possibility of fuel cell vehicles and electric vehicles in future.

1. FUEL CELL VEHICLES AND
ELECTRIC VEHICLES
PRESENTED BY : MUHAMMAD ASSAD
ROLL NO : 13 EL 41
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY BAHAWALPUR

2. FUEL CELL VEHICLE
 A fuel cell vehicle (FCV) or fuel cell electric
vehicle (FCEV) is a type of vehicle which uses a
fuel cell to power its on-board electric motor. Fuel
cells in vehicles create electricity to power an
electric motor, generally using oxygen from the air
and compressed hydrogen.

3. HISTORY
 The concept of the fuel cell was first demonstrated by
Humphry Davy in 1801.
 William Grove, a chemist invented the first working fuel
cell in 1942.
 In 1966, General Motors developed the first fuel cell road
vehicle, the Chevrolet Electrovan. It had a PEM fuel cell a
range of 120 miles and a top speed of 70 mph.
 Fuel cell stacks were still limited principally to space
applications in the 1980s, including the Space Shuttle by
NASA.

4. WHY WE NEED FUEL CELL
VEHICLE
 Cars and trucks using petroleum fuels are one of
the leading causes of air pollution.
 Air pollution is single handedly responsible for up
to 30,000 premature deaths each year.
 In 2013, transportation contributed more than half
of the carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, and
almost a quarter of the hydrocarbons emitted into
our air.

5.  Ozone depletion which can impair vision and
breathing. From 1979 to the present, the hole has
deepened within which ozone concentration has
fallen by almost 40%.
 Global warming due to continuous increase in
temperature.
 Getting hard to fulfill the increasing fuel
requirements.
 Acid rain which is harmful for humans and plants
equally.

6. WHAT IS FUEL CELL?
 A fuel cell is a device that generates electricity by a
chemical reaction. Every fuel cell has two electrodes,
one positive and one negative, called, respectively,
the anode and cathode. The reactions that produce
electricity take place at the electrodes.
 Different types of fuel cells include polymer
electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells, direct
methanol fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, molten
carbonate fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells, reformed
methanol fuel cell and regenerative fuel cells.

7. WORKING
 A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that combines
hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, with water and
heat as its by-product. In its simplest form, a single fuel cell
consists of two electrodes - an anode and a cathode - with an
electrolyte between them.

8. HYDROGEN FUEL CELL
VEHICLE

9. MERITS
 Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) powered by pure hydrogen emit no
GHGs from their tailpipe, only heat and water.
 FCVs could reduce our dependence on foreign oil since
hydrogen can be derived from domestic sources, such as
natural gas and coal, as well as renewable resources such as
water, biogas, and agricultural waste. That would make our
economy less dependent on other countries
 Fuel cells have a higher efficiency than diesel or gas engines.
 Hydrogen is a renewable fuel source as it is very plentiful.
The trick is to break the water molecules down to release it.

10. MERITS(CONTINUED)
 Unlike all-electric vehicles (EVs), FCV’s hold a comparable
distance range and refueling time to gasoline vehicles.
 Unlike vehicles which have internal combustion engine,
FCV’s require less maintainance.
 Low noise pollution and thermal pollution.
 Unlike electric vehicles FCV’s does not require recharging.

11. CHALLENGES
 FCVs are currently more expensive than conventional
vehicles and hybrids, but costs have decreased significantly
and are approaching to more affordable rates till 2017.
 The current infrastructure for producing, delivering, and
dispensing hydrogen to consumers cannot yet support the
widespread adoption of FCVs.
 Warranty issues on major electric components. Dealership
and repair shop not familiar with new components.
 Great amount of policy support and investment is essential to
achieve market readiness.

12. CHALLEHGES (CONTINUED)
 Fuel cell technology must be embraced by consumers
before its benefits can be realized. They must become
familiar with a new kind of fuel. Public education can
accelerate this process.
 Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are the lack of sufficient
infrastructure for hydrogen refueling, and the cost of the
catalysts. Platinum is one of the most commonly used
catalysts for fuel cells, but it's very expensive.

13. WHY THEY ARE BEING
DEVELOPED

14. COMPARISON WITH BATTERIES

15. ELECTRIC VEHICLE
 Electric Cars use the energy stored in a battery (or series of
batteries) for vehicle propulsion. Electric motors provide a
clean and safe alternative to the internal combustion engine.
The electric vehicle is known to have faster acceleration but
shorter distance range than conventional engines.
 EVs include road and rail vehicles, surface and underwater
vessels, electric aircraft and electric motor bikes.
 Tesla Motors Roadster and the Nissan Leaf are the most
popular among them.

