Prevalence and influence of cyberbullying behaviour on self esteem and body image among the adolescents

Wesleyan Journal of Research, Vol 13 No 25 (October 2020) Research article: (Education)
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Prevalence and Influence of Cyberbullying Behaviour on Self-Esteem and
Body Image among the Adolescents
Mohinder Singh1
and Dr. Shamshir Singh Dhillon2
1
Ph. D. Research Scholar, Central University of Punjab, Bhatinda, India.
2
Assistant Professor, Central University of Punjab, Bhatinda, India.
drshamshirdhillon123@gmail.com
Abstract: There are more than four billion internet users across the globe. The internet has
become the backbone of communication and education. The rapid advancement in technology
has allowed for an unpredictable changes in the development of youth and adolescents. The
presence of technology has become one of the most defining features of today’s society. One
example of such problem which is mounting in scope and frequency is cyberbullying. It is a
deliberate aggressive act that is committed using an electronic form of contact. Cyberbullying is
a growing concern that is less understood and even more difficult to address. It is a disturbing
practice that is prevalent in our society due to our engrossment in social media and internet. It is
a new topic of discussion. Cyberbullying has been associated with the negative and serious
consequences. It can have deep, long lasting impact on the victims. The impact of this behaviour
can be devastating. The incidents and tragedies of cyberbullying have alerted the researchers,
educators, government officials and parents to the severe consequences of this form of bullying.
The direct and indirect consequences of this growing problem have made it a public safety
concern about the wellbeing of children, adolescents and adult and as such it deserves more
attention. This paper examines the prevalence and influence of cyberbullying behaviour on the
self-esteem and body image among the adolescents.
Key Words: Cyberbullying, Self-Esteem, Body Image, Social Media.
Article History
Received: 03/09/2020; Accepted: 05/10/2020
Corresponding author: Mohinder Singh, Email id: drshamshirdhillon123@gmail.com
I. INTRODUCTION
There are more than four billion internet users across the globe. Technology is continuously
increasing and therefore changing our ways of functioning in the society. Now a day’s digital

Wesleyan Journal of Research, Vol. 13 No. 25
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technologies have become the basic needs for many people, organizations, and companies to
communicate, exchange and stay connected to each other. Internet has become the backbone of
all sort of communication and education. It is also one of the most vital bases of information in
the digitalized world. The widespread use of the internet technology such as electronic mail, web
pages, instant messaging, video chat room, chat room, social networking sites and short
messaging have emerged as new normal of social communication which have never been
experienced by the individual as before. The ICT and social networks have become the
indispensable communication tools, especially for the adolescents. Adolescents are now feeling
more comfortable to communicate with others using the technology (Patchin & Hinduja,
2006).Adolescents are hefty users of electronic communication such as instant messaging, email,
text messaging and internet sites such as blogs and social networking sites for sharing photos and
videos (Subrahmanyam & Greenfield, 2008). Thus, they view internet as indispensable part of
their daily lives (Bourassa, 2012). Youth is living digital life with the internet.A survey about the
internet users revealed that 95% of the youth (18-30 years old) are active internet users, this
represent the maximum numbers of the internet users ascompared to the rest of the age groups
(Zickuhr, 2020).
The use of these technologies among the youth and adolescents in our society has many positive
outcomes. However, it has also led to some new violent behaviours resulting from the
inappropriateuse of this technologies. The more we are benefited by technology, the more the
problems consequent to this technology have alsoemerged. However, as with other
socialenvironments, the potential to meet and interact with other in harmful ways exists (Ybarra,
Diener & Leaf, 2007). One such interaction of growing concerns is cyberbullying (Hinduja &
Patchin, 2008). As the use of internet is increasing day by day, young people are spending the
increasing amount of time using digital technology and, as such are at great risk of being
involved in cyberbullying. It is considered as an emerging threat for adolescents and adults.
II.CYBERBULLYING
Cyberbullying is a burning issue with many negative and long-term effects. It is an intentional
deliberate behaviour carried out rapidly overtime. The term Cyberbullying was first used by Bill
Belsey as a new concept of bullying (Belsey,2004). It means sending or posting harmful text or
images using the digital communication devices (Willard, 2004). Cyberbullying is also called
electronic bullying or online bullying. It is a kind of harassment using digital technology such as

