1.
CCN CEP PROJECT
GROUP MEMBERS:
Zoha Raza (19-EE-21)
Noor us Sabah Siddiqui (19-EE-64)
Syeda Fizza Shoaib Zaidi (19-EE-72)

2.
Introduction:
• The need for computer networking was
borne out of the need to use personal
computers for sharing information within an
organization in form of messages, sharing
files and data bases and so forth. Whether
the organization is located in one building or
spread over a large campus, the need for
networking the computers cannot be over
emphasized.

3.
Project Components :
Subnetting
Routing NAT

4.
Cisco Packet
Tracer
• Cisco Packet Tracer (CPT) is a multi-tasking network
simulation software that can be used to perform and
analyze various network activities such
as implementation of different topologies, selection
of optimum path based on various routing
algorithms, creation of appropriate servers,
subnetting, and analysis of various network
configuration and troubleshooting commands .

5.
IPv4
ADDRESSING
AND
SUBNETTING
IPv4
Address
Structure
Classes of
Addresses
Subnetting
Subnet
Mask

6.
IPv4 Address Structure
• An IPv4 address is a 32-bit address.
• The address is typically written in dotted-decimal notation
• Each number represents an 8-bit portion of the 32 bits in the address and
each of these four divisions of an IP address is called an octet.
• An IP address is composed of two types of addresses:
1. Network address
2. Host address
• The IP address component that determines which bits refer to the network
and which bits refer to the host is called subnet mask.
• An example of a subnet mask is 255.255.255.0.

7.
Classes of Addresses
• In the IPv4 IP address space,
there are five classes: A, B, C, D
and E.
• Each class has a specific range
of IP addresses

8.
Routing:
• Network routing is the process of selecting a path across one or
more networks. The principles of routing can apply to any type of
network, from telephone networks to public transportation. In packet-
switching networks, such as the Internet, routing selects the paths
for Internet Protocol (IP) packets to travel from their origin to their
destination. These Internet routing decisions are made by
specialized pieces of network hardware called routers.

9.
Subnetting
• Subnetting is the process of stealing
bits from the host part of an IP
address in order to divide the larger
network into smaller sub-networks
called subnets.
• Network ID
• Broadcast ID

10.
Subnet Mask
• For the subnet scheme to work, every host (machine) on the network
must know which part of the host address will be used as the subnet
address. This is accomplished by assigning subnet mask to each
machine. A subnet mask is a 32-bit value that allows the recipient of
an IP packet to distinguish the network ID portion of the IP address
from the host ID portion of the IP address.

11.
Network Address Translation (NAT):
• To access the Internet, one public IP address is needed, but we can
use a private IP address in our private network. The idea of NAT is to
allow multiple devices to access the Internet through a single public
address. To achieve this, the translation of private IP address to a
public IP address is required. Network Address Translation
(NAT) is a process in which one or more local IP address is
translated into one or more Global IP address and vice versa in
order to provide Internet access to the local hosts.

12.
VIRTUAL LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (VLANs)
• VLANs are a new type of LAN architecture using intelligent, high-
speed switches. Unlike other LAN types, which physically connect
computers to LAN segments, VLANs assign computers to LAN
segments by software.
• Types:
1-Single Switch VLANs
2-Multiswitch VLANs

13.
Number of
Subnets
• We have 8 departments
• No. Of Subnets required = 8
7 departments having 150 users and 1
department has variable users.

14.
Number of
Host Bits
• We need 150 hosts per department
• The range for which number of hosts can
accommodate in a department in power
of 2 will be from 128(2^7) to 256(2^8).
• We see that,
2^8 = 256
• Total IP bits = 32
• Number of usable addresses = 256 – 2 =
254

15.
Subnet
Mask
No. of subnet mask bits= 32-8 = 24 bits
Then IP address with subnet mask will be:
172.16.0.0/24
• In binary;
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
• In decimal,
255.255.255.0
Since two bits are reserved in ip address and
subnet mask (256-2=254) then range of first to
last host will be:
1st host IP: 172.16.0.1
Last host IP: 172.16.0.254

16.
Subnetting Table:

17.
PROJECT
SIMULATION MODEL
FOR LAN

18.
PROJECT
Local ISP has assigned two Public IP addresses 129.04.05.10 (for internet
access) and 129.72.75.03 (for organization webserver) to an organization. The
organization has decided to use a private IP address block 172.16.0.0 for
internal IP address assignment to 8 different departments. The 7 departments
should have at least 150 users and the 1 department have variable no of users
and in future it will accommodate furthers users.

19.
CONFIGURATIONS STEPS &
PROCEDURE

20.
IP Address Configurations
1. All hosts are configured with appropriate IP
addresses.
2. All servers are configured with appropriate IP
addresses.

21.
Router Configurations
1. Configurations of different interfaces of ISP router
2. NAT overload for each department

22.
Server Configurations
• DHCP Server Setup
• DNS Server Setup
• HTTP Server Setup
• Email Server Setup

23.
Verifying Connectivity
• We can check connectivity of different devices, servers using
1. Pinging different end systems
2. Simple PDU transfer
3. By sending emails to different end users
4. Verify NAT using simulation mode

24.
PING Results
• Network connectivity and communication can be tested using a ping
command, followed by the domain name or the IP address of the
device (equipment) one wishes to test connectivity to. The VLANs
have been added to the existing network and the ping test was
performed to test if the devices connected to those VLANs are
communicating with the rest of the devices on the network. The
results obtained are as shown

25.
PC → web server

26.
PC → DNS Server

27.
PC → Email Server

28.
PC1 → PC2

29.
Simple PDUs

30.
Email Server
• Mail sent

31.
Email Server
• Mail Received

32.
Conclusion