Introduction the Pathology, Blood, Urine and related deficiency disease, disorders . Normal and abnormal constitute of urine.

1. PATHOLOGY OF BLOOD &
URINE
Presented By
Ms. Monika P. Maske
M. Pharm
(Pharmaceutical Chemistry)
Kamla Nehru College of Pharmacy, Butibori, Nagpur

2. Introduction
• The term “Pathology” is derived from Greek words which means
Patho: diseases or suffering, logos: disease or discourse.
• Pathology is the scientific study diseases and also deals with
causes, effects, mechanism and nature of diseases.
• Its very important branch of medicine.
• Which involves all the abnormal state of body.
• The abnormal genes, chromosomal aberrations to cause disease,
mechanical injuries, injuries caused by radiations, chemicals,
sometimes by drugs, inborn & acquired susceptibilities to
diseases also get converted in the pathological studies.

3. Concept for
Disease
Management

4. Blood
o Blood consists of, Plasma (serum), minute solid
particles or corpuscles.
• Its Connective tissue
• Fluid in nature
• Circulates in closed system of vessels
• Total volume approximately 6 liters
• pH of blood- 7.4 (slightly alkaline)

5. Corpuscles
of
Three Types
1. Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC) or Erythrocytes: In
more numbers
2. White Blood Corpuscles (WBC) or Leucocytes: very
less in number
3. Platelets or Thrombocytes: Cellular fraction of the
blood

6. Normal range
for each of them,
WBC are 2
types
• RBC Men : 4.5-6.5 million/mm3
Women : 4.0-5.5 million/mm3
WBC : 5000-10,000/mm3
Platelets : 0.15-0.4 million/mm3
1) Granulocytes: Neutrophils - 40 – 70 %
Eosinophils - 01 – 04 %
Basophils - 00 - 01 %
2) Agranulocytes:
Lymphocytes – 20 – 45 %
Monocytes – 02 – 10 %
• Abnormal component of any constituent of blood leads to disorders.

7. Functions
of
blood
• Transports oxygen and nutrients
• Transports waste products
• Carries hormones from glands
• Redistributes water
• Contains WBC – protects body from diseases
• Clotting of blood protects against haemorrhage

8. A. Erythrocytes
(Red Blood
Corpuscles)
• Erythrocytes diameter about 8 µ.
• Its biconcave and without nucleus containing
hemoglobin in cytoplasm, hence red in color.
• RBCs produced in bone marrow, spleen & kidney.
• Life-span about 120 days.
• It destroys in liver & spleen.
• It transport oxygen & carbon-dioxide.

9. Abnormal
Erythrocytic
Cells & Their
Significance
1. Anemia
o Anemia is condition in which the oxygen-carrying
capacity of blood reduced.
o Decreased number of RBCs.
o Or decreased Conc. Of hemoglobin.
Symptoms:- Fatigue, intolerance to cold, breathlessness,
loss of appetite.

10. Several Types of
Anemia
1. Pernicious Anemia
o Stomach produce intrinsic factor which required for
absorption of vit. B12 in small intestine.
o Inability of stomach is to produce intrinsic factor.
o Leads to insufficient hemopoiesis that condition
called pernicious anemia.

11. 2. Sickle Cell
Anemia
• Its also called as Haemoglobinopathic hemolytic
anemia.
• Abnormal formation of RBC.
• RBC are sickle shaped (S or C ).
• S- shaped are sensitive to lower O2 supply.
• C-shaped are lowered O2 concentration.
• This cells (RBC) does not pass through small blood
capillaries it block the blood supply.

12. 3.
Megaloblastic
Anaemia
• Its caused due to inadequate intake of vit. B12 or folic
acid.
• The red bone marrow produce large abnormal RBCs
called megaloblasts.
• It may be caused due to used in treatment of cancer.

13. 4. Iron –
Deficiency
Anemia
• Its caused due to inadequate absorption of iron,
• Excessive loss of ion.
• Insufficient intake of iron.
• It is most common type of anemia.
• Women are higher risk for this type.
• Because of menstrual blood loss
• Increased iron demand during pregnancy.

14. 5. Aplastic
Anemia
• Destruction of red bone marrow that condition called
as aplastic anemia.
• It is caused by gamma radiations, toxins and
medication that inhibit enzymes required for
hemopoiesis.

15. 6. Hemorrhagic
Anemia
• Bleeding due to large wounds, Stomach ulcers or
heavy menstruation leads to excessive loss of RBCs.
• This condition called as hemorrhagic anemia.

16. 7. Hemolytic
Anemia
• RBC plasma membranes ruptures prematurely.
• Due to rupture of plasma membranes, the hemoglobin
in RBCs is released in plasma .
• It may damage glomeruli in kidney.

17. 1. Polycythemia • The concentration of blood increases abnormally, also
increase in hemoglobin level, this condition called as
polycythemia.
Polycythemia
Relative
Polycythemia
IncreasedConc. Of red cells , due to
decreased plasma volume.
- Plasma volume decreased by vomiting,
dehydration, diarrhea.
Absolute
Polycythemia
Number of RBCs is greatly increased in primary
polycythemia
- It caused due to increased secretion of
erythropoietin.

18. B. Lymphocyte
(WBCs) s
• WBCs are irregular, nucleated, colorless.
• These are larger in shape than RBC.
• Diameter are 10-14 µ.
• It produced in bone-marrow, lymph nodules, tonsils
and spleen.
• Leucocytes eat-up diseases causing micro-organisms
(phagocytosis).
• It also take parts & fragments of dead cells and helps
in cleaning the body.

