The document discusses the phylum Chordata and its key characteristics. Chordates are defined by having five features: a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches, an endostyle or thyroid gland, and a postanal tail. They also have a ventral heart. The phylum contains three subphyla: Urochordata (tunicates and sea squirts), Cephalochordata (lancelets), and Vertebrata (vertebrates). Vertebrates are further divided into those with or without jaws. The phylum exhibits diverse classes ranging from hagfish to mammals.

1. Phylum ChordataPhylum Chordata
The chordatesThe chordates
By:-nafees hussain{mlsu.udaipur}By:-nafees hussain{mlsu.udaipur}

2. Five Chordate HallmarksFive Chordate Hallmarks
 Notochord – flexible rodlike structure;Notochord – flexible rodlike structure;
extending length of bodyextending length of body

3. Five Chordate HallmarksFive Chordate Hallmarks
 Dorsal tubular nerve cordDorsal tubular nerve cord

4. Five Chordate HallmarksFive Chordate Hallmarks
 Pharyngeal pouches and gill slitsPharyngeal pouches and gill slits

5. Five Chordate HallmarksFive Chordate Hallmarks
 Endostyle or thyroid gland – secretes mucousEndostyle or thyroid gland – secretes mucous
that traps food particles in pharyngeal cavitythat traps food particles in pharyngeal cavity

6. Five Chordate HallmarksFive Chordate Hallmarks
 Postanal tail – tail extends beyond anusPostanal tail – tail extends beyond anus

7. Sixth Chordate FeatureSixth Chordate Feature
 Ventral Heart – heart located ventrallyVentral Heart – heart located ventrally

8. Higher Classification of ChordataHigher Classification of Chordata
 Phylum ChordataPhylum Chordata

Subphylum Urochordata – tunicates, seaSubphylum Urochordata – tunicates, sea
squirtssquirts

SubphylumSubphylum Cephalachordata – lanceletsCephalachordata – lancelets

Subphlum Vertebrata- vertebratesSubphlum Vertebrata- vertebrates

10. Subphylum UrochordataSubphylum Urochordata
Sea Squirts or TunicatesSea Squirts or Tunicates

11. Urochordate CharacteristicsUrochordate Characteristics
 Have a non-living tunicHave a non-living tunic
 Most chordate features found in the freeMost chordate features found in the free
living acidian larvaliving acidian larva
 Adults sessile filter feedersAdults sessile filter feeders

12. Acidean Larva and MetamorphosisAcidean Larva and Metamorphosis

13. Adult UrochordateAdult Urochordate

14. SubphylumSubphylum
CephalochordataCephalochordata
LanceletsLancelets

15. Cephalochordate CharacteristicsCephalochordate Characteristics
 Notochord and nerve cord found along
entire length of body, persists throughout
life
 Fish-like in form

Includes the lancelets (amphioxus)

16. AmphioxusAmphioxus

17. Subphylum VertebrataSubphylum Vertebrata
The VertebratesThe Vertebrates

18. Vertebrate CharacteristicsVertebrate Characteristics
 Bony or cartilaginous vertebrae
surrounding spinal cord
 Notochord only in embryonic stages,
persisting in some fishes
 Two superclasses according to presence
of jaws

19. Vertebrate Higher ClassificationVertebrate Higher Classification
 Superclass Agnatha - without jawsSuperclass Agnatha - without jaws

Class Myxini – hagfishesClass Myxini – hagfishes

Class Cephalaspidomorphi – lampreysClass Cephalaspidomorphi – lampreys
 Superclass Gnathostomata – with jawsSuperclass Gnathostomata – with jaws

Class Chondrichthyes – sharks, rays, chimaerasClass Chondrichthyes – sharks, rays, chimaeras

Class Actinopterygii – ray-finned fishesClass Actinopterygii – ray-finned fishes

Class Sarcopterygii – lobe-fin fishesClass Sarcopterygii – lobe-fin fishes

Class Amphibia – frogs, salamandersClass Amphibia – frogs, salamanders

Class Reptilia – snakes, lizards, crocodilesClass Reptilia – snakes, lizards, crocodiles

Class Aves - birdsClass Aves - birds

Class Mammalia - mammalsClass Mammalia - mammals