Johari Window, TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS

2. DEFINITION
The Transactional Analysis refers to
the psychoanalytic process wherein the
interpersonal behaviors are studied.
In other words, a social psychological
model that talks about the personal growth
and personal change, i.e., identifying the ego
states of each individual to understand their
behaviors and altering them to solve the
emotional problems.

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This model was originally developed by Dr
Eric Berne, who during his observation found
that his patients behaved in a way as if several
different people were inside them.
This forced him to study the personality and
dynamics of self and its relationship with
others which helped in determining the kinds
of behaviors that an individual shows in
different real time situations.

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Now, this study has become a well-established
approach and is being widely used in several
fields such as psychotherapy, counseling,
education, organizational development, etc.
The transactional analysis gives birth to
several models that help in explaining the
relationship formed between the individuals
as a result of their interactions.

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It mainly involves

6. DEFINITION
The Johari Window is the psychological
model developed by Joseph Luft and
Harrington Ingham, that talks about the
relationship and mutual understanding
between the group members.
In other words, a psychological tool that
helps an individual to understand his
relationship with himself and with other
group members is called as a Johari Window.

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Open Self: This quadrant shows
the behavior, motives, attitudes,
knowledge skills of an
individual that he is aware of
and is willing to share it with
others.
The open self is characterized as
a state wherein the individual is
open and straight forward to
himself and others about what
he is doing, how is he doing and
what are his intentions.

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Blind Self: The blind self shows the state of an individual known
to others but not known to him.
It usually happens, when an individual or a subject copies the
behavior of some significant personalities unconsciously since
his childhood.
Hidden Self: This quadrant of the Johari window shows the state
of an individual known to him but not known to the others.
This is generally seen in the individuals who are introvert and
do not like to share their private lives with anyone.
The individual keeps his feelings, ideas or thoughts to himself
and do not disclose it in front of the others.

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Unknown Self: The unknown self is the mysterious state of
an individual neither known to him, nor others know
about it.
Ofen the feelings, thoughts or ideas go so deep down the
individual that it becomes difficult for the individual as
well for the other people to understand it.
The ultimate need is to enlarge the open self
quadrant with the intent to establish a fruitful
relationship with the self as well with others such that the
work can be performed efficiently when working as a
team.

11. DEFINITION
The Ego States are an important aspect of
transactional analysis that talks about how a
person feels, behave or think at any point of
time.

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According to Dr Eric Berne, people usually
interact with each other in terms of three
psychological and behavioral patterns classified as
parent ego, adult ego and child ego, often called as
a PAC Model.
This classification is not made on the basis of the
age group of an individual rather these are related to
the ways in which an individual behaves. Thus, it is
observed that a person of any age group may possess
varying degrees of these ego states.

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Parent Ego: The parent ego, refers to the behavior and
attitude of an emotionally significant individual who acted
with quite a maturity when he was a child. He possesses
the parental traits of being overprotective, dogmatic,
distant, indispensable and upright and behaves very
judiciously at any time.
There are two types of a parent ego: critical and
nurturing. The critical parent ego is one when an
individual shows the critical and evaluative behavior
while interacting with the others. Whereas the nurturing
parent ego is one, when individual shows the kind

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Adult Ego: The adult ego shows the logical thinking and reasoning
ability of an individual.
The person behaving or interacting with adult ego seeks all the
information properly, validate it using his reasoning skills and then
provide it to the other people.
The person possessing the adult ego can be judged through his
discussions and the way he thinks about a situation before arriving
at the conclusion.
As the individual grows, he updates his parent data to
identify what is valid or not valid, similarly the child data is also
updated to determine which feeling should be expressed and which
should be left unspoken.
In this way, the adult ego helps an individual to control his
emotional expressions appropriately.

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Child Ego: The child ego, refers to the state of an individual when he
behaves illogically and takes quick actions to satisfy the immediate
needs without thinking much about its consequences. The
creativity, depression, conformity, dependence, hate, fear, etc. are
some of the main characteristics of this ego state. The child ego
represents the childhood state when an individual has not become
social and is in its initial stage of development.
The child ego can be natural, adaptive and rebellious. The
natural child is sensuous, impulsive, affectionate and does things
that come naturally. Whereas the adaptive child is one, who is
trained and instructed by parents to behave in a manner taught by
them. The rebellious child is one who is not allowed to open up and
experiences anger, fear and frustration.

16. Definition:
The Life Positions refers to the specific
behavior towards others that an individual
learns on the basis of certain assumptions
made very early in the life.

