Ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves to visualize internal structures. It works by transmitting sound waves into the body using a transducer probe, which detects the echoes as they bounce off tissues and organs. The echoes are processed to form images on the ultrasound machine screen in real-time. Common applications include obstetrics, cardiology, and urology. The Philips HD11 is an ultrasound system with curvilinear, linear, and phased array probes for different exams. It provides grey scale, Doppler, and color imaging modes. Ultrasound has benefits of being non-invasive, portable, and having no radiation, but has limitations of being operator dependent and unable to penetrate bone.

1. ULTRASOUND
IMAGING
NIVETA SINGH
MADE BY:

2. CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. PRINCIPLE OF ULTRASOUND
3. GENERATION AND DETECTION OF ULTRASOUN
4. MAIN IMAGING MODES
5. ULTRASOUND MACHINE
6. PHILIPS HD11 ULTRASOUND SYSTEM
7. TRANSDUCER PROBES
8. WORKING PROCEDURE OF ULTRASOUND
9. APPLICATIONS
10. BENEFITS
11. LIMITATIONS

3. ULTRASOUND: BASIC
DEFINITION
 Ultrasound is acoustic(sound) energy in the form
of waves having a frequency above the human
hearing range(i.e. 20KHz)
 Ultrasound is a way of using sound waves to look
inside the human body.

4. Ultrasound is a longitudinal mechanical wave where
particle displacement is parallel to the propagation of
wave.
Transverse
wave
Longitudinal
wave

5. PRINCIPLE OF
ULTRASOUND
Ultrasound waves are created by a vibrating crystal within a
ceramic probe.
Waves travel through the tissue and are partly reflected at each
tissue interface.
 “Piezoelectric “ principle- electric current causes crystal to
vibrate, returning waves create electric current.
Following phenomenon occur when ultrasound propagates
through matter:• Reflection
• Refraction
• Diffraction
• Attenuation
• Scattering

6. GENERATION OF ULTRASOUND
Ultrasound waves are usually
both generated and detected by a
piezoelectric crystal.
The crystal deforms under the
influence of an electric field and,
vice-versa.
When an alternating voltage is
applied over the crystal, a
compression wave with the same
frequency is generated.
Generally used piezoelectric
materials are: PZT and PVDF
(polyvinylidene fluoride)

7. DEFINITION
/TERMINOLOGY
• Cycle
• Frequency :cycles per second
• Wavelength
• Acoustic impedance
• Velocity = f* λ = constant for a
given medium
• Rarefaction = area of low
density
• Compression = area of high
density
• Attenuation
Frequency
Amplitude
Wavelength

8. INTERACTION OF ULTRASOUND
WITH TISSUE

9. PIEZOELECTRIC
CRYSTALS
 The thickness of the crystal determines the
frequency of the scan head.
Low
Frequency
3 MHz
High
Frequency
10 MHz

10. FREQUENCY AND RESOLUTION
HIGH FREQUENCY = HIGH RESOLUTION
3.5 MHz(sector) 7.5 MHz(linear)

11. FREQUENCY AND
PENETRATION

12. ULTRASONOGRAP
HY
• Ultrasonography or diagnostic sonography is an
ultrasound based diagnostic imaging technique used
for visualizing internal body structures.

13. MAIN IMAGING
MODES
GREY SCALE
IMAGING
A-Mode
B-Mode
M-Mode
DOPPLER IMAGING
 Continuous wave
Doppler
 Power Doppler
 Color Doppler
 Duplex Doppler
 Pulsed wave
Doppler

14. A MODE
 Simplest form of ultrasound
imaging which is based on
the pulse-echo principle.
 A scans can be used to
measure distances.
 A scans only give one
dimensional information
 Not so useful for imaging
Used for echo-
encephalography and echo-
ophthalmoscopy

15. B MODE
 B stands for Brightness
B scans give two dimensional
information about the cross-
section.
Generally used to measure
cardiac chambers
dimensions, assess valvular
structure and function.

16. M
MODE
 M stands for motion
 This represents
movements of
structures over time.
 M Mode is commonly
used for measuring
chamber dimensions.
 This is analogous to
recording a video in
ultrasound.

17. DOPPLER IMAGING
 It is a general term used to
visualize velocities of moving
tissues.
 Doppler ultrasound evaluates
blood velocity as it flows
through a blood vessel.
 Blood flow through the heart
and large vessels has certain
characteristics that can be
measured using Doppler
instruments.

