3. Linking
Definition:-
Linking is the merging of multiple words together until
they sound as if they are only one word.
Linking is an advanced topic for non-native speakers, but
learning to correctly link words can result in significantly more fluid
and fluent sounding English speech. Failing to link words naturally
results in spoken English which may have awkward pauses, extra,
unnecessary sounds, and which will sound very foreign to native
speakers.
4. Techniques:-
Techniques used for linking words depend on specific
adjacent sounds where the words meet in the sentence.
We search 4 technique to learn how to link the words
1. Double sounds
2.Omitting sounds
3.Changing sounds (assimilation)
4.Blending sounds
5. 1.Double sounds :-
Identical double continuous consonants link
by pronouncing one, single sound for an extended period of time.
In the phrase "social life," the [l] is produced longer than if the sound occurred
alone.
"social life" → "socia_/l/_ife“
More example:-
“cheap places” →”chea_/p/_laces”
“that time" → “tha_/T/_ime“
“red dress” →”re_/d/_ress”
6. Let’s use these words in sentences.
1.There are many cheap_places in this university.
2.Do you remember that_time when Maria_and mahnoor fell in the
swimming pool?
3.You look soo gorgeous in red_dress.
For example :-
Look cool /lひk kひ:l/
Quite tall /kwaIt tɔ: 𝐥/
nice sofa /nais s∂ひf∂/
Linking of words does not depend
upon spellings it depends on
sounds
7. linking
Exception:-
In a sequence of identical [dƷ] or [tʃ] sounds, no special linking occurs. Therefore, in the
phrase "orange juice," the [dƷ] should be pronounced twice.
Example:-
"orange juice" → "orange juice" (no linking)
“each choice”→ “each choice" (no linking)
8. Instruction or adding sound in linking :-
Intrusion happens when the
speaker places an additional sound between two
different sounds. The most common sounds that are
added are the /r/,/j/ and /w/ sounds. Typically these
are the easiest to hear and understand.
9. • Examples:-
• Here are a few examples of intrusion in connected speech with the /r/, /j/ and /w/ sounds:
• The people from the media are here. The people from the mediarare here.
• There needs to be law andorder. There needs to be lawrand order.
• I agree with her. Ijagree with her.
• Did he ask her out? Did hejask her out?
• Go on home now. Gowonhome now.
• She needs to eat. She needs toweat.
10. • Elision or Omitting
Sounds:-
• When a sound is removed from a word, it is
referred to as elision. The reason this happens is
due to native English speakers weakening
sounds in a word for ease and efficiency. This is
common with the /t/, /d/ and /h/sounds.
11. • EXAMPLES:-
• Here are a few examples of elision in connected speechwith
the /t/, /d/ and /h/ sounds:
• Tina must be pregnant. Tina mus be pregnant.
• I need to tell him. I need to tell um.
• It is just you and me. It is just you an me.
• She just kept going. She just kep going.
• He bought her a diamond ring. He bought her a diamon ring.
12. 3. Changing sounds [assimilation]
Definition:-
A process by which a sound become more likely to
its nearby sounds. This may occur between the words or with in the
words.
◙ It occur when sounds change to different sound because of one sound before or after it .
◙ One more thing in linking we always focus on the sound not on the spelling.
◙ Changing of sound is very important because if we don’t do that we can not do a frequent
speech .
◙ Without changing the word we’ll take some awkward pauses which can't be good for
good speaker .
13. Examples of changing sounds:-
◙ five pence assimilate as /faif pens/
◙ light blue assimilate as /laip blu/
◙ good bye as /gud bai/
◙ one cup as /wan kap/
◙ white bird as /wait b∂:d/
14. But when sounds end at [t] [j] & [d] :-
For Example:-
when the [t] and [j] sounds assimilate, they merge into a [tʃ].
"don't you" →"donchou“
When the [d] and [j] sounds assimilate, they merge into a [dƷ].
"did you" → "dijou’’
15. Lets use these examples into our sentences:-
when the [t] and [j] sounds assimilate.
don’t you forget about me .
Don’t you wish that people treat you well ?
in these examples [t] and [j] sounds assimilate into [tʃ] sound.
When the [d] and [j] sounds assimilate,
Did you do that ?
can you distinguished yourself from my brother ?
in these examples [d] and [j] sounds assimilate into [dƷ] sound.
16. Blending sounds
Blending refers to smooth transition from one sound into the next.
In the phrase "this month," the [s] blends smoothly into the [m].
"this month" → "thismonth"
Types of linking in blending sounds:-
Linking consonant to vowel
Linking vowel to vowel
17. Linking consonant to vowel:-
First word ends with a consonant sound and second start with a vowel.
Example :-
He should stop it.
He should stopit.
Linking consonant to consonant:-
First word end and second word start with a consonant.
Example:-
It was best time of my life.
It was besttime of my life
18. Linking vowel to vowel:-
First word ends with a vowel sound and the second word
start with a vowel sound.
Example :-
Who is your favorite actor?
Whowis your favorite actor
19. If the word ends in I, i:, eI, aI, or I and the next word
begins with a vowel, the two words are linked with y,
whether or not there is a letter “y” in the spelling.
For example:-
He asked
I answered
20. If a word ends in ʊ, u:, ʊ, or aʊ and the next word begins
with a vowel, the two words are linked with w, whether or
not there is a letter “w” in the spelling.
For example:-
Go in
You are
Go out
