Tuesday, March 28,
2023
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Data Structures & Algorithms
Represented By
Nale Rajesh K.
(Lecturer COE Malegaon (Bk))
Introduction To Algorithms

Tuesday, March 28,
2023
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How do we solve problems?
 We "just do"
 Guesswork-and-luck
 Trial-and-error
 Experience (possibly someone else's)
 "Scientifically"

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2023
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0100111010110010101010101
0010101010101001100101010
1010100101101001110101010
1010010010111010011110101
010111110101010001101…
sterilize(saw,alcohol);
raise_hammer();
lower hammer(fast);
start(saw);
/* etc. etc. */
Patient has elevated
pressure in anterior
parietal lobe
The Problem-solving
Process
Problem
specification
Algorithm
Program
Executable
(solution)
Design
Implementation
Compilation
"Doctor, my head hurts"
Analysis
1. Sterilize cranial saw
2. Anaesthetize patient
3. Remove top of skull
4. Get the big spoon...
5. etc., etc.

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2023
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sterilize(saw,alcohol);
raise_hammer();
lower hammer(fast);
start(saw);
/* etc. etc. */
The Problem-solving Process
Problem
specification
Algorithm
Program
Executable
(solution)
Analysis
Design
Implementation
Compilation
"Doctor, my head hurts"
Patient has elevated
pressure in anterior
parietal lobe.
1. Sterilize cranial saw
2. Anaesthetize patient
3. Remove top of skull
4. Get the big spoon...
5. etc., etc.
01001110101100101010101010010
10101010100110010101010101001
011010011101010101010010010111
010011110101010111110101010001
10100001101...

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2023
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The Problem-solving Process
Problem
specification
Algorithm
Program
Executable
(solution)
Analysis
Design
Implementation
Compilation

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2023
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 A sequence of instructions specifying
the steps required to accomplish
some task
 Named after:
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi
of Khowarezm (now Khiva in Uzbekistan)
Algorithm

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2023
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 A sequence of instructions
describing how to do a task
Algorithm – Working Definition
[As opposed to actually executing
the instructions]

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2023
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Algorithm -- Examples
 A cooking recipe
 Assembly instructions for a model
 The rules of how to play a game
 VCR instructions
 Description of a martial arts
technique
 Directions for driving from A to B
 A knitting pattern
 A car repair manual

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2023
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Algorithm – Examples (cont)
 Recipe for Almond and honey slice
 Recipe for Arroz con pollo

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2023
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Almond and Honey Slice
1/2 quantity Shotcrust Pastry
185 g unsalted butter
100 g castor sugar
5 tablespoons honey
50 ml cream
50 ml brandy or any other
liqueur or spirit
300 g flaked almonds
Preheat oven for 200° C
Line a 30 cm  20 cm baking
tray with baking paper, and
then with pastry
Bake blind for 20 minutes, then
remove weights and foil
Turn oven up to 220° C.
Bring remaining ingredients to a boil,
stirring.
Spread evenly over pastry.
Bake until topping is bubbling and
has caramelised evenly, about
15 minutes.
Cool before cutting into fingers or
squares.
From: Stephanie Alexander, The
Cook’s Companion, Viking/Penguin,
Ringwood, Victoria, 1996, p. 349.

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2023
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Almond and Honey Slice
1/2 quantity Shotcrust Pastry
185 g unsalted butter
100 g castor sugar
5 tablespoons honey
50 ml cream
50 ml brandy or any other
liqueur or spirit
300 g flaked almonds
Preheat oven for 200° C
Line a 30 cm  20 cm baking
tray with baking paper,
and then with pastry
Bake blind for 20 minutes, then
remove weights and foil
Turn oven up to 220° C.
Bring remaining ingredients to a
boil, stirring.
Spread evenly over pastry.
Bake until topping is bubbling and
has caramelised evenly, about
15 minutes.
Cool before cutting into fingers or
squares.
Instructions are given
in the order in which
they are performed
(“executed”)

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2023
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Correct Algorithm?
Cut chicken into pieces and
brown the pieces on all
sides in a casserole dish in
hot olive oil.
Remove the chicken and to the
juices in the casserole add
garlic, onions and green
peppers, and sauté until
onion is golden.
Add bay leaf, whole tomatoes,
and chicken broth.
When the broth boils add salt,
saffron and rice.
Arrange chicken on rice, cover
casserole and bake in a
moderate oven (350°F) for
20 minutes or until the rice
is tender.
Add beans and artichokes
during last 10 minutes of
cooking.

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2023
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Cut chicken into pieces and
brown the pieces on all
sides in a casserole dish in
hot olive oil.
Remove the chicken and to the
juices in the casserole add
garlic, onions and green
peppers, and sauté until
onion is golden.
Add bay leaf, whole tomatoes,
and chicken broth.
When the broth boils add salt,
saffron and rice.
Arrange chicken on rice, cover
casserole and bake in a
moderate oven (350°F) for
10 minutes.
Add beans and artichokes.
Cover, and bake for another 10
minutes or until rice is
tender.
Correct Algorithm?

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2023
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From Algorithms to Programs
Problem
C Program
Algorithm: A sequence
of instructions describing
how to do a task (or
process)

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Components of an Algorithm
 Variables and values
 Instructions
 Sequences
 Procedures
 Selections
 Repetitions
 Documentation

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Values
 Represent quantities, amounts or
measurements
 May be numerical or alphabetical (or
other things)
 Often have a unit related to their
purpose
 Example:
 Recipe ingredients

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2023
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Variables
This jar
can contain
10 cookies
50 grams of sugar
3 slices of cake
etc.
Values
Variable
 Are containers for values places to store values

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Restrictions on Variables
 Variables may be restricted to
contain a specific type of value

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Components of an Algorithm
 Values and Variables
 Instruction (a.k.a. primitive)
 Sequence (of instructions)
 Procedure (involving instructions)
 Selection (between instructions)
 Repetition (of instructions)
 Documentation (beside instructions)

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Instructions (Primitives)
 Some action that is simple...
 ...and unambiguous...
 ...that the system knows about...
 ...and should be able to actually do

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Instructions – Examples
 Take off your shoes
 Count to 10
 Cut along dotted line
 Knit 1
 Purl 2
 Pull rip-cord firmly
 Sift 10 grams of arsenic
Directions to perform
specific actions on values
and variables.

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Instructions -- Application
 Some instructions can only be applied
to a specific type of values or
variables
 Examples:

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Instructions (Primitives) --
Recommendations
 When writing an algorithm, make
each instruction simple and
unambiguous
 Example:
Cut chicken into pieces
and brown the
pieces on all sides in
a casserole dish in
hot olive oil.
Cut chicken into pieces.
Heat olive oil in a
casserole dish.
Brown the chicken
pieces in the
casserole dish.

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2023
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Instruction (Primitives)
 When writing an algorithm, make
the instructions simple and
unambiguous.
 Example:
Cut chicken into pieces
and brown the pieces
on all sides in a
casserole dish in hot
olive oil.
Cut chicken into pieces.
Heat olive oil in a
casserole dish.
Brown the chicken
pieces in the
casserole dish.
A “sequence” of
simple instructions