18. BLOOD FLOW
PATTERNS
LAMINAR FLOW
• Layers of flow
(normal)
• Slowest at vessel
wall
• Fastest within center
of vessel
TURBULENT
FLOW
• Obstructions
disrupt laminar flow
• Disordered
directions of flow

19. Apparent change in received frequency due to a
relative motion between a sound source and
sound receiver
Sound TOWARD receiver = frequency
Sound AWAY from receiver = frequency
DOPPLER EFFECT

20. DOPPLER
EQUATION

21. What defines a good Doppler disp
 No background noise
 Clear audible signal
 Accurate display of
velocities

22. TYPES OF DOPPLER
ULTRASOUND
1. CONTINUOUS WAVE DOPPLER (CW)
Uses different crystals to
send and receive the signal
One crystal constantly sends
a sound wave of a single
frequency, the other
constantly receives the
reflected signal

23. • Advantages of CW
Can accurately display flow of any velocity
without aliasing
• Disadvantages of CW
Samples everything along the Doppler line
Cannot position the Doppler to listen at a
specific area along it’s path

24. 2. PULSED WAVE
DOPPLER
 Produces short
bursts/pulses of
sound
 Uses the same
crystals to send and
receive the signal
 This follows the
same pulse-echo
technique used in
2D image formation.

25. • Advantages of PW
Can sample at a specific site along the Doppler line.
The location of the sample is represented by the
Sample Volume
• Disadvantages of PW
The maximum velocity which can be displayed is
limited. The signal will always alias at a given point,
based on the transducer frequency.

26. COMPARISO
N

27. 3. COLOR
DOPPLER
Utilizes pulse-echo Doppler flow
principles to generate a color
image.
Image is superimposed on the
2D image.
The red and blue display
provides information regarding
DIRECTION and VELOCITY of
flow.
Used for general assessment of
flow in the region of interest
Gives only descriptive or semi
quantitative information on blood
flow.

28. PW Doppler Color Doppler

29. 4. POWER
DOPPLER
 5 times more sensitive in
detecting blood flow than
color doppler.
 It can get those images
that are impossible with
color doppler.
 Used to evaluate blood
flow through vessels within
solid organs.

30. ULTRASOUND
MACHINE

31. MODELS OF ULTRASOUND
MACHINE
Following models of ultrasound systems have been stud
 PHILIPS EPIQ 5/7
Most advanced ultrasound system
Has anatomical intelligence
 PHILIPS HD11 / HD11 XE
LCD with a rotation of 3600
Better resolution as compared to Envisor series
 PHILIPS ENVISOR SERIES
Poor resolution
Monitor rotation is about 70-800

32. PHILIPS
HD11
ULTRASOU
ND SYSTEM

33. APPLICATIO
NS
Applications available on the HD11 ultrasound system a
Abdominal
Cardiac
Gynecological
Intraoperative
Musculoskeletal
Neonatal head
Obstetrical
Pediatric
Transcranial and Transesophageal
Vascular

34. GENERAL COMPONENTS OF
HD11
 System control
panel
 System monitor
 PC
 E box
 System power
supply

35. HARDWARE
ARCHITECTURE
It consists of an E BOX and personal computer (PC)
 E Box has electronic boards that performs many ultrasonic
imaging functions such as transducer selection, Beam forming,
detection and image processing. The various electronic boards
are:
1. System motherboard (backplane)
2. Signal distribution board
3. Four TR boards (TR0, TR1,TR2 and TR3)
4. Signal processor board
PC acts a central processing unit –
1. Performing processing of image data
2. Serves as a main controller of the E-Box and system user

36. SOFTWARE
ARCHITECTURE
It consists of four major executables:
1. Beam processing control (E Box)
2. Signal processing control (E Box)
3. Image modalities (PC)
4. Image management and review
(PC)

37. ULTRASOUND SYSTEM BLOCK
DIAGRAM

38. 1. DISPLAY (System monitoring)
HD11 system monitor is an RGB,
15-in FST display monitor
 Has an integrated microphone
and supports six different video
formats
2. BEAM FORMER
 Synchronizes the generation of
ultrasound waves
 Scan and focus the transmitted
beam
 Amplifies the returning Echoes
 Compensate for attenuation
PARTS OF ULTRASOUND
MACHINE

40. 3. PULSER
 Generates the voltages that drive the
transducer
 Depends on the PRF( pulse repetition
frequency) and affects the frame rate (FR)
4. T/R SWITCH AND CHANNELS
Perform the functions of transmit and switch
Drives voltage from the pulser to the
transducer

41. 6. TRANSDUCER
Electronic device that converts energy from
one form to another.
Ultrasound transducers converts electrical
pulse into sound pulse and sends sound
pulse into the body and listens for returning
echoes generated by tissue interfaces and
again converts sound pulse into electrical
signal.
 Piezoelectric transducers are used in

42. A TRANSDUCER
PROBE

43. TRANSDUCER
SELECTION
 Exam type
 Body constitution
 Acoustic window/
Access
 Field of view
 Mode
requirements:

44. TYPES OF
CONNECTORThere are three types of connector slots in HD 11
ultrasound system:
• Cartridge connector
• Explora connector
• Pencil connector
Cartridge connector
Pencil connector
Explora connector

45. TRANSDUCER PROBES
Probes are generally described by the size
and shape of their face(“footprint”). There are
3 basic types of probe used in emergency and
critical-care ultrasound.
Linear array probe
Curvilinear array probe
Phased array probe

46. STRAIGHT LINEAR ARRAY
PROBE
It is designed for superficial imaging
Crystals are aligned in a linear fashion within a
flat head and produce sound waves in a straight
line.
Image produced is rectangular in shape
Probe has higher frequency ( 5-13 MHz)
providing better resolution and less penetration.

