SYCE

1. Dr . D. Y. PATIL, PRATISHTAN’S
Y.B.PATIL POLYTECHNIC
SECTOR NO. 29, AKURDI, PUNE-411044, INDIA
DR. D.Y.PATIL PRATHISHTAN’S
CERTIFICATE
DEVENDRA SUTHAR ( Y- 2077)
YOGESH YELAVI ( Y-2083)
AVINASH SAKHARE( Y-2058)
HRISHIKESH TARANGE ( Y-2070)
PRATHAMESH ROKDA ( Y-2031)
ATHARVA PATIL ( Y-2075)
This is to certify that , has satisfactorily carried out and complete the project work entitled,
SYUDY TYPES OF ROCK:
This work is being submitted for the Award of Diploma in Civil Engineering Partial Fulfilment Of
Prescribed Syllabus Of M.S.B.T.E Mumbai For Academic Year 2020-21.
Mrs. SHEETAL NALBILWAR Mr. A.H. PATIL GUIDE HOD
Prof. A.S.KONDEKAR
PRINCIPAL
Micro-Project Proposal
Study type of rock:
1. Aims/Benefits of the Micro-Project : To get the knowledge about types of study of rock
and its uses , its use in civil engineering.

2. 2. Course Outcomes Addressed
1. Got to learn about geotechenical engineering
2. Got to learn about its types & its uses .
3 . Proposed Methodology
Firstly, we have learned about geotechenical engineering what it’s actually means from
book. Then, collected the information from different reference books and internet. Collected
the pictures of various types of pumps in hydraulics
Made a project on Microsoft word on the geotechenical engineering and pasted some
pictures of the same.
4.Action Plan
Sr .N
o.
Details of activity Planned
Start Date
Planned
finish date
Name of
responsible Team
Member
1) Collection of information 03/05/2021 04/05/2021 DEVENDRA
SUTHAR YOGESH
YELAVI
2) Working on Microsoft word 03/05/2021 04/05/2021 AVINASH SAKHARE
HRISHIKESH TARANGE
3) Taking prints of the
project made in
Microsoft word Binding
it.
04/05/2021 06/05/2021 PRATHAMESH
ROKDA ATHARVA
PATIL
5.Resources Required
Sr.no
.
Name of
Resources/materials
Specifications Qty
.
remarks
1. Internet and reference books Collect information 1
2. laptop Working on Microsoft word 1
Name of Team Members

3. DEVENDRA SUTHAR ( Y- 2077)
YOGESH YELAVI ( Y-2083)
AVINASH SAKHARE( Y-2058)
HRISHIKESH TARANGE ( Y-2070)
PRATHAMESH ROKDA ( Y-2031)
ATHARVA PATIL ( Y-2075)
Micro Project Evaluation sheet
Name of Students - Enrollment No: DEVENDRA SUTHAR ( Y- 2077)
1901340104 YOGESH YELAVI ( Y-2083) 1901340103 AVINASH SAKHARE( Y-
2058) 1901340080 HRISHIKESH TARANGE ( Y-2070) 1901340102
PRATHAMESH ROKDA ( Y-2031) 1901340080 ATHARVA PATIL ( Y-2075)
1901340081
Name of Programme : CIVIL ENGINEERING
Semester :4th
Course Title : CIVIL ENGINEERING
Subject Name: geotechenical engineering
Title of Micro-Project: study types of rock
Course Outcomes Achieved:

4. Got to learn about study types of rock
Got to learn about its rock and uses.
Got to learn about their study types of rock and where its uses
NAME ROLL
NO.
(A)
PROCESS AND
PRODUCT RELATED
MARKS (6 MARKS)
(B)
INDIVIDUAL
PRESENTATION
/VIVA (4MARKS)
TOTAL
MARKS
(10
MARKS)
DEVENDRA
SUTHAR
(Y-2077)
YOGESH YELAVI ( Y-2083)
AVINASH
SAKHARE
( Y-2058)
HRISHIKESH
TARANGE
( Y-2070)
PRATHAMESH
ROKDA
( Y-2031)
ATHARVA PATIL ( Y-2075)
Comments/ Suggestions about team work/leadership/inter-personal communication ( if any)
Name and designation of the
teacher Dated Signature
Types of Rocks
Lesson Objectives
∙ Define rock and describe what rocks are made of.
∙ Know how to classify and describe rocks.
∙ Explain how each of the three main rock types formed.