16. MARKETING OF ELECTRIC
VEHICLES
 As of June 2015, over 180,000 Leafs have been sold
worldwide since December 2010, allowing the Nissan Leaf to
remain as the world's all-time best-selling highway-capable
electric car.
 The top markets for Leaf sales are the United States with
80,000 units sold, followed by Japan with about 53,500 units,
and Europe with around 41,500.
 As of June 2015, the market leader in Europe is Norway with
13,667 new Leafs sold, followed by the UK with over 10,000
units sold up until June 2015.

17. MARKETING(CONTINUED)
 Other leading markets are
France with 4,847 units,
Germany with 2,781 units and
Canada with 2,453 units sold
since the Leaf introduction in
the country.

18. ADVANTAGES
 The electric motor is far more efficient (70%-85%
efficiency) than the heat engine (need some numbers).
 EV’s can use regenerative stopping (regain 30% of energy
used, theoretically).
 EV’s are more environmentally friendly and the oil
supplies for conventional vehicles are being depleted.
 Low maintainance cost.

19. DISADVANTAGES
 Electric fuelling stations are still in the development stages.
So recharging points are few.
 Electric cars require a huge charge in order to function
properly causing heavy electricity bills.
 Most of the electric cars available today are small and 2
seated only.

20. DISADVANTAGES(CONTINUED)
 Electric cars are limited by range and speed.
 Depending on the type and usage of battery, batteries of
almost all electric cars are required to be changed every 3-
10 years.
 Initial cost is high.

21. The Nickel Metal Hydride Battery
BENEFITS
 Hold twice as much energy as lead batteries.
 Have a longer life cycle.
 Require no maintenance.
 The materials in them are far less toxic than the materials in
regular car batteries.

22. DISADVANTAGES
 They can be heavy and bulky.
 High price- as much as $5000.
 With sudden boom of hybrid cars, there is a supply
shortage.

23. REMEMBERING….
 Average driver: 14,000 miles per year
 For Tesla(EV): 0.31 KWh per mile
 Approximately 4,340 KWh per year
 1 Billions cars in the world
 If 25% EV then 1,085,000,000 MWh per year
 MWh worldwide: 20,000,000,000 MWh
Where does the additional power come from?

24. SOLAR POWERED CAR
 Average solar panel is 300 watts
 panel size is 1 meter by 2 meters
 Tesla(EV) with 53 KWh battery went 23KWh per 22
km
73 Panels would be required to power the Tesla
So, we concluded that solar is not efficient enough
to be mobile and maintain charge.

25. COMPARISON

26. COMPARISON(CONTINUED)

27. FUTURE OF ELECTRIC
VEHICLES
 Future electric cars will most likely carry lithium-ion
phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries.
 The LiFePO4 batteries are rechargeable and powerful and
are being used in electric bikes and scooters. Electric cars
will most likely adopt this technology in the future.
 If the developers of future electric cars can create vehicles
with a range of 300 miles per charge, a charging time of
five to ten minutes, and safety in operating the vehicles,
the market is wide open for them.

28.  Researchers are working on improved battery
technologies to increase driving range and decrease
recharging time, weight, and cost. These factors will
ultimately determine the future of EVs.
“In 15 years Americans will be routinely driving hybrid
electric cars performing at 80 miles per gallon. Today's
internal-combustion-engine-only vehicle will become an
artifact of history.” - Dan Doughty

29. CONCLUSION
 As seen in this presentation, the FCV’s and EV’s have many
advantages and benefits over the internal combustion engine and
hybrid vehicle. These are cleaner and much more efficient;
however, these also have disadvantages.
 The future of the FCV’s and EV’s relies on their battery and fuel
cell quality. If researchers can produce or find the “super
battery” or “super fuel cell”, the future of these vehicles is
promising.

30.  As of today, each vehicle has its own characteristic that
makes it better than the other. Only time and
technological improvements will tell which vehicle will
excel in the future.
 But according to experts time is going in the favour of
modern fuel cell vehicles. Therefore we can expect that
there is maximum possibility of fuel cells in vehicles in
future.