressing Other Resource Concerns at ConservationWebinars.net Sudie Daves Thomas (SC NRCS), Kelly Gilkerson (Clemson University), and Angel Sams (SC NRCS) at Rosebank Farms near Charleston, SC Photo: Nancy Adamson
  • 75. Farm Bill Implementation: IPM Integrated Pest Management (595): •Protecting pollinators from pesticides •Establishing habitat for other beneficial insects Visit http://www.nrcs.usda.gov to locate your local District Conservationist. Photos: David Biddinger (Penn State University), Mace Vaughan (Xerces Society), and Elise Fog
  • 77. USDA-NRCS Resources State and regional Technical Notes Farming for Pollinators & Pest Management brochures Agroforestry Notes PLANTS Database NRCS Plant Material Centers
  • 78. Further Information: the Xerces Society • Xerces Society publications • www.xerces.org
  • 79. Xerces Conservation Biocontrol Webpage http://www.xerces.org/conservationbiocontrol/
  • 80. Take Home Message Wildflower-rich habitats support beneficial insects & other wildlife Ensure • diverse forage & nesting sites • management for insect diversity www.xerces.org bumble bee to blazing star (follow links to pollinator program) Photo: Nancy Adamson
  • 82. Farmers, home gardeners, & communities Plant flowers… …as native as possible. Reduce pesticide use. www.xerces.org (follow links to pollinator program) southeastern blueberry bee on redbud Photo: Nancy Adamson
  • 83. Thank you, SSAWG and NRCS! bumble bee on peach Photo: Nancy Adamson
  • 84. Thank You All! …and many excellent scientists, conservationists, and farmers Financial support from                    Xerces Society Members NRCS East National Tech Center Turner Foundation Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund C.S. Fund Whole Foods Market & their vendors Organic Valley FAFO Organic Farming Research Foundation Nat’l Institute of Food & Agric., USDA Cinco Clif Bar Family Foundation Alice C. Tyler Perpetual Trust Sarah K. de Coizart Article TENTH Perpetual Charitable Trust The Edward Gorey Charitable Trust EarthShare (CFC #18360) Endangered Species Chocolate The Metabolic Studio The Ceres Foundation & many others… andrenid bee on apple Photo: Nancy Adamson
  • 85. Questions? Nancy Lee Adamson, PhD The Xerces Society & NRCS East National Technology Support Center nancy@xerces.org or nancy.adamson@gnb.usda.gov office 336-370-3443 mobile 336-404-0151 megachilid (leaf-cutter) bee on sunchoke, Helianthus tuberosus Photo: Nancy Adamson