research

1. Malar Kodi S
Assistant Professor
College of Nursing
AIIMS Rishikesh

2. Outlines
 Sample definition
 Purpose of sampling
 Process in the selection of a sample
 Types of sampling
 Non probability sampling technique

3. Sampling is the process of selecting
observations (a sample) to provide an
adequate description and inferences of the
population.

4. What is Sampling?
Sampling is the act, process or technique of selecting a
suitable sample or a representative part of a population
for the purpose of determining parameters or
characteristics of the whole population
Suitable sample

5. Why Sampling instead of doing
a census?
Economy
Timeliness
Large size of population
Inaccessibility of some
population
Destructiveness of the
observation
Accuracy

6. POPULATION
The Theoretically specified
Aggregation of study elements.

7. Population
Sample
Sampling
Frame
Sampling
Process
What you
want to
talk about
What you
actually
observe
in the
data
Inference

10. Sampling criteria
Inclusion criteria- The criteria that specify population
characteristics
Exclusion Criteria- A population is defined in terms
of characteristics that people must
not possess

11. CONCEPTS OF SAMPLING
Target population
The aggregate of cases about which
Researcher would like to generalize
Whom do you wish to
generalize the findings?
Accessible population
The aggregate of cases conform
to designated criteria and that
are accessible
Which Population do
You have access?
Sampling Frame
The List or procedure defining the
Population (from which the sample
will be drawn)
E.g Telephone book ,Voters list
Through what resource
you can access them?
Sample
Subset of population elements
Who is participating
in your Study?

13. Probability
samples
Non-
probability
samples

15.  All subsets of the frame are given an
equal probability.
 Random number generators

16. Advantages:
 Minimal knowledge of population
needed
 Easy to analyze data
Disadvantages:
 Low frequency of use
 Does not use researchers’ expertise
 Larger risk of random error

17.  Population is divided into two or more
groups called strata
 Subsamples are randomly selected from each
strata

18. Advantages:
 Assures representation of all groups
in sample population
 Characteristics of each stratum can be
estimated and comparisons made
Disadvantages:
 Requires accurate information on
proportions of each stratum
 Stratified lists costly to prepare

19.  The population is divided into subgroups (clusters) like
families.
 A simple random sample is taken from each cluster

20. Advantages:
Can estimate characteristics of both cluster
and population
Disadvantages:
The cost to reach an element to sample is
very high
Each stage in cluster sampling introduces
sampling error—the more stages there are,
the more error there tends to be

21.  Order all units in the sampling frame
 Then every nth number on the list is selected
 N= Sampling Interval

22. Advantages:
 Moderate cost; moderate usage
 Simple to draw sample
 Easy to verify
Disadvantages:
 Periodic ordering required

24.  Carried out in stages
 Using smaller and smaller sampling units at each
stage
 Most commonly used sampling design in practice
 Involves more than one stage of sampling and/or a
combination of two or more sampling designs

25. Advantages:
 More Accurate
 More Effective
Disadvantages:
 Costly
 Each stage in sampling introduces sampling
error—the more stages there are, the
more error there tends to be

28.  The probability of each case being selected from
the total population is not known.
 Units of the sample are chosen on the basis of
personal judgment or convenience.
 There are NO statistical techniques for measuring
random sampling error in a non-probability sample.

29. Non
probability
sampling
technique
Convenience
Sampling
Quota
Sampling
Judgmental
Sampling
(Purposive
Sampling)
Snowball
sampling
Self
selecting
Sampling
Consecutive
sampling

30.  Convenience sampling involves choosing
respondents
at the convenience of the researcher
.

31. Advantages
 Very low cost
 Extensively
used/understood
Disadvantages
 Variability and bias
cannot be measured or
controlled
 Projecting data beyond
sample not justified
 Restriction of
Generalization.

32. • The population is first segmented into mutually exclusive sub-
groups, just as in stratified sampling.
• Judgment Used To Select Subjects From Each Segment

35. Advantages
 Used when research budget is
limited
 Very extensively
used/understood
 No need for list of population
elements
Disadvantages
 Variability and bias cannot be
measured/controlled
 Time Consuming
 Projecting data beyond sample
not justified

36.  Researcher employs his or her own "expert”judgment
about.
 Subjects are selected purposely who are judged to be
typical population and knowledgeable about the
issues
under the study
E.g. Home care of Diabetes mellitus, case studies

37. Advantages
 There is a assurance of Quality
response
 Meet the specific objective.
Disadvantages
 Bias selection of sample may
occur
 Time consuming process.

38.  The research starts with a key person and introduce
the next one to become a chain Network or Chain
sampling

39. Advantages
 Low cost
 Useful in specific
circumstances & for locating
rare populations
Disadvantages
 Not independent
 Projecting data beyond sample
not justified

40.  It occurs when you allow each case usually
individuals, to identify their desire to take part in the
research.
 Select who volunteer for the sample

41. Advantages
 More accurate
 Useful in specific circumstances
to serve the purpose.
Disadvantages
 More costly due to Advertizing
 Mass are left

42. Consecutive sampling

43. Sampling Error
o The Fluctuation of the value of a statistics from
one sample to another drawn from the same population
o The systematic over- representation or under
representation of some segment of the population
in terms of a characteristic relevant to the
research question

46.  Specific problem selection.
 Systematic documentation of related research.
 Effective enumeration.
 Effective pre testing.
 Controlling methodological bias.
 Selection of appropriate sampling techniques.

49. Task- 1
To study the relationship between
Pedometer determined physical activity and
body composition in IT professionals
Quota sampling

50. Task 2
• A study to assess the ut ilization and level of satisfaction of National
Heal th Mission services by the client’s attending community health
centres
• purposive sampling

51. Task 3
• Non-Utilization of antenatal care services among women of
reproductive age in the Niger delta region of Nigeria: Findings from
2595 women
• Multistage sampling

52. Task 4
• Diet Associated Problems and Nutritional Status of Elderly of Selected
Community
• convenience sampling