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Social websites (Myspace, Facebook, etc.), email, chat rooms, mobile phones, texting, picture
messaging (including sexting), Instant messaging and blogs (Miller & Hufstedler, 2009; Beale &
Hall, 2007). A cyberbully is a person who uses electronic means to harass and threat others
intentionally. A victim of cyberbullying is a person who has experienced harassment and threats
through electronic means (Patchin & Hinduja, 2006). Cyberbullying manifest through four
primary forms: chat rooms, instant messaging, email and text messaging (Diamanduros &
Jenkins, 2008; Smith et al., 2008). However, the rapidly developing nature of the online
environment has presented several challenges in the ability to clearly define and conceptualize
cyberbullying as a unique set of behaviours (Canty, Stubble, Steers & Colling, 2016; Patchin &
Hinduja, 2015; Wingate, Minney & Guadagno, 2013). It appears to become more prevalent with
increasing connectivity to electronic and mobile technologies (Abouajoude, Savage, Starcevic, &
Salame, 2015).It is a genuine area of concern in the technologically advanced world.
Cyberbullying behaviour has come to the forefront of research, with reports of high prevalence
and serious implications sparking increased attention, within the media (Hase et al., 2015;
Olweus & Limber, 2017; Whittaker & Kowalski, 2015). With the world paying more attention to
this form of bullying, scholars have been searching this area in an attempt to learn more about
who, what, when, and how it occurs.
III. PREVALENCE OF CYBERBULLYING BEHAVIOUR
Cyberbullying may be one of the diseases of 21th century. Despite the efforts to restrict its
incidents and prevalence over the years, its harmful effects have made it a public concerns about
the wellbeing of all. Although cyberbullying is a new phenomenon, the prevalence and adverse
consequences of such behaviour have been documented by researcher in many parts of the world
(Li, 2008;Menesini & Spiel,2012; Navarro & Jasinski, 2012; Smith, et.al.,2008; Vandebosch &
Cleemput, 2009; Wang, Iannotti, & Nansel, 2009). Cyberbullying is now considered as a societal
problem (De Fazio & Sgarbi,2012; Freedstrom, Adams, & Gilman, 2011; Gamez-Guadix, Orue,
Smith & Calvete, 2013). Juvonen & Gross (2008) stated that 72% of their sample of adolescents
reported that they were the victims of cyberbullying. Xiao & Wong (2013) identified that 60% of
their sample reported that they were engaged in cyberbullying behaviour.
Cyberbullying is most prevalent in the online generation, which consists of children and
adolescents (Kowalski et.al, 2012).Cyberbullying effects children, adolescents and adults
(Wensley et. Al., 2012; Privitera & Campell, 2009).It has become a worldwide issue. This issue

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kept increasing due to the increased development of the technology and their impact on the
teenagers and adolescents.It is the phenomenon that is present in all aspect of adolescents’ lives
and it has negative consequences on the adolescent’s mental health. Cyberbullying has been
associated primarily with adolescent populations who target and victimize each other through
electronic technologies, such as social media, email, and text messaging (Abouajoude et al.
2015; Richards, Caldwell, & Go, 2015).
IV. CYBERBULLYING AMONG ADOLESCENTS
It is a common behaviour prevalent in all aspects of school children. Cyberbullying has been
studied among the preadolescents and adolescent’s population in secondary education (Smith &
Yoon, 2013; Ybarra & Mitchel, 2004). Researches have shown that a substantial number of
students are victims of cyberbullying, which leads to the realization that the cyberbullying is
becoming a series problem (Cross, 2008; Li, 2006a; 2006b; Thompson, Smith & Goldsmith,
2008; Willard, 2004). It has been reported that about 20-40% of youth were involved in
cyberbullying and adversely affected from it (Tokunga, 2010). The prevalence rate of
cyberbullying has varied in the studies that havebeen carried out until now. The mean
prevalencerate of cyberbullying as per International reviewshas been reported from 4-36% for
cybervictimization and 16-18% for cyberaggression (Patchin & Hinduja, 2012; Suzuki et al.,
2012).Some of the studies have identified an association between cyberbullying and emotional,
social and academic difficulties (Beran & Li, 2006; Li, 2007; Patchin & Hinduja, 2010). Victims
of cyberbullying felt less secure in schools (Sourander et. al., 2010) and started developing
negative attitude towards schools (Bayar & Ucanok, 2012; Pyzalski, 2012). Cyberbullying had
negative effects on victims, such as lower self-esteem, increasing depression, and feelings of
powerlessness (Wensley et. al., 2012 & Smith et. al., 2018). The prevalence of cyberbullying
among school children appears to be widespread, mainly during early adolescents and adolescent
period (Tokunga, 2010). Different studies showed that victims of cyberbullying reported
emotional distress, depression symptoms, low self-esteem, anxiety, social isolation, less life
satisfaction, school absenteeism’s, poor academic performance, and suicidal ideation.
V. CYBERBULLYING AND SELF-ESTEEM
Self-esteem is used to describe persons overall sense as self-worth or personnel value. It is the
sense of personnel worth and competence that person associates with their self-concept. Self-
esteem can be viewed as the general evaluation of the one’s self (Wanger. Ludke, & Trautwein,