20. Disorders of
Leukocytes
(WBCs)
1. Proliferative
Disorders
Increased number
of leukocytes
2. Leucopenia
Deficiency of
leukocuytes termed
as leucopenia
o Two main class of WBCs disorders:

21. Leucocytes
Disorders
Proliferative
Disorders
Leucocytosis
Leukaemia
Leukopenia
- Neutropenia
- Eosinopenia
- Lymphopenia
Neutrophilic
Eosinophilic
Basophilic
Monocities
Lymphocytosis
Flow Chart of Disorders of Leucocytes

22. 1. Proliferative
Disorders
A) Leucocytosis
• Increase in the number of blood leukocytes.
• A variety of inflammatory states are responsible for
leucocytosis.
• It further classified as,
i. Neutrophilic:- Increase in number of neutrophils.
- It caused by acute bacterial infection, burns, etc.
ii. Eosinophilic :- Increased in number of eosinophils.
- Caused by allergic disorders like asthma,
fever, allergic skin diseases like dermatitis, drug reaction etc.

23. 1. Proliferative
Disorders
iii. Basophilic:- Its rare disease, in which basophils are
increased in blood.
iv. Monocitosis:- It increased the number of monocytes in
blood.
- it caused by chronic infection like TB,
malaria, ulcer, etc.
v. Lymphocytosis:- It accompanies by monocities in many
disorders like viral infections like hepatitis A.
B) Leukaemia
• Its bone marrow cancer in which , WBC multiply
uncontrollably.
• Deficiency of RBC.

24. 2. Leukopenia
(Decrease in WBC count)
i. Neutropenia:- Reduction in number of neutrophils in
blood termed as neutropenia.
ii. Eosinopenia:- Its catheterized by reduced number if
eosinophils in blood.
iii. Lymphopenia:- Its rarer disorder
- In this decreased in number of
eosinophils in blood.
- it is seen in acute viral infections,
HIV infections.

25. C. Platelets
(Thromobo
cytes)
• Platelets are third cellular fraction of the blood.
• They are disc shaped, non-nucleated bodies.
• These are about 2-4 µ in diameter.
• Formed in red bone marrow.
• Their cytoplasm contain numerous granules.
• The average life of platelets about 5-10 days.
• It destroys in spleen.
• Platelets contain thromokinase and thromboplast.
• Important role in clotting of blood.

26. C. Disorders
Related to
Platelets
1. Thrombocytopenia:
o When number of platelets in the blood decreases
below 1,00,000/µl that condition called as
thrombocytopenia.
o Thrombocytopenia caused due to decreased
production of platelets.
o Decreased survival of platelets.

27. 2. Purpura
• If platelet count is below the normal, the disease
called as purpura.
• Symptoms: Bleeding from mucous membrane,
appearance of lesions.
• color of lesions is first red, gradually dark, then purple
to brownish yellow.
• Clotting time remain normal.
• But bleeding time is prolonged.
• Blood clot does not retract .

28. Introduction
of
Urine
• Urine is an excretory product of the body.
• Its formed in the kidney.
• Normal urine contains the waste products like urea,
uric acid, creatinine.
• Certain salts such as chlorides, sulphates.
• It does not contain substances which are required by
the body or tissues.
• Such urine is known as physiological or normal urine.
• Urine examination helps in the diagnosis of various
renal as well as systemic diseases.

29. Physical
Properties of
Normal &
Abnormal
Urine
1. Odour:-
• Normal- Aromatic due to the volatile fatty acids.
• Ammonical- Bacterial action
• Fruity- Ketonuria
2. Urinary Volume:-
• Normal- 600-1550 ml (1.4 L of urine per person per
day with a normal range of 0.6 to 2.6 L per person
per day)
• Polyuria- >2000ml
• Oliguria- <400 ml
• Nocturia- > 500ml

30. Physical
Properties of
Normal &
Abnormal
Urine
3. Urine pH:-
• Normal- 4.6-8
• Acidic urine – ketosis (DM, fever)
4. Color & Appearance:-
• Normal- Clear & pale yellow
• Colorless- Dilution, DM, Diuretics
• Milky- GIT infection, Chlyuria
• Orange- Fever, excessive sweating
• Red- Beetroot ingestion, haematuria
• Brown/ Black:- Melanin, Alkaptunuria

31. Introduction to
Abnormal
Constituents of
Urine
• In disorder conditions the substances essential to body
or tissues may also be excreted in urine.
• Substance like sugar, bile salts, albumin etc.
• If such abnormal substances are excreted in urine,
then such urine is described as abnormal or
pathological urine.
• Urine pH is slightly acidic.

33. Sr. no Abnormal
constituents of Urine
Significance in Disease
1. Sugar (Glucose) - Sugar present in urine condition known as glycosuria.
- In DM , the sugar level in blood is increase.
2. Ketone bodies - Its called ketosis.
- DM, carbohydrates, pregnancy and in anaesthesia.
3. Albumin - Condition is described proteinuria.
- In server exercise, high protein meal, pregnancy,
nephrosis.
4. Bile pigments / Salts - Present in jaundice.
5. Blood - This condition called as haematuria.
- Acute inflammation of any urinary organs, TB, cancer.
- Malaria, typhoid, jaundice, burns
Abnormal constituent s of urine and their significance