47. CURVILINEAR
PROBE
 Also called convex probe
 Used for scanning deeper structures
 Crystals are aligned along a curved surface which results in a wide field of view
 Image created is sector shaped.
 Probes have frequency between 1-8 MHz allowing greater penetration and
less resolution.
 Generally used in abdominal and pelvic applications.

48. PHASED ARRAY
PROBE
 Crystals are grouped closely together.
 Sound waves originate from a single point and fan outward,
creating a sector-type image.
 Has smaller and flatter footprint than the curvilinear probe.
Probe has frequency between 2-8 MHz
Generally used for cardiac imaging, Imaging between ribs and
small spaces.

49. ENDOCAVITARY
PROBE
Has a curved face
Has higher frequency than curvilinear probe ( 8-13
MHz)
Probe’s elongated shape allows it to be inserted
close to the anatomy being evaluated.
Curved face creates a wide field of view of almost
1800
High frequency provides superior resolution
Most commonly used for gynecological applications

50. SPECIAL
PROBES
Linear intraoperative
probe
Transesophageal probe
Used in cardiology, surger
Used in neurosurgery
Volume convex probe
Used in obstetrics

51. TRANSDUCER TYPES OF HD11 U/S
SYSTEM
1. CURVED ARRAY TRANSDUCERS
Connector Applications
C5-2 Cartridge Abdominal, OB/GYN
C8-4v Cartridge Endovaginal OB/GYN
C8-5 Explora Abdominal, Neonatal head,
OB/GYN, Paediatric
C9-4 Explora Abdominal, OB/GYN, Paediatric
C9-5ec Explora Endocavity

52. 2. DOPPLER PENCIL TRANSDUCERS
Connector Applications
D2cwc Pencil Cardiac
D2tcd Pencil Transcranial doppler
D5cwc Pencil Cardiac, vascular
3. LINEAR ARRAY
TRANSDUCERS
Connector Applications
L8-4 Explora Abdominal, Musculoskeletal, Vascular, Small
parts
L12-3 Cartridge Abdominal, , Musculoskeletal, Vascular, Small
parts
L12-5 Explora Abdominal, Small parts, Vascular
L15-7io Explora Cardiac, Intraoperative, Musculoskeletal

53. 4. SECTOR ARRAY TRANSDUCERS
Connector Applications
PA 4-2 Cartridge Abdominal, cardiac, OB/GYN, TCD
S3-1 Explora Abdominal, cardiac, TCD, OB/GYN
S8-3 Explora Cardiac, Neonatal head, OB/GYN, Paediatric
abdominal
S12-4 Explora Paediatric cardiac, Paediatric abdominal,
Intraoperative, Neonatal head
Connector Applications
S7-2omni Explora Transesophageal
S7-3t mini- multi
Explora
Transesophageal
T6H Transesophageal
5. TEE TRANSDUCERS

54. WORKING
PROCEDURE

55. APPLICATIO
NS
 Obstetrics and Gynecology
1. Measuring the size of the fetus
2. Determining the sex of the baby
3. Monitoring the baby for various procedures
 Cardiology
1. Seeing the inside of the heart to identify abnormal functions
2. Measuring blood flow through the heart and major bloo
vessels
 Urology
1. Measuring blood flow through the kidney
2. Locating kidney stones
3. Detecting prostate cancer at early stage

56. RISKS
The two major risks involved with Ultrasound are:
 Development of heat:
Tissues or water absorb the ultrasound energy
which
increases their temperature locally.
 Formation of bubbles ( cavitation):
When dissolved gases come out of solution due
to
local heat caused by Ultrasound.

57. BENEFITS
 Images muscle, soft tissues very well
 Renders “live images” where most desirable
section is selected
 Shows structure of organs
 No long-term side-effects
 Widely available and comparatively flexible
 Highly portable
 Relatively inexpensive
 Spatial resolution is better in high frequency
ultrasound scanners

58. LIMITATIONS
 Sonographic devices have trouble penetrating bone
Sonography performs very poorly when there is a gas
between the transducer and organ of interest
Body habitus has large influence on image quality
Method is operator-dependent
No scout image as there is with CT and MRI