5. ∙ Describe the rock cycle.
Vocabulary
∙ crystallization
∙ erosion
∙ igneous rock
∙ metamorphic rock
∙ metamorphism
∙ outcrop
∙ precipitate
∙ rock cycle
∙ sediment
∙ sedimentary rock
∙ sedimentation
∙ weathering
Introduction
There are three types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. Each of these
types is part of the rock cycle. Through changes in conditions one rock type can
become another rock type. Or it can become a different rock of the same type.
What Are Rocks?
A rock is a naturally formed, non-living earth material. Rocks are made of collections of
mineral grains that are held together in a firm, solid mass (Figure below).

6. The different colors and textures seen in this rock are caused by the presence of
different minerals.
How is a rock different from a mineral? Rocks are made of minerals. The mineral grains
in a rock may be so tiny that you can only see them with a microscope, or they may be
as big as your fingernail or even your finger (Figure below).
A pegmatite from South Dakota with crystals of lepidolite, tourmaline, and quartz (1 cm
scale on the upper left).
Rocks are identified primarily by the minerals they contain and by their texture. Each
type of rock has a distinctive set of minerals. A rock may be made of grains of all one
mineral type, such as quartzite. Much more commonly, rocks are made of a mixture of
different minerals. Texture is a description of the size, shape, and arrangement of
mineral grains. Are the two samples in Figure below the same rock type? Do they
have the same minerals? The same texture?

7. Rock samples.
Sample Minerals Texture Formation Sample 1 plagioclase, quartz, hornblende, pyroxene Crystals, visible to naked eye Magma cooled slowly Sample 2
plagioclase, hornblende, pyroxene Crystals are tiny or microscopic Magma erupted and cooled quickly
As seen in Table above, these two rocks have the same chemical composition and
contain mostly the same minerals, but they do not have the same texture. Sample 1
has visible mineral grains, but Sample 2 has very tiny or invisible grains. The two
different textures indicate different histories. Sample 1 is a diorite, a rock that cooled
slowly from magma (molten rock) underground. Sample 2 is an andesite, a rock that
cooled rapidly from a very similar magma that erupted onto Earth’s surface.
Three Main Categories of Rocks
Rocks are classified into three major groups according to how they form. Rocks can be
studied in hand samples that can be moved from their original location. Rocks can also
be studied in outcrop, exposed rock formations that are attached to the ground, at the
location where they are found.
Igneous Rocks
Igneous rocks form from cooling magma. Magma that erupts onto Earth’s surface is
lava, as seen in Figure below. The chemical composition of the magma and the rate at
which it cools determine what rock forms as the minerals cool and crystallize.

8. This flowing lava is molten rock that will harden into an igneous rock.
Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks form by the compaction and cementing together of sediments,
broken pieces of rock-like gravel, sand, silt, or clay (Figure below). Those sediments
can be formed from the weathering and erosion of preexisting rocks. Sedimentary
rocks also include chemical precipitates, the solid materials left behind after a liquid
evaporates.
This
sedimentary rock is made of sand that is cemented together to form a sandstone.
Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic rocks form when the minerals in an existing rock are changed by heat or
pressure within the Earth. See Figure below for an example of a metamorphic rock.

9. Quartzite is a metamorphic rock formed when quartz sandstone is exposed to heat and
pressure within the Earth.
The Rock Cycle
Rocks change as a result of natural processes that are taking place all the time. Most
changes happen very slowly; many take place below the Earth’s surface, so we may
not even notice the changes. Although we may not see the changes, the physical and
chemical properties of rocks are constantly changing in a natural, never-ending cycle
called the rock cycle.
The concept of the rock cycle was first developed by James Hutton, an eighteenth
century scientist often called the “Father of Geology” (shown in Figure below). Hutton
recognized that geologic processes have “no [sign] of a beginning, and no prospect of
an end.” The processes involved in the rock cycle often take place over millions of
years. So on the scale of a human lifetime, rocks appear to be “rock solid” and
unchanging, but in the longer term, change is always taking place.
Rock (geology)
A rock is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is
categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition and the way in which it is
formed. Rocks form the Earth's outer solid layer, the crust, and most of its interior, except for the
liquid outer core and pockets of magma in the asthenosphere.
Classification
See also: Formation of rocks