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2016). Such appraisal is negative or positive in their respective nature (Maan, Hosman, Schaalma
& de Vries, 2004). The negative or positive appraisal are made in the light of self-esteem
immensely impact daily life functioning. Self-esteem is an aspect of self-evaluation, the extent to
which we judge yourself in a positive and negative or good and bad.
Cyberbullying is evidently a malicious new manifestation of the aggression and produce many
detrimentaleffects. However, negative appraisal and self-esteem operate as a precipitating factor
of social problems simultaneously contributing to the various mental issues such as violence,
aggression and high-risk behaviours (Maan, Hosman, Schaalma & De Vries,
2004).Conceptualization as one’s feeling of self-worth (Rosen berg 1986), Self-esteem was
found to be lower in the adolescent’svictim ofcyberbullying (Perraen, Dooley, Shaw, & Cross,
2010). Research has linked cyberbullying with the symptoms of low self-confidence, diminished
self-esteem as well as having a negative impact on relationship. Other symptoms like depression,
anxiety, and suicide ideation were also reported (Dredge, Gleeson, & Garcia, 2014). Leary et al.
(1995) posited that one of the primary contributors to the behaviour and emotional problems was
low self-esteem. Severe cyberbullying was more strongly linked to lower levels of adolescent’s
self-esteem (Brighi et al., 2012). Self-esteem can be damaged by experiencing
cyberbullying.Men and women who were the victims of cyberbullying had low self-esteem
scores (Patchin & Hinduja, 2012). Kowalski & Limber (2007) stated that victims of cyber-
bullying showed low self-esteem than the bullies and the students that were not involved in
cyberbullying. Olweus(1993) proposed that the individuals who had low self-esteem usually
were less confident, ignored, and had unbalanced emotions. Studies conducted by Hunt(2012)&
Modecki et al (2013) also revealed relationships between cyberbullying and their victims having
low self-esteem. Victim of cyberbullying reported being teased by their peers about their
physical appearance, through social media and electronic messages and as a result reported
having poor body esteem, self-esteem and weight problems as compared to normal adolescents
(Frisen et al. 2014).
Positive self-esteem is formed by the achievement that have gained in the past. So, the more we
earn achievement, the more is the development of positive self-esteem (Mussen et al. 1984).
High self-esteem facilitates young people’sself-regulatory behaviour in an academic context
which is an important prerequisite for promoting academic performance (Di Giunta et al., 203).
Involvement in cyberbullying as avictim wasassociated with lower self-esteem (Didden et al.,

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2009).High level of self-esteem is also a predictive indicator of young people’s school
adjustment (Alves, Martines et al., 2002) and academic achievement (Hamid et al., 2013).Middle
schools’ students who were involved in cyberbullying, both as victims and perpetrators, had
significantly low self-esteem rating (Nikolaou, 2012).Students, who had low self-esteem usually
faced difficulty in making friends, and tend to become more isolated and lonely at the schools
(Olweus, 1993).
VI. CYBERBULLYING AND BODY IMAGE
Body image is a psychological construct referring to people’s attitude about their bodies. It
incorporates cognitive perceptual, behavioural and effective dimensions (Thompson, Heinberg,
Altabe, & Tantleff-Dum, 1999). An individual’s attitude about his/her body especially its
appearance, constitutes a central part of one’s overall image of self and strongly related to
psychological and physical wellbeing (Cash & Pruzinsky, 1990; Vilhalmsson, Kristjansodottir &
Ward, 2012). Body image dissatisfaction is an important issue that threatens psychological health
of both young men and women (Ackard et al. 2007). Dissatisfaction with the body has been
found among pre-puberty children (Edlund, Halvarsson & Sjoden, 1996) and even among
children as young as 4-6 years (Davison, Markey & Birch, 2003; Wardle, Volz & Golding,
1995). People who have beencriticized or teased over their appearance tend to display more
bodily dissatisfaction (Rieves & Cash, 1996; Thompson, Coovert, Richard, Johnson & Cattarin,
1995). Discontent with one’s body is sometime referred to as being normative, at least among the
females (Smolak, 2004). Women’s/girls are usually more dissatisfied with their bodies than
men/boys (Chrisler & McCreary, 2010; Lunde, Frisen & Hwang, 2007; Penkal & Kurdek, 2007;
Lokken, Ferraro, Kirchner & Bowling, 2010). The desire to develop a muscular physic has
emerged as an important motivation force for young males (McCreary & Sasse, 2000).Victims of
cyberbullying behaviour reported about being teased by their peers about their body’s physical
appearance through social media and electronic messages and as a result reported having poor
body esteem, and weight problems (Frisen et al., 2014). Unfortunately, being dissatisfied with
one’s own body image had negative outcomes such as depressive symptoms (Rawana, Morgan,
Nguyen, & Craig, 2010).
VII. CONCLUSION
Cyberbullying is the use of Information and Communication technology(ICT) to harass and harm
in a deliberate, repetitive and hostile manner. The wide scope and increasing popularity of the

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social media has contributed to an increased number of cyberbullying cases around the world.
Cyberbullying is an emerging concern that has been associated with the series of negative
consequences. It is a challenge for the teacher and parents to control the cyberbullying.
Therefore, the growing numbers and level of the severity of cyberbullying incidents reported
worldwide calls for the educators, researchers, and policy makers to take stern actions against
this ever growing problem of cyber bullying (Patchin & Hinduja, 2006).Cyberbullying can lead
to depression, anxiety, substances, isolation, loneliness, bunking from schools and so on
(Popovac & Leoschut, 2012).Many negative consequences have been reported among the
victims, including elevated depression, anxiety and stress, decreased self-esteem andself-worth
and increased probability of self-injury and suicidalideation.So, it demands utmost attention on
the part of the parents, teachers, policy holders and the society to take necessary steps to weed
out the root causes of this menacing problem.
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