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The life positions can be categorized as follows:

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I am O.K., You are O.K.:
This life position shows that an individual has several
O.K. experiences with others.
This means, an individual encountered no severe
problems or issues with others in his childhood and
had a normal relationship with them.
People with such life positions about themselves and
others around him can solve any problem very easily
and realizes the significance of others being in his
life.
This position is based on the adult ego.

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I am O.K., You are not O.K.:
This life position is created when an individual was
too much ignored when he was a child.
Here, an individual believes that he is right, and all
the others around him are wrong.
These are the individual who possesses the rebellion
child ego and put blame on others for anything that
goes wrong with them.

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I am not O.K., you are O.K.:
This life position gets created when an individual
feels that others do things better than him.
He feels inferior to others and believes that others
can do many things which he cannot do by himself.
These kinds of people always complain about one
thing or the other and remain highly dissatisfied with
their lives.

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Thus, the life positions talk about the individual
developing his identity, sense of worth and perception
about others during his childhood and believing it to be
true until and unless some major experience changes
it.

22. Definition:
The Life Script refers to the meaning that one
attributes to the events that happened to him at
the early stage of life. Psychologists believe that an
individual’s life script gets created in his
childhood when he learns things unconsciously
from the transactions between father, mother and
the child.

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Whenever an individual face any situation, he acts with
reference to the script created as a result of the past
experiences and the way he views his life positions, i.e.
I am O.K you are O.K, I am not O.K. you are O.K., I am
O.K. you are not O.K., I’m not O.K. you are not O.K.

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An individual can determine his life script by
understanding how his thoughts, behavior, ideas, etc.
get influenced due to his past experiences.
Every individual has a life script.
A script is a complete plan of living that offers two
structures:
 A structure that defines a winner or looser
 The structure of authoritative warning or order,
prescriptions and consent.

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The life scripts can be changed with the time since
these are not inborn but rather learned.
The life script resembles the drama or a movie script
that includes the characters, dialogues, actions, plays,
etc. and move towards the climax and ultimately
reach the end with the closure of curtains.

26. Definition:
The interactions between people give rise to the
Social Transactions, i.e. how people respond and
interact with each other depends on their ego
states. The transactions routed through ego states
of persons can be classified as complementary,
crossed and ulterior.

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Complementary Transactions:
A transaction is said to be complementary when the
person sending the message gets the predicted
response from the other person.
Thus, the stimulus and response patterns from one
ego state to another are parallel.
These are:

28. Adult-Adult Transaction
The manager acts with the
adult ego state, who tries to
clarify and inform employees
about the issues and has a
concern for the human needs
and facts and figures. I am O.K.
you are O.K is his life position.
This is an ideal transaction.

29. Adult-Parent Transaction
The manager tries to
implement the information
being processed by him, but
rather the employees with
the parent ego stick to the
clichés and the rules of the
past. The employee tries to
control the manager with his
parent ego but is temporary.

30. Adult-Child Transaction
Here the employee
possesses the child ego
state, and this can be
effective only if the manager
knows about it and let his
employees to be in this state
to be creative.

31. Parent-Parent Transaction
Here the manager is in the
parent ego, and his life
position is I am O.K. you are
not O.K. Reprimand, reward,
criticism, rules, praise, etc.
will be the sources used by
him. This transaction is
effective only if the employee
supports him and join forces
with him.

32. Parent-Adult Transaction
Here, both manager and
employee might be
frustrated. The manager
may feel devastated if the
employee does not perform
as directed while, the
employee may feel irritated
because the manager is not
acting with the adult ego.

33. Child-Parent Transaction
The manager in the child ego
might not contribute
efficiently towards the
effectiveness of management.
Although the child ego is
characterized by creativity, it
does not suffice the role of a
manager. Here, the employee
controls the manager.

34. Child-Adult Transaction
There is a lack of rationality
when a manager acts with a
child ego. Here, the employee in
the adult ego gets discouraged
as he wants to make logical and
realistic decisions, but the
manager may land up to the
unrealistic decisions made on
the basis of whims, fancies and
emotions.

35. Child-Child Transaction
The manager acting with child-
child ego is inefficient to lead
his employees successfully and
hence turn out to be the
liability to the firm.

36. Non-Complementary Transactions
A transaction is said to be non-
complimentary or crossed when the
person sending the message does
not get the predicted response, or
the stimulus and response lines are
not parallel.
The manager is trying to interact on
an adult-to-adult basis, but the
employee responds on the child-to-
parent basis, this would block the
communication, and no further
transaction could be done.

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Ulterior Transaction:
This is the most complex transaction because the
communication has the double meaning. Such as, on
the surface level the communication may have a clear
adult message, but it may carry some hidden
message on the psychological level and gets
misinterpreted.