10. Rock outcrop along a mountain creek near Orosí, Costa Rica.
Rocks are composed primarily of grains of minerals, which are crystalline solids formed from
atoms chemical bonded into an orderly structure.[3]:3
Some rocks also contain mineraloids,
which are rigid, mineral-like substances, such as volcanic glass,[4]:55,79
that lacks crystalline
structure. The types and abundance of minerals in a rock are determined by the manner in
which it was formed.
Most rocks contain silicate minerals, compounds that include silica tetrahedra in their crystal
lattice, and account for about one-third of all known mineral species and about 95% of the
earth's crust.[5]
The proportion of silica in rocks and minerals is a major factor in determining
their names and properties.[6]
Rocks are classified according to characteristics such as mineral and chemical composition,
permeability, texture of the constituent particles, and particle size. These physical properties
are the result of the processes that formed the rocks.[4]
Over the course of time, rocks can be
transformed from one type into another, as described by a geological model called the rock
cycle. This transformation produces three general classes of
rock: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.
Those three classes are subdivided into many groups. There are, however, no hard-and-fast
boundaries between allied rocks. By increase or decrease in the proportions of their minerals,
they pass through gradations from one to the other; the distinctive structures of one kind of rock
may thus be traced, gradually merging into those of another. Hence the definitions adopted in
rock names simply correspond to selected points in a continuously graduated series.[7]
Igneous rock
Main article: Igneous rock
Sample of igneous gabbro
Igneous rock (derived from the Latin word igneus, meaning of fire, from ignis meaning fire)[8]
is

11. formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. This magma may be derived
from partial melts of pre-existing rocks in either a planet's mantle or crust. Typically, the melting
of rocks is caused by one or more of three processes: an increase in temperature, a decrease
in pressure, or a change in composition.[9]:591–599
Igneous rocks are divided into two main categories:
Plutonic or intrusive rocks result when magma cools and crystallizes slowly within the Earth's
crust. A common example of this type is granite.
Volcanic or extrusive rocks result from magma reaching the surface either as lava or fragmental
ejecta, forming minerals such as pumice or basalt.[4]
Sedimentary rock
Main article: Sedimentary rock
Sedimentary sandstone with iron oxide bands
Sedimentary rocks are formed at the earth's surface by the accumulation and cementation of
fragments of earlier rocks, minerals, and organisms[13]
or as chemical precipitates and organic
growths in water (sedimentation). This process causes clastic sediments (pieces of rock) or
organic particles (detritus) to settle and accumulate or for minerals to
chemically precipitate (evaporite) from a solution. The particulate matter then undergoes
compaction and cementation at moderate temperatures and pressures (diagenesis).[4]:265–
280[14]:147–154
Before being deposited, sediments are formed by weathering of earlier rocks by erosion in a
source area and then transported to the place of deposition by water, wind, ice, mass
movement or glaciers (agents of denudation).[4]
About 7.9% of the crust by volume is composed
of sedimentary rocks, with 82% of those being shales, while the remainder consists of
limestone (6%), sandstone and arkoses (12%).[12]
Sedimentary rocks often contain fossils.
Sedimentary rocks form under the influence of gravity and typically are deposited in horizontal
or near horizontal layers or strata, and may be referred to as stratified rocks.[15]
Metamorphic rock

12. Metamorphic banded gneiss
Metamorphic rocks are formed by subjecting any rock type—sedimentary rock, igneous rock or
another older metamorphic rock—to different temperature and pressure conditions than those
in which the original rock was formed. This process is called metamorphism, meaning to
"change in form". The result is a profound change in physical properties and chemistry of the
stone. The
original rock, known as the protolith, transforms into other mineral types or other forms of the
same minerals, by recrystallization.[4]
The temperatures and pressures required for this process
are always higher than those found at the Earth's surface: temperatures greater than 150 to
200 °C and pressures greater than 1500 bars.[16] Metamorphic rocks compose 27.4% of the
crust by volume.[12]
The three major classes of metamorphic rock are based upon the formation mechanism. An
intrusion of magma that heats the surrounding rock causes contact metamorphism—a
temperature-dominated transformation. Pressure metamorphism occurs when sediments are
buried deep under the ground; pressure is dominant, and temperature plays a smaller role. This
is termed burial metamorphism, and it can result in rocks such as jade. Where both heat and
pressure play a role, the mechanism is termed regional metamorphism. This is typically found in
mountain-building regions.[6]
Depending on the structure, metamorphic rocks are divided into two general categories. Those
that possess a texture are referred to as foliated; the remainders are termed non-foliated. The
name of the rock is then determined based on the types of minerals present. Schists are
foliated rocks that are primarily composed of lamellar minerals such as micas. A gneiss has
visible bands of differing lightness, with a common example being the granite gneiss. Other
varieties of foliated rock include slates, phyllites, and mylonite. Familiar examples of non-
foliated metamorphic rocks include marble, soapstone, and serpentine. This branch contains
quartzite— a metamorphosed form of sandstone—and hornfels.[6]

13. Thank
You