1. Institute of New Khmer
Subject: Applied Linguistics
Teach By: Lecturer Soun Sok Reoun
Prepared By: Group 6
Student Name
Mr. Nou Sovannarout
Miss Ny Chantho
Mr. Ngoun Tola
Room: A2, Shift: Morning, Semester: 1, Year: 4
Academy 2016-2017

2. Phonetics & Phonology

3. Phonetics
The word “ Phone” means sound and
“tics” means scientific or systematic
study of something. So we can say that
Phonetics means scientific or systematic
study of human speech sounds.
Phonetics is general study of all human
speech sounds and how they are
produced, transmitted and received.

4. Branches of Phonetics
The study of phonetics can be divided
into three main branches.
1. Articulatory Phonetics(How sounds are
produced?)
2. Auditory Phonetics(How sounds are
received?)
3. Acoustic Phonetics(How sounds are
transmitted?)

5. Articulatory Phonetics
It is concerned with the positions and
movements of the lips, tongue, and other
speech organs in producing speech. It
analyses how the various speech sounds
are articulated by vocal organs.

6. Auditory Phonetics
Auditory Phonetics is the study of
hearing and the perception of speech
sounds.

7. Acoustic Phonetics
This branch of phonetics is concerned
with the properties of sound waves.
It studies the physical properties of
speech sounds as transmitted between
the mouth and ear.

8. Phonology
Phonology is a broader study of major
speech sounds and their organization in a
particular language.
Phonology is the study of the sound
system of particulars human languages,
include dialects and other language
varieties.

9. Difference Between Phonetics & Phonology
The difference between Phonetics & Phonology is that of
generality and particularity.
Phonetics
Phonetics deals with
production,
transmission and
reception of all
human speech
sounds in general
with no particular
reference to any one
language.
Phonology
Phonology deals
with the ways
those sounds are
organized in a
particular
language. It is sub-
category of
phonetics.

10. Why the study of Phonetics is
important?
A knowledge of Phonetics is a must for a
learner of the English language. This
knowledge enables him/her:
1. To give a true description of sounds of
English and how they are made.
2. To point out the mistakes in leaner’s
pronunciation and help them learn the
correct form.
3. To differentiate sounds of English from
those of the mother tongue.

11. Phonemes
A phoneme is a unit of sound in speech. A
phoneme doesn't have any inherent meaning
by itself, but when you put phonemes
together, they can make words. Think of when
adults try to get a baby to say his or her first
word. They often coax him or her to sound out
the beginning of a word by repeating that
sound, or phoneme, over and over by saying
something like, 'M, m, m' for 'Mommy.' The 'm'
sound, often written as /m/, is an example of a
phoneme.

12. Classification of English Sounds
The English Language sounds are
classified into two main streams:
1. Consonants
2. Vowels
Consonants:
A Consonant is a sound that is articulated
with complete or partial closure of the air
stream by constriction of speech organs.
There are 24 consonants in English.

13. Consonants Symbol Chart
Plosive
p b t
d k
ɡ
Fricative f v s z θ ð ʃ ʒ h
Nasal m n ŋ
Affricates tʃ dʒ
Lateral l
Approximant w r j

14. Plosives
There are six plosive consonants in
English. These are the sounds formed
by means of a complete closure of the
air passage, which is afterwards
released suddenly.
These are given as followed:
/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/
pen bet tea dress kind good

15. Aspiration
Aspiration is a period during which air
escapes through vocal cords, making a
sound like “h”.
There are three plosives in English
Phonology which are aspirated when they
are pronounced as initial sounds in a
word.
They are symbolized as:
/ph/ /th/ /kh/
e.g. Pet /phet/ Tailor /theɪlə/ Cool /khu:l/

16. Fricatives
In production of Fricatives, articulators move
towards each other to make stricture or
obstruction in flow of air but air cannot be
stopped completely and it escapes through
narrow passage with friction or hissing sound.
Fricatives are 9 in number.
/f / /v/ /s/ /z/ /θ/ /ð/ /ʃ/ /ʒ/ /h/
Fine very song zeal through these sheet
treasure hay

17. Nasal
There are three nasal sounds in English.
These sounds are pronounced or uttered
by escaping the air (partially or
completely) through nasal cavity.
These are given as followed:
/m/ /n/ /ŋ/
Miss nine sing
Melancholy Naïve Finger

18. Affricates
There are two affricate sounds in English.
These are the sounds formed by means
of a complete closure of the air passage
which is afterwards released slowly with
friction.
/tʃ/
/dʒ/
Chair germ

19. Lateral
There is only one sound in English. While
uttering this sound air escapes along the
both sides of the tongue.
/l/
Like, life, silly

20. Approximants/Semi-Vowels
There are three semi-vowels. These sounds are
phonetically vowels and phonologically
consonants. Phonetically means their mechanism
of producing the sound is same as vowels
because there is no obstruction in flow of air.
But phonologically, they give sounds like
consonants.
/w/ /r/ /j/
Wine read young

21. THE ENGLISH VOWELS
Vowels are sounds which are produced
with the vibration of air in the oral
cavity
All vowel sounds are voiced oral sounds
The relationship of the vowels to one
another is shown by the device known
as the Viator Triangle

22. VIATOR TRIANGLE
– is a vowel triangle which shows the
differences among the vowel sounds in
English and their relative positions on the
tongue
- Contains two axes:
a. horizontal axis – from front to back of
the mouth (front, center, back)
b. vertical axis – from the floor to the roof
of the mouth (high, mid, low)

23. When a speaker enunciates a vowel, his or her air flow remains
unblocked. This table, containing American English vowels, explains
that the degree of elevation of a speaker’s tongue determines the
sound of the spoken vowel.

24. VOWEL SOUNDS:
1. /iy/ - beat, me, key, seed,
chief
2. /i/ - sit, give, rid, pick, live
3. /ey/ - ate, ray, face, weigh,
great
4. /e/ - met, let, head, less, tell
5. /ae/ - cat, am, bag, land,
class

25. 6. /a/ - pot, block, got, cop, lost
7. / / - ball, talk, saw, draw,
dawn
8. /ow/ - hope, go, wrote, home,
soak
9. /u/ - look, good, would, sure,
bush
10. /uw/ - moon, blue, rule, chew,
suit
11. /∂ / - luck, must, touch, gone,
cup

26. VOWEL SOUND PRODUCTION
1. TONGUE POSITION OR ADVANCEMENT
– refers to the part of the tongue that is
most active in the production of vowels.
Vowels are described in relation to the
highest point of the hump formed.
2. TONGUE AND JAW HEIGHT – refers to
the degree of closeness of the lower jaw
to the upper or the tongue to the palate

27. 3. LIP POSITION – refers to the amount of
rounding or spreading of the lips.
a. rounded – when the corners are brought
forward
b. unrounded (spread) – when the corners
are pulled back
4. TENSION – refers to the degree to which the
muscles of the speech tract are tense or lax
during sound production
5. LENGTH – refers to the duration (long or
short) the vowel is